Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 12, Issue 3, 78-83Original Article


HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES AND IN VIVO WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

VIJAYANAND P.1*, JYOTHI V.2, MOUNIKA A.2

1Department of Pharmaceutics, Rani Chennamma College of Pharmacy, Vaibhav Nagar, Belagavi 590019, Karnataka, India, 2Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Madhapur, Hyderabad 500081, Telangana, India
Email: vijay.svcp@gmail.com

Received: 23 Jan 2020, Revised and Accepted: 15 Mar 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective: The objective of the present research was to investigate the wound-healing potency of solid lipid nano particles of Hibiscus rosa sinensis extract. Crude herbal extracts and rudimentary formulations containing herbal extracts are good for demonstrating the feasibility of the concept; however, such formulations suffer with poor oral bioavailability and variability within groups of subjects. Converting herbal extracts into novel drug delivery systems may prove effective in addressing some of these problems.

Methods: In the present study an attempt was made to develop Hibiscus rosa sinensis extract loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (HSLNs) using lipids glycerol monostearate (GMS) or beeswax. The prepared HSLNs were characterised for their size, surface charge and morphology. The optimized HSLNs were incorporated into Carbopol gel and tested for wound healing activity in male Wistar albino rats using excision wound model.

Results: HSLNs of ~175 nm in size carrying negative charge were obtained with the optimised procedure using beeswax. The shape of the HSLNs was nearly spherical. The HSLNs (10 mg/ml) treated wounds healed much faster compared to raw crude extract and healing was comparable to marketed preparation.

Conclusion: It is concluded that converting crude herbal extracts into SLNs can be an effective way to enhance the effectiveness of herbal extracts and their in vivo activity.

Keywords: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Wound healing, Glyceryl monostearate, Beeswax

© 2020 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2020v12i3.38311. Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijcpr

INTRODUCTION

Effective wound care and management relies on mainly on the development of novel and effective formulations. Chronic wound care management will continue to be a focused area of research [1]. The process of wound healing involves a series of events leading to the repair wound of injured tissues [2]. Three phases associated with wound healing are: inflammatory phase, proliferative phase and remodelling phases. The rate of reepithelialisation and angiogenesis determines the healing of wound lesion [2]. The process of wound healing may also be delayed by aerobic and anaerobic bacterial infections. The bacteria involved are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus species, Coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Peptostreptococcus [3, 4].

Recently, much attention have been given to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by the scientists working in the nanotechnology because of their unique properties [5]. SLNs are submicron size carriers ranging from 50–1000 nm and are made up of lipids that are biocompatible and biodegradable [6, 7]. These lipids are capable of incorporating both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs [8]. SLNs have been perceived as excellent carriers for the delivery of several drugs like antidepressants, anticancer agents [5], antioxidants and wound healing [9, 10]. It was reported that using nanotechnology could shorten the process of wound healing, reduce the treatment costs and enhance patient compliance [10]. SLNs are particularly useful in enhancing the bioavailability of drugs that are used in treating CNS disorders [11]. SLNs of silver sulfadiazine have been tried in wound dressings for tissue repair [12].

Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. (Malvaceae), China rose, is an ever booming and ornamental plant.[13] It is mainly found in tropical and subtropical regions and reported to posses various potential medicinal properties including antitumor, antihypertensive and antioxidant [14, 15]. The leaves and flowers of this plant has been shown to promote hair growth and ulcer healing properties [16, 17]. Flower extract was found to be effective in arterial hypertension [18] and depression [19]. Animals treated with hibiscus rosa sinensis exhibited significant (86%) reduction in wound area compared to controls [20]. Ethanolic extract of flowers of rosa sinensis was found to have greater wound healing property than the nitrofurazone ointment [21].

We have previously reported the antidepressant activity of the HSLNs[19]. In this study, we hypothesized that these HSLNSs owing to their size and composition may enhance the wound healing property of the extract. Hence this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of SLNs of hibiscus rosa sinensis on wound healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material

Hibiscus methanol extract was purchased from Kshipra Biotech, Indore, India, Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) was procured from Adithi foods and Paper products (Hyderabad, India), Tween 80 and Soybean lecithin were procured from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Beeswax was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Mumbai, India. All other chemicals used were of laboratory grade.

Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles of Hibiscuss rosa sinensis

We have previously reported the method of preparation of HSLNs using GMS and beeswax [19, 22]. The prepared free flowing HSLN formulations were stored at room temperature in air-tight glass containers until further use. Typical formulation compositions are shown in table 1.

Table 1: Formulation composition of GMS HSLNs

Formulation Ingredients Amount (% w/w)
F1 Glyceryl monostearate 3.5 Lipid Phase
F2 Beeswax 7.25
Hibiscus rosa sinensis Extract 0.1
Soy lecithin 0.6
Tween 80 2 Aqueous Phase
Milli Q Water q. s. to 100

Preparation of carbopol gels

Carbopol-940 was dispersed in 50 ml of distilled water. It was kept aside for 30 min for complete hydration and stirred to form gel [23, 24]. Specified quantity of methyl and propyl paraben were separately dissolved in 5 ml distilled water with the aid of heat on water bath. Solution was cooled; PEG-400 was added to it with stirring. Equivalent amount of freeze dried HSLNs were added to get 2 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml to the above mixture and volume was made up to 50 ml with distilled water. All remaining ingredients were added with continuous stirring. Triethanolamine used to adjust the pH between 6.8 and 7.0 and to obtain a required consistency of the final gel. The composition of gels is shown in table 2. Prepared gel formulations were carefully filled in collapsible tubes and stored at room temperature until further evaluation [25, 26]. Crude extract of hibiscus (10 mg/ml) was incorporated in the F1 formulation.

Table 2: Formulation of carbopol 940 gel

Ingredients (%w/v) Formulation code
F1 F2 F3 F4
HSLNS 0 100 250 500
Crude extract 500 0 0 0
Carbopol-940 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
*PEG 400 5 5 5 5
Methyl paraben 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Propyl paraben 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Water q. s to 50 50 50 50

*PEG: Poly Ethylene Glycol

Characterization of HSLNs

Prepared HSLNs were characterized and reported for potency measurement by UV spectrometer, surface morphology by SEM (JSM-6360LV Scanning Microscope; Tokyo, Japan), particle size and zeta potential by laser diffraction using zetasizer 3000 HSA (Malvern, UK) [19].

Evaluation of gels

Homogeneity

After the gels have been set in container, all gels were evaluated for homogeneity by visual inspection. They were evaluated for their appearance and presence of visible aggregates [27].

Grittiness

One millilitre of gel was taken on finger tips, and mildly rubbed between fingertips to check the grittiness [28].

Measurement of pH

The pH of the gel was measured by using pH meter (Elico Li 613). One gram of gel was accurately weighed and dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. The solution was kept aside for two hours. The pH measurement was done in triplicate and average values are noted [28]

Viscosity

Viscosity of formulated gels was measured using Brookfield DV-II+Pro viscometer (spindle number LV4) at the rotation speed of 50 rpm at room temperature. All the measurements were made in triplicate and average values were noted [27, 29].

Extrudability

The prepared gel formulations were filled into the collapsible aluminium tubes and crimped to the end. The filled tube weights were recorded. The gel filled tubes were placed between two glass slides and clamped. Five hundred grams of weight was placed over the slides and then the cap of the tube was removed. The amount of gel extruded was collected and weight of the extruded gel was noted. The percentage of the extruded gel was calculated and concluded as below [30, 31].

>90% Extrudability-Excellent

>80% Extrudability-Good

>70% Extrudability-Fair

Spreadability

A sample of 0.5 g of each formulation was pressed between two slides uniformly to form a thin layer. Half kilogram of weight was permitted to rest on the upper glass plate for 5 min. The diameter of the circle after spreading of the gel was determined. The results obtained are average of three determinations [32, 33].

Study of wound healing activity in wistar albino rats

Experimental animals

Male Wister albino rats weighing 150-225g were procured from Central Animal House, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Institutional Animal Ethical Committee approved the protocol for conducting animal study (No.316 1821/PO/Re/S/15/CPCSEA). The selected animals were housed 6 per each in acrylic cages at 22±2 °C, 45-55% humidity and 12/12 h light/dark under controlled environment with free access to food and water, except during the study period. Rats were fed with standard laboratory diet and access to water was provided ad libitum. All efforts were made to minimise suffering and to reduce the number of animals used in the experiments. The rats were divided into six groups (n=6). The animals were anesthetised using a mixture of etamine HCl (10 mg/kg) and lidocaine (40 mg/kg) by i. p. injection. The animal fur in the dorsum was shaved with a sterilized electric razor. Excision wound model was followed for testing the wound healing activity [34, 35]. A circular wound of about 1 cm was made under aseptic condition on depilated dorsal region of rats and was observed throughout the period of study. Rats were left undressed to the open environment. The formulations under study were applied daily until the complete healing. The group I acted as control, Group II was treated with standard marketed preparation (Povidone Iodine), group III, VI, V were served as test groups treated with solid lipid nanoparticles gel herbal formulations [19, 36]. All rats were maintained individually in separate cages. Wound contraction and epithelialisation period was monitored. Wound contraction was measured as percent contraction and was calculated using the below formula.

Where (n) = Number of days

Statistical analysis

The experimental results were expressed as the mean±SEM and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s t-test was used to evaluate the statistical significance using the software graph pad Instant.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We prepared two types of HSLNs, one with GMS and other with beeswax. The lipids were selected based on the solubility and miscibility of herbal extract of hibiscus in these lipids. As a general rule the entrapment efficiency of the active constituent would be higher if it is miscible/soluble with the lipid phase of the SLN [11]. In this research work, we could not quantify exact entrapment efficiency of this herbal extract in HSLNs because, unlike pure synthetic drugs, the herbal extract contains mixture of several phytoconstituents. However, like many herbal extracts, the overall wound healing activity in this case is due to the concoction of components present in the extract rather any single component.

Previously reported method was used for preparation of HSLNs [19, 37, 38]. Time required for homogenization to produce coarse emulsion and ultrasonication was optimised on several trials and errors. From the trials, 5 min of homogenisation and 3 min of ultrasonication was found to be optimal to produce required size range of solid lipid nanoparticles (below 500 nm). The drug: lipid ratio was maintained constant across all experiments for the given lipid.

Characterization of HSLNs

In the HSLNs prepared using GMS and Beeswax, the potency of active constituents were found in the range of 90 to 110 % of the expected theoretical potency. The surface morphology studies by SEM (fig. 1), revealed that the formulated HSLNs had near spherical shape. Mean particle size of selected GMS and beeswax formulations were found to be ~534±32 nm and ~176±22 nm (mean±SEM) with PDI of 0.248 and 0.396 respectively (fig. 2 (A and B). Low value of PDI is an indication that we could manufacture stable SLN with narrow size distribution range under optimal conditions. Zeta potential value of optimal formulation of GMS and beeswax was-10.4±2 mV and-11.0±2 mV respectively.

Fig. 1: SEM Images of GMS [A] and Beeswax [B] solid lipid nanoparticles

There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the particle sizes obtained for beeswax and GMS HSLNs (fig. 2 E). This difference of particle sizes may be due to the differences in chemical composition of these lipids.[39] When same level of emulsifiers used in both cases, the HSLNs prepared using beeswax demonstrated significantly lower particle size compared to GMS. This could be attributed to both viscosity of the lipids in the molten state and the surface charge on the particles. High negative or positive values of zeta potential, an indicator of surface charge, stabilizes SLNs and prevents aggregation (Malvern instruments., 2005).

Fig. 2: Zeta-potential and mean particle size graphs of GMS [A] and Beeswax [B] HSLNs

Beeswax is a mixture of various components compared to GMS. Therefore, it can be expected that SLNs prepared using beeswax may demonstrate lower degree of crystallinity during storage as compared to SLNs prepared using GMS. As demonstrated by several authors [41, 42], high degree of lipid crystallinity may result in expulsion of the entrapped active constituent from the SLNs, in turn may affect the entrapment efficiency during prolonged storage. This expelled active constituent could affect the surface properties of the SLNs leading to particle aggregation. Therefore, to avoid such problems, HSLNs prepared with beeswax were considered best and taken for in vivo studies.

Evaluation parameters of carbopol-940 gel

Formulation containing 10 mg/ml of HSLNs has shown comparable wound healing activity as the marketed preparation. This formulation had required viscosity, spreadability and extrudability. Hence, this formulation is considered optimized and taken for stability studies for 3 mo.

Table 3: Evaluation parameters of carbopol-940 gel

Formulation code pH

Appearance and

homogeneity

 Grittiness

Spreadability

(in cm)

Extrudability

(in %)

 Viscosity
(50rpm) (60rpm) (100rpm)
F1 6.92±0.44 Translucent Non-gritty 6.32±1.46 91±2.32 1920 1632 1432
F2 6.53±0.34 Translucent Non-gritty 6.22±1.02 88±3.44 1950 1680 1490
F3 6.81±0.27 Translucent Non-gritty 6.24±1.43 86±2.24 2045 1702 1522
F4 6.88±0.43 Translucent Non-gritty 6.31±0.92 90±2.52 2053 1710 1561

n=3

Table 4: Stability data of optimized gel formulation (F4)

Days pH

Appearance and

homogeneity

 Grittiness

Spreadability

(in cm)

Extrudability

(In %)

 Viscosity
50 (rpm) 60 (rpm) 100 (rpm)
0 6.80±0.94 Translucent Non-gritty 5.10±0.55 82±2.48 3746 2780 2660
1 6.83±0.72 Translucent Non-gritty 5.05±0.24 80±2.44 3746 2780 2660
2 6.82±0.74 Translucent Non-gritty 5.30±0.72 79±2.98 3735 2775 2652
3 6.80±0.62 Translucent Non-gritty 5.11±0.86 79±2.56 3722 2770 2635

n=3

Fig. 3: Wound healing activity of HSLN gel formulations

Fig. 4: Wound healing images of HSLN gel formulations on excision wound with control, crude extract (F1), F2-F4 and standard (marketed)

All formulations prepared represented clear, homogenous, translucent gel networks free from lumps. The spreadability of all the gel formulations was good and extrudability was near 90 % that is considered good to excellent. Viscosity of the formulations slightly increased with increase in HSLN concentration in the formulation. Carbopol 940 produces crosslinked network structure of gel and could be used as a suitable wound dressing material for topical applications [43]. Hydrogels prepared with Carbopol will provide depot release of drugs to the wound bed [44].

In this excision wound study the process of wound healing was noted at 4, 8, 12, 16 d post operation. The contraction of wounds was faster in all the treated formulations compared to control showing superior wound healing efficacy of the hibiscus extract. This was in line with the reported literature [20, 21]. Formulation containing 10 mg per ml of HSLNs (F4) showed identical wound healing as that of the marketed preparation indicating increasing the HSLN concentration enhances the wound recovery. Also, the beeswax was reported to support the faster healing of the wounds [45] Both beeswax and hibiscus extract could have acted synergistically in faster healing process. Among these four formulation groups F3, F4 showed complete healing on 16th day while untreated groups (control) of animals took more than 30 d to complete for healing of wounds. There found no evidence of necrosis, haemorrhage and no indication of pain or inflammation on the animals. There was efficient keratinocyte migration and acceleration of reepitheliasation was observed. All the treated groups exhibited an efficient keratinocyte migration and acceleration in reepithelialisation process. Majority of the wounds healed in 12 d of initiation of the treatment. Though the faster healing was evidenced with higher concentration of HSLNs (10 mg/ml) but was not significantly better than the marketed preparation. However, this report is significant in showing the SLNs of the hibiscus extract was superior compared to hibiscus crude extract. Increasing the concentration of HSLNs in formulations may prove better and such possibilities can be tested in future studies.

In the present study, carbopol and PEG was used for the preparation of gel. The intrinsic tissue repair action of the SLNs in the gel-based system and its moisture controlling ability in the wound area was appearing to be strengthened. Carbopol is known to be a highly swellable polymer; in addition, the presence of PEG might have formed an interpolymeric complexation leading to an optimum and suitable moisture transmission properties for accelerated reepithelialisation. In contact with the wound exudates, the gel matrix might have swelled up to an ideal level creating an environment for efficient healing and reepithelialisation. In formulation F4, the high concentration of SLN could also have leached through the gel matrix favouring an optimum contact time between the surface of the wound and extract loaded SLN. This phenomenon might have facilitated the formation of microvasculature and skin tissue reconstruction in addition to reepithelialisation when compared to control.

CONCLUSION

In the current research work, we have prepared hibiscus extract loaded HSLNs by emulsion-quenching technique using two lipids GMS and Beeswax. HSLNs prepared using beeswax gave particle size of ~175 nm and low distribution width (PDI 0.396). Beeswax HSLNs were incorporated into carbopol gel and tested for their wound healing activity in Wistar albino rats. The efficient keratinocyte migration along with acceleration in the process of reepithelialisation was observed in all the treated groups. All the treatment groups revealed an effectual keratinocyte exodus and progression in reepithelialisation. Within 12 d post-surgery, most of the wounds were observed to be completely healed. Wound healing rate of the gel containing 10 mg/ml of HSLNs (F4) was comparable to marketed formulation but was significantly faster compared to crude extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. In recent years, there is universal interest in the use of natural medicines and cost effective drug delivery systems to improve drug performance. This research work opens up new opportunities to explore SLNs as carriers for effective delivery of herbal drugs.

FUNDING

Nil

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS

All the authors have contributed equally.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

Declare none

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