Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 11, Issue 2, 1-6Review Article
AN EFFECT OF CARDIOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY IN VARIOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS–A REVIEW
VIJAYA NIRMALA R., ABINAYA R.
Department of Gunapadam (Pharmacology), Govt Sidhha Medical College, Chennai
Email: drvijiguna@gmail.com
Received: 14 Nov 2018, Revised and Accepted: 20 Feb 2019
ABSTRACT
Siddha system of medicines is known for its herbal in origin. Herbal plays a major role in treating acute and chronic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is the life-threatening disease that contributes a leading cause of death day by day across the world.
A change in lifestyle modification is the one of the risks of CVDs. This review paper attempts to facilitate the cardioprotective activity by providing different types of medicinal plants and its botanical distribution, description, chemical constituents and pharmacological activity. Few important herbs will protect the human being from CVDs and gives health and quality of life. In this paper, the authors explores the effect of cardioprotective activity in medicinal plants as follows, Terminalia chebula (Kadukkai), Piper longum (Thippili), Zingiber officinale (Inji), Tinospora cordifolia (Seenthil), Asparagus racemosus (Thanneervitan), Embelia ribes (Vaaivilangam), Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu), Nelumbo nucifera (Thaamarai), Allium sativum (Vellaipoondu), Bauhinia variegata (Mantharai).
Keywords: Siddha, Cardioprotective plants, Cardiovascular diseases, CVDs
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2019v11i2.33019
INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular diseases are the major health problem of advanced as well as developing countries of the world [1]. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most prevalent cause of death and disability worldwide. CVD, a group of disorders of the heart and the vasculature, includes high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, congenital heart defects, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure and stroke [2].
Cardioprotection includes "all mechanisms and means that contribute to the preservation of the heart by reducing or even preventing myocardial damage". Defining "Cardioprotection" as "preservation of the heart" has all theoretical implications because all adaptive and compensatory mechanisms that directly or indirectly contribute to myocardial preservation have to be classified as "cardioprotective” [3].
Some modern drugs like organic nitrates, calcium channel antagonist and β-blockers are effective in preventing the heart disorders; their use is often limited because of their side effects and adverse reactivity. So the wide variety of plants and its active principles, with minimal side effects, provide an alternate therapy for heart disease [4]. Nature has been a source of Medicinal treatments for years and plants derived products continue to play an important role in the primary healthcare of about 80-85% of the world population. A review of such plants with cardioprotective effects was carried out. Several herbs and herbal products have been recommended to promote a healthy heart [5].
Global burden of cardiovascular disease
The choice of lifestyle, obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension are causative factors of cardiovascular diseases. Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the number one cause of death and they are projected to remain so. An estimated 17 million people died from cardiovascular disease in 2005, representing 30% of all global deaths. If current trends are allowed to continue, by 2030 an estimated 23.6 million people will die from cardiovascular disease [6].
The major risk factors associated with CHD and stroke are tobacco and alcohol abuse, high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diets contributing to high prevalence across the world [7].
Cardioprotective plants
Botanical name: Terminalia chebula
Tamil name: Kadukkai
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Genus: Terminalia
Species: chebula
Distribution
Terminalia chebula occurs naturally from the sub-Himalayan region of Nepal and northern India, through India to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China and southern China. It has been introduced to Singapore, where it failed, but it was planted successfully in the botanical garden in Bogor, Java. It was also introduced to Peninsular Malaysia [8].
Description
A medium-sized, up to 25 m tall, deciduous tree of variable appearance, with a usually short cylindrical bole of 5-10 m length, 60-80 cm in diameter at breast height; crown rounded, with spreading branches; bark dark brown, usually longitudinally cracked with woody scales; branchlets rusty-villous or glabrescent. Leaves alternate or opposite, thin-coriaceous, ovate or elliptic-ovate, 7-12 cm x 4-6.5 cm, rounded at base, obtuse to subacute at apex, entire, pubescent beneath; petiole up to 2 cm long, provided with 2 glands at the base of the leaf blade. Flowers in auxiliary 5-7 cm long spikes, simple or sometimes branched, about 4 mm across, yellowish-white and unpleasantly scented; calyx 5-lobed, corolla absent; stamens 10, exerted; ovary inferior, 1-celled. Fruit an ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid drupe, 2.5-5 cm long, faintly 5-angular, yellow to orange-brown when ripe, glabrous [9].
Part used
Fruit rind
Major chemical constituents
Tannin, gallic acid, mucilage, chebulinic acid [10]
Cardioprotective activity
Terminalia chebula extract pretreatment was found to ameliorate the effect of isoproterenol on lipid peroxide formation and retained the activities of the diagnostic marker enzymes in isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage in rats [11]
Botanical name: Piper longum
Tamil name: Thippili
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper
Species: longum
Distribution
The plant grows in evergreen forests of India and is cultivated in Assam, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. Long pepper is cultivated on a large scale in limestone soil and in heavy rainfall areas where relative humidity is high.
Description
Piper longum is a small shrub with a large woody root and numerous creeping, jointed stems that are thickened at the nodes. The leaves are alternate, spreading, without stipules and with blades varying greatly in size. The lowest leaves are 5–7 cm long, whereas, the uppermost are 2–3 cm long. Flowers grow in solitary spikes. The fruits, which grow in fleshy spikes 2.5–3.5 cm long and 5 mm thick, are oblong, blunt, and blackish-green. The mature spikes are collected and dried as the commercial form of pippali, and the root radix is known as pippalimula. There are three grades of piplamul: grade I with thick roots and underground stems fetch a higher price than grade II or III, which consist of thin roots, stems, or broken fragments. The commercial drug consists almost entirely of transversely cut pieces (length, 5–25 mm; diameter 2–7 mm), which are cylindrical, straight, or slightly curved; some have distinct, swollen internodes exhibiting a number of leaf and rootlet scars. The surface is a dirty light brown. The drug has a peculiar odor and a pungent bitter taste that produces numbness on the tongue.
Part used
Fruit
Major chemical constituents
Piperine and piperatine, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, coumarins, essential oil, piperlongumine, piper longuminine
Cardio protective activity
The effect of methanol extract of P. longum fruits was evaluated on adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity (i.e., biochemical changes, tissue peroxidation damage, and abnormal antioxidant levels) in Wistar rats. Histopathological studies of the heart revealed degenerative changes and cellular infiltration in rats treated with adriamycin; however, pretreatment with P. longum reduced the intensity of these lesions. The results indicate that
P. longum offers significant protection against adrlamycin-induced oxidative stress and reduces cardiotoxicity by virtue of its antioxidant activity [12]
Botanical name: Zingiber officinale
Tamil name: Inji
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Zingiber
Species: Officinale
Distribution
Zingiber officinale is possibly native to India. It is widely grown as a commercial crop in south and Southeast Asia, tropical Africa (especially Sierra Leone and Nigeria), Latin America, the Caribbean (especially Jamaica) and Australia.
Description
A perennial herb reaching up to 90 cm in height with a large, solid, tough rhizome, which is stout, tuberous, horizontal consisting of series of many persistent roundish joints. The roots are numerous, large, cylindrical, fleshy, thick and brittle. The leaves are alternate, distichous, narrow, subsessile 1-2 cm wide, sheaths long, standing away from the stem. Flowers are greenish with a small dark purple or purplish black lip, in radical spikes 3.8-7.5 cm long and 2.5 diameter on peduncles 15-30 cm long. Stem is erect, leafy, 0.6-1.2 meter in height entirely covered with leafy stem and the fruits are not seen [13].
Part used
Rhizome
Major chemical constituents
Volatile oil, gingerol, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, Aldose reductase inhibitors, curcumene, calamine.
Cardioprotective activity
Ginger is having stimulatory activity on heart muscle results, stimulated blood circulation throughout the body. The increased blood circulation is believed to stimulate cellular metabolic activity which helps to relief the cramps and tension. It also helps to reduce blood pressure and cardiac workload. Ginger is also known to possess antioxidant properties. U. Bhandari et al. has provided a clear idea about the anti-oxidant defense role against isoproterenol-induced oxidative myocardial injury in rats [14].
Botanical name: Tinospora cordifolia
Tamil name: Seenthil
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Menispermaceae
Genus: Tinospora
Species: cordifolia
Distribution
Tinospora cordifolia is a climbing shrub widely distributed throughout India, China, North West, and parts of South-Africa, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Sri-Lanka.
Description
Tinospora cordifolia is quite large, extensively-spreading, glabrous, dioecious, perennial deciduous climber grows on wide range of hedges and trees, typically found growing in dry deciduous forests of tropical and subtropical regions up to an altitude of 1000m. It produces distinct male and female flowers. Its fresh stem has a green succulent bark covered by a thin brown-bark, and the bark separates from the wood turn brown with age.
The underground roots are tubercled. Leaves 5 to 10 cm, membranous, seven to nine veins diverging from the base, somewhat roundish to ‘cordate’ i.e. ‘heart-shaped’ (that is why the species name of the plant is ‘cordifolia’) with a petiole of 2.5 to 7 cm long. The unisexual flowers bloom in summer in conspicuous racemes often found longer than that of the leaves. Yellowish green male flowers are quite small, occur in few-flowered clusters in the axils of small subulate bracts while the female-flowers are usually borne singly (i.e. solitary) along the axis. In both male and female flowers, Sepals are 6 numbers, 3 outer ones very-small, ovate-oblong and acute while the inner 3 are larger, membranous, broadly elliptical, concave and yellowish. Distribution of T. cordifolia 6 to 7 mm, rounded at both ends and papillose [15].
Part used
Herb
Major chemical constituents
Alkaloids include berberine, tinosporol, columbin, tinosporon, chasmanthin, tinosporic acid [16].
Cardioprotective activity
The result of the present study indicated that the prior administration of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia attenuates isoprenaline-induced MI. The cardioprotective activity of Tinospora cordifolia probably related to its ability to strengthen the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing activity [17].
Botanical name: Asparagus racemosus
Tamil name: Thanneervitan
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Entophyte
Class: Monocotyledons
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae/Asparagaceae
Genus: Asparagus
Species: racemosus
Distribution
A. racemosus is distributed throughout tropical Africa, Java, Australia, India, Srilanka and Southern parts of China. It is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of India, and in the Himalayas up to an altitude of 1500 m above sea level.
Description
A. racemosus is a climber, climbing up to 1-3 m high. It is an extensively scandent spinous, much branched under shrub. Roots are numerous fusiform, succulent and tuberous (30–100 cm long and 1–2 cm thick) that are skin coloured externally and silvery white or white internally, arising as a cluster from the basal end of the stem. These roots are the part that finds use in various medicinal preparations. Stem is woody, sparsely covered with recurved spines. Leaves are reduced to small scales called as cladodes that are in tufts of 2-6 in a node, finely accuminate, falcate divaricate and constitute the main photosynthetic organs. Inflorescence is a branched raceme. The plant flowers during February–March leaving a mild fragrance in its surrounding and by the end of April, fruits can be seen with attractive red berries. Flowers are white, fragrant, solitary or fascicles have a width of 0.3-0.4 cm. Berries are globose or obscurely 3 lobed. Seeds are black in colour and hard with brittle testa [18].
Part used
Roots
Major chemical constituents
Saponins-Shatavarins
Cardioprotective activity
Coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis are due to an increase in serum lipid levels such as cholesterol and due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. A. racemosus root powder supplements decreased lipid peroxidation and caused a dose-dependent reduction in lipid profiles. The total lipids, total cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma and liver as well as plasma LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol decreased by more than 30% [19].
Botanical name: Embelia ribes
Tamil name: Vaaivilangam
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Angiosperms
Order: Ericales
Family: Primulaceae
Genus: Embelia
Species: ribes [20]
Distribution
It is an Indo-Malaysian species, reported from India, Srilanka, Singapore, Malaysia and S. China. It is found to occur throughout India in Central Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This species is globally distributed in Indo-Malaysia. Within India, it is found throughout up to an altitude of 1500 m (5000 ft).
Description
A large scandent Straggling shrub with a long slender brittle stem, It is a Climbing-111 creeper shrub, flexible, and terete branches; bark studded with lenticels Leaves simple, coriaceous, alternate, elliptic-ovate-lanceolate, smooth leaves gland-dotted, short and obtusely acuminate, broad, entire perfectly glabrous. It is about 3 inch long and 1 ½ inches broad, shiny above. Petiole; 1.0 cm to 0.8 cm margined, Midrib; prominent Flowers; small, greenish yellow to whitish pink colored. In racemes at end of branches Small, globular Fruits about the size of white pepper, reddish brown to blackish. It is found in bunches. Root; brownish grey Rootlets; hairy reddish. Fruit: The fruits are brownish-black on ageing, globular to sub-globular, 2-4 mm in diameter, and style at apex. In a few fruits, the pedicel along with persistent calyx is present. Surface is warty, pericarp brittle, enclosing a single seed, speckled with yellowish brown or white spots. Most of the seeds are striate. Transverse section of fruit shows epicarp consisting of a single row of tabular cells of the epidermis, generally not distinct due to deposition of coloring matter.
Parts used
Berries, roots, bark
Major chemical constituents
The main component of vidanga is Embelin containing Embelic acid: 2, 5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1, 4-Benzoquinone and also contains christembeline, an alkaloid and resinoid and volatile oil [21].
Cardioprotective activity
Cardioprotective effect of aqueous extract of E. ribes was evaluated in a rat model having an acute myocardial infarction, induced by isoproterenol. E. ribes significantly decreased the heart rate, systolic blood pressure, increased levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum creatine kinase and myocardial lipid peroxides and significantly increased the myocardial endogenous antioxidants levels. Pretreatment with ethanol E. ribes extract against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats significantly (P<0.01) decreased the elevated levels of LDH and CK in serum and myocardial TBARS and increased the reduced levels of GSH, SOD and CAT in heart homogenates. Histopathological observation revealed marked protection by the extract in myocardial necrotic damage.
The results of this study provide evidence that ethanol E. ribes extract treatment enhances the antioxidant defense against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats and exhibits cardioprotective properties.
The protective effect of E. ribes on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiomyopathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was studied by treatment of E. ribes ethanol extract (200 mg/kg) on pathogenic (STZ+ISOtreated) rats resulted in a significant (p<0.01) increase in HR, blood glutathione, serum LDH, and myocardial endogenous antioxidant levels with a significant (p<0.01) decrease in BP, blood glucose, HbA1C, serum CK, and myocardial TBARS levels [22].
Botanical name: Andrographis paniculata
Tamil name: Nilavembu
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Personales
Family: Acanthaceae
Genus: Andrographis
Species: paniculata
Distribution
A. paniculata is native to Taiwan, Mainland China, and India. It is also commonly found in the tropical and subtropical Asia, Southeast Asia, and some other countries including Cambodia, Caribbean islands, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. This plant is also found in different phytogeographical and edaphic zones of China, America, West Indies, and Christmas Island.
Description
Andrographis paniculata grows erect to a height of 30–110 cm (12–43 in) in moist, shady places. The slender stem is dark green, squared in cross-section with longitudinal furrows and wings along the angles. The lance-shaped leaves have hairless blades measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long by 2.5 cm (0.98 in). The small flowers are borne in spreading racemes. The fruit is a capsule around 2 cm (0.79 in) long and a few millimeters wide. It contains many yellow-brown seeds [23].
Part used
Roots
Major chemical constituents
Andrographolide
Cardioprotective activity
Andrographolide protects the cardiac myocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and antioxidant activity [16].
Botanical name: Nelumbo nucifera
Tamil name: Thaamarai
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Magnoliidae
Order: Proteales
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Genus: Nelumbo
Species: nucifera
Description
The sacred lotus is a perennial aquatic plant with rhizomes (often mistakenly called 'roots') that grow in the mud at the bottom of shallow ponds, lakes, lagoons, marshes and flooded fields. It’s large, peltate (with the leaf-stalk attaching to the centre, rather than the edge) leaves rise above the water surface on 1 to 2 m long petioles 4-6. Lotus grows to a height of about 150 cm, with a 3-meter horizontal spread. The leaves can be as large as 60 cm in diameter, while the showy flowers can be up to 20 cm in diameter. The fruits are a conical pod, with seeds contained in holes in the pod. Leaves are large, of both types, aerial as well as floating orbicular 20-90 cm. in diameter. The usual length varies from 24.00 to 33.00 cm. in case of aerial leaves and 23 to 30 cm in case of floating, petioles are smooth, greenish or greenish brown in color with small brown dots sometimes rough with very small, but distinct princkees, odor is distinct, fracture is fibrous. Seeds fill in the ripe carpe,white pink or pinkish-white fragrant peduncles arising from the nodes of the rhizomes, sheathing at the base, 1-2 cm long, green or blackish green, hard and stout, smooth or rough due to the presence of numerous small scattered prickles, sepals, petals and stamens are spirally arranged passing gradually one into another. The rhizomes are 60-140 cm long 0.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter. When freshly cut is exudes mucilaginous juice and show a few large cavities surrounded by several larger ones, fracture is tough and fibrous. Odor is indistinct [24].
Parts used
Flowers
Major chemical constituents
Quercetin, luteolin, alkaloids [16]
Cardioprotective activity
Neferine’s antagonized arrhythmias induced by aconitine in rats, calcium chloride in mice, and coronary occlusion-reperfusion in dogs. Neferine's anti-arrhythmic effect may involve blocking human ether-à-go-go-related gene channels associated with repolarization of the cardiac activity potential [24].
Ethanolic extract of Nelumbo nucifera (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg p. o once daily) pretreated-ISO administered rats maintains the levels of AST, ALT, CK, and LDH near to normal. This data suggested that N. N. is effective cardioprotective effect at the dose of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg p. o. once daily) [25].
Botanical name: Allium sativum
Tamil name: Vellaipoondu
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Lilopsida
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Genus: Allium
Species: Allium sativum [26]
Description
It is an underground perennial bulb and grows up to 1.2m (4 ft) in height. Garlic as a whole is called either head or knob. But the individual part is known as the garlic clove/bulblets, that weights 1g (approximately). On plantation, clove matures into bulb. Therefore, garlic is a bulbous plant. The compound build is only part that is eaten and is used for medicinal purpose. Each bulb is made up of 4-20 cloves. Leaves of garlic are elongated, contracted and flat. The flowers are hermaphrodite in nature. They are whitish in color and are placed at the end of a stalk rising direct from the bulb. Garlic differs in size, pungency and color according to its varieties [27]
Parts used
Bulb
Major chemical constituents
Sulphur compounds, Allicin [16]
Cardioprotective activity
Disorders of the heart and the circulatory system claim more lives than any other diseases. It is the obstruction or clogging of the coronary arteries which causes more deaths than any other factors. The arteries, which supply the heart with blood and oxygen, become increasingly narrower as plaque builds up over time. When blood supply becomes restricted, a certain portion of the heart is deprived of oxygen and leads to heart attack. The two greatest means of heart disease are high blood pressure and high blood serum cholesterol levels; which are directly impacted by the therapeutic activity of garlic. The relevant role of garlic in coronary heart disease was done on rabbits and found that even pre-existing atherosclerotic deposits and lesions could actually be reversed if garlic was consistently consumed [28]
Botanical name: Bauhinia variegata
Tamil name: Mantharai
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Class`: Dicotyledone
Orde`r: Rosales
Family: Caesalpiniaceae
Genus: Bauhinia
Species: variegata
Description
Bauhinia variegata Linn. is a small to the medium sized tree with hairy branches. Leaves are phospholipid composition, inhibited activation of peroxidation, decreased phospholipase activity, prevented a decrease of Ca2+ATPase and Ca2+binding and uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum, and increased sarcolemmal Na+, K+-ATPase, sarcoplasmic reticulum creatine phosphokinase. Root bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn reported steroids, saponins, tannins, poly phenolic compounds and flavonoids isolated from the different parts of Bauhinia variegata has effect as antiarrhythmic effect [30]
CONCLUSION
This review paper makes an attempt of the authors to compile a detailed outline of some cardioprotective plants used in Siddha system of medicine. The various chemical constituents and cardioprotective plants which potentiate the work on cardioprotective activity in various animal models will help the researchers to do further clinical research. Hence the review of the different herbs which could be effective and reduce the mortality of Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs).
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
All the author have contributed equally
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
Declare none
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