Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 9, Issue 2, 160-165Original Article


DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL SCREENING OF AMINOACETYLENIC TETRAHYDROPHTHALIMIDE ANALOGUES AS NOVEL CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX) INHIBITORS

AHMED BASIM1, ZUHAIR A. MUHI-ELDEEN1✉, ELHAM N. AL-KAI SSI2,GHADEER SUAIFAN3, MOHAMMAD A. GHATTAS4, TAWFEEQ ARAFAT1, IBRAHIM S. AL-ADHAM2

1Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan, 2Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan, 3Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University, 4College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Email: zeldeen@uop.edu.jo

Received: 03 Oct 2016 Revised and Accepted: 21 Dec 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective: To design and synthesise a new amino acetylenic tetrahydro phthalimide derivative and investigate their selective inhibitory activity to COXs.

Methods: Aminoacetylenic tetrahydro phthalimide derivatives were synthesised by alkylation of tetrahydro phthalimide with propargyl bromide afforded 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. The alkylated tetrahydro phthalimide was subjected to Mannich reaction afforded the desired amino acetylenic tetra phthalimide derivatives (AZ 1-6). The elemental analysis was indicated by the EuroEA elemental analyzer and biological characterization was via IR, 1H-NMR, [13]C-NMR, DSC was determined with the aid of Bruker FT-IR and Varian 300 MHz spectrometer and DMSO-d6 as a solvent, molecular docking was done using the Autodock Tool software (version 4.2). ChemBioDraw was used in the drawing of our schemes.

Results: The IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DSC and elemental analysis were consistent with the assigned structures. The designers of the compounds as COXs inhibitor activity were based on the nationalisation of the important criteria that provide effective inhibitory binding with COXs–receptor. The results indicated that the synthesised compounds (AZ1-6) showed a close similarity in the binding affinity to both COXs and may be more specific to COX-1. AZ-5 showed the highest % of inhibition for COX-1 even better than aspirin. Which may suggest that the aryl group is required for COX-2 inhibition.

Conclusion: For the first time, we indicate the requirement of aromaticity in COX-2 structural inhibitory activity.

Keywords: Aminoacetylenic, Tetrahydrophthalimide, Molecular modelling, Cyclooxygenase inhibitors, Anti-inflammatory

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4. 0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i2.15511

INTRODUCTION

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were widely used to treat acute and/or chronic inflammation due to their ability to relief symptomatic pain [1, 2]. Conventional NSAIDs are non-selective cyclooxygenases (COX) enzyme inhibitors; they are involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PGs) from arachidonic acid [3-5]. Two mammalian COX isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, were identified [3-5]. Constitutive COX-1 which has a housekeeping functions; including gastroprotective and kidney function, regulation of PGs, whereas COX-2 is induced in inflammatory cells and generate PGs that help mediate the inflammatory response. Classical NSAIDs such as aspirin and ibuprofen are non-selective COX inhibitors, which cause a gastric failures like bleeding and ulcer [6, 7]. On the other hand, celecoxib, rofecoxib (Vioxx), and valdecoxib are selective COX-2 inhibitors, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity with markedly less gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity.

However, rofecoxib was later withdrawn due to the increased cardiovascular risk in patients with heart disease as these patients were more prone to myocardial infarction. This may be attributed to TxA2/PGI2 imbalance created by selective COX-2 [8, 9].

To overcome and minimise COX inhibitors side effects, it was imperative to design and synthesis conformational constrained selective COX inhibitors. Based on our previous works associated with 2-[4-(t-amino-1-yl) but-2-yn-1-yl] isoindoline-1,3-dione, that exerted anti-inflammatory activity with non-selective to COXs. This study was aimed to design and synthesise a rigid but non-flexible structure is lacking aromaticity as amino acetylenic tetrahydro phthalimide. This series may show a selective COX-1 inhibitor activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A-Experimental

Chemicals

The following chemicals and materials were used: cis-1,2,3,6 tetrahydro phthalimide 96% (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), propargyl bromide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), piperidine 99% reagent plus (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), 2-methylpipera 99% (alpha Aesar), 2,6-dimethyleneimine 98% (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), N-methyl piper a 99% (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), hexamethylenediamine 98% (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), ethanol (Giant and chemical company), 1,4-dioxan (Full time Chemicals, Anqing, China), chloroform (BDH chemicals, Pennsylvania, USA), paraformaldehyde (BDH chemicals, Pennsylvania, USA), cuprous chloride (BDH chemicals, Pennsylvania, USA), colorimetric COX (ovine/human) inhibitor screening assay Kit (No. 560131, Cayman, USA).

Chemistry

Melting points were determined by using a Gallen Kamp melting point apparatus. DSC Differential Scanning Colorimetry using Mettler Toledo DSC1 Stare system, Switzerland. Infrared spectra (IR) using FTIR Bruker.

1H and 13C-NMR were acquired with the aid of Varian 300 MHz spectrometer and DMSO-d6 as a solvent, and TMS as standard. The analysis was indicated by EuroEA elemental analyser. The result obtained had a maximum deviation of 3.6 from the theoretical value, which is considered within the acceptable variation range in results (±4.4%). This variation range is set according to the accuracy of EuroEA elemental analyser device in the faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. ChemBioDraw (Massachusetts, U. S. A.) was used in the drawing of our schemes.

Synthesis of 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-0)

Propargyl bromide in 10 ml actonitril was added to a mixture of cis-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (2 g) and potassium carbonate K2CO3 (2.18 g), in 20 ml actonitril, refluxed stirred for 80 min after 80 min, cooled and filtered. The evaporated residue, in CHCL3 (30 ml) was washed with water (20 ml). Drying, evaporation and chromate-graphy afforded the desired AZ compound as white powder: IR vmax 3300 (acetylenic C-H stretch), 2150 (C-C triple bond stretch), 1700 (C=O stretch), 1600 (Ar C=C stretch), 1200 cm-1 (N-C stretch). NMR δH ((CD3)2SO: δH 5.90 (s, 2H, AH), 3.6 (s, H), 3.15 (s, H). Anal. Calcd, (C11H11N1O2): C, 66.2 %; H, 5.8 %; N, 8.3 %. Found: C, 64.98%; H, 6.0%; N, 8.1%.

Synthesis of amino acetylenic compounds (AZ 1-6)

A mixture of 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (2 g), paraformaldehyde (0.5 g), cyclic amines (around 0.01 mol) and cuprous chloride catalytic amount (0.03 g), in peroxide-free dioxane 35 ml was refluxed for 1 h. filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure afforded compounds (AZ 1-6).

Synthesis of 2-[4-(2, 6-dimethylpiperidine-1-yl) but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-2)

The titled compound was prepared following the general procedure for synthesis of aminoacetylenic compounds 1-6, yielded 3 g (95.59%). IR: 2910 (C-H stretch). 2830 (C-H stretch), 1700 (Ar C=O stretch), 1312 (Ar C-N stretch). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ, 5.83 (s, 2H, ArH), 4.12 (s, H, CH2-C), 3.18, 3.45 (d, 2H, C-CH2-N), 1.55, (m, various protons of cyclic amine). Anal. Calcd, (C19H26N2): C, 71.10%; H, 8.89%; N, 8.89%. Found: C, 71.05; H, 8.15%; N, 8.84%.

Synthesis of 2-[4-(azepan-1-yl) but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-3)

The titled compound was prepared following the general procedure for synthesis of aminoacetylenic compounds 1-6, yielded 2.85 g 95%. IR: 2920 (C-H stretch), 2825 (Ar C-H stretch), 1702 (Ar C=C stretch), 1190 (Alk N-C stretch). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ, 5.82 (s, 2H, ArH), 4.11 (s, H, C-CH2-N), 3.63 (s, H, CH2-C), 1.51 (m, various protons of cyclic amine). Anal. Calcd, (C18H24N2O2): C, 72.09%; H, 8.00%; N, 9.33%. Found: C, 71.96; H, 8.02%; N, 9.30%.

Synthesis of 2-[4-(piperdin-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-4)

The titled compound was prepared following the general procedure for synthesis of aminoacetylenic compounds 1-6, yielded 2.7 g 94.4%. IR: 2938 (C-H stretch), 2843 (Ar C-H stretch), 1690 (Ar C=C stretch), 1250 (Ar N-C stretch), 875 (Ar C-H bend). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ, 5.64 (s, 2H, ArH), 4.05 (s, H, C-CH2-C), 1.92, 2.14 (d, various protons of cyclic amine). Anal. Calcd, (C17H22N2O2): C, 68.6%; H, 6.07%; N, 8.07%. Found: C, 68.45%; H, 6.2%; N, 8.1%.

Synthesis of 2-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a, 4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-5)

The titled compound was prepared following the general procedure for synthesis of aminoacetylenic compounds 1-6, yielded 2.9 g 96.34%. IR: 2.947 (C-H stretch), 2832 (Ar C-H stretch), 1707 (Ar C=C stretch). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ, 5.88 (d, 2H, ArH), 4.12 (s, H, C-CH2-N), 3.63 (s, H, CH2-C), 2.12, 2.5 (m, various protons of cyclic amine). Anal. Calcd, (C17H22N2O2): C, 68.6%; H, 6.07%; N, 8.07%. Found: C, 68.45%; H, 6.17%; N, 8.22%.

Synthesis of 2-[4-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7, 7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-6)

The titled compound was prepared following the general procedure for synthesis of aminoacetylenic compounds 1-6, yielded 2.6 g 95.58%. IR: 2.936 (C-H stretch), 2840 (Ar C-H stretch), 1720 (Ar C=C stretch), 1253 (Ar N-C stretch), 870 (Ar C-H bend). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ, 5.85 (s, 2H, ArH), 4.11 (s, H, C-CH2-C), 3.56 (s, H, CH2-C), 2.16 (m, various protons of cyclic amine). Anal. Calcd, (C16H20N2O2): C, 71.64%; H, 2.46%; N, 8.90%. Found: C, 71.40%; H, 2.43%; N, 8.82%.

Fig. 1: 2-[4-(2,6-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. (AZ-2)


Fig. 2: 2-[4-(azepan-1-yl) but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. (AZ-3)


Fig. 3: 2-[4-(piperidine-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. (AZ-4)


Fig. 4: 2-[4-(4-methylpiperazine-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. (AZ-5)


Fig. 5: 2-[4-(4-pyrrolidine-1-yl) but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. (AZ-6)

B-Molecular docking studies for AZ 1-6

The 3D structures of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were downloaded from the protein data bank [12] (PDB, ID: 3N8Z [13, 14] and 3NTI [11]) and then all water molecules were removed. Partial charges were assigned to all atoms using Kollman united atom model that exists in the Autodock Tool software [15, 16, 17]. Preparations of the COX-1 and COX-2 active site were completed by creating a grid box of a 50 x 50 Å size with a grid spacing of 0.375 Å using Autogrid (part of the Autodock software package [18, 19]). The active site was identified using the COX-1 and COX-2 co-crystallized ligands. After preparing the protein structure, the ligand preparation process was initiated by building their own 3D structures using the Maestro software [20]. A minimization process was carried out on each ligand structure using OPLS force field [21]. Subsequently, Gasteiger-Marsili model [22] was employed to assign partial charges for all prepared ligands. Tertiary amines of all ligands were set as protonated. The ligands were separately docked into the previously prepared active site using Autodock [18, 19] (version 4.2). Whereas the protein structure was treated as a rigid entity, the ligand structures were treated as flexible, and a conformational sampling process was carried out using Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm [18]. The Autodock scoring function was then used to score all docked poses. The Autodock scoring function includes different terms for van der Waals, hydrogen bond, electrostatic interactions, and the ligand internal energy. AZ-5 has two tertiary amine groups in the piperazine ring where one of them is expected to be protonated at physiological pH. Thus, two forms of AZ-5 were built with one of the tertiary amine groups is protonated and everyone was then docked separately in the COX active site.

C-In vitro cyclooxygenase enzyme assays for AZ1-6

The activity of the synthesised compounds (AZ1-6) on ovine COX-1 and human recombinant COX-2 was determined using COX Inhibitor Screening Kit from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI) following manufacturer’s instructions. In brief, this assay measures PGF2α produced by stannous chloride (SnCl2) reduction of COX-derived PGH2. The target compounds were dissolved in DMSO to provide three stock solution. After which, 10 µl of each stock solution was added to 160 µl of reaction buffer solution (0.1M Tris-HCL, pH-8 containing 5 mm EDTA and 2 mm phenol), 10 µl of either COX-1 or COX-2 enzymes and 10 µl of heme. These solutions were incubated for 10 min at 37 ° C. Followed by the addition of 10 µl arachidonic Acid solution and then incubate for 2 min at 37 ° C to initiate the reaction. After which, 30 µl of the SnCl2 solution was added to stop COX reaction by reducing PGH2 to PGF2α. The prostanoid product was then quantified via enzyme immunoassay using specific PG antiserum. This immunoassay was based on the competition between PGs and PG-acetyl cholinesterase (PG-AChE) conjugation (PG tracer) on the limited amount of PG antiserum bound to mouse anti-rabbit monoclonal antibodies previously attached to the well. Since the concentration of PGs tracer is held constant while the concentration of PGs varies, the amount of PG tracer that is able to bind to the PG antiserum was inversely proportional to the concentration of PGs in the well. The plate was then washed to remove any unbound reagents and then Elliman’s reagent, which contains AChE substrate was added to the well. The product of this enzymatic reaction produces a distinct yellow colour which was measured spectrophotometrically (Microtiter Plate reader) at 412 nm. The colour intensity was proportional to the amount of PG tracer bound, which was inversely proportional to the amount of PGs present in the well during the incubation

Absorbance α [Bound PG tracer] α 1/PGs

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chemistry

The designed compounds were prepared as shown in schemes 1 and 2. Scheme 1 involved the alkylation of tetrahydro phthalimide with 3-bromo prop-1-yne (propargyl bromide) in the presence of acetonitrile as a solvent under basic conditions. The reaction involves direct displacement of the anionic nitrogen of tetrahydro phthalimide on the propargyl bromide to generate 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. Compound AZ-1 was generated via nucleophilic displacement of bromide located at 3-bromoprop-1-yne. The Mannich reaction of 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-1) with formaldehyde, appropriate cyclic amine and a catalytic amount of cuprous chloride in peroxide-free 1,4-dioxane was heated to 80 °C to yield the designed compounds (AZ2-6). The yield obtained ranged from 52.4-60.75%.

The proposed mechanism for Mannich reaction is shown in scheme 2, in order for Mannich reaction to proceed, a reactive immonium cations intermediates should be formed from the condensation of the formaldehyde and the appropriate amine (Schiff base formation). The attack of the carbanion in 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione-benzothiazole cuprous salt on the Schiff base generates the desired Mannich products (AZ2-6). The structures were verified by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analysis, and were consistent with the assigned structures.

The designed compounds were prepared according to scheme 1.

Scheme 1: Alkylation reaction of tetrahydro phthalimide moiety

The proposed mechanism for Mannich reaction is outlined in scheme 2

Scheme 2: Proposed mannich reaction

Molecular modeling

In the present study, to understand the interaction between the ligands of the synthesised compounds (AZ1-6) and COXs and to explore their binding mode, docking study was performed using Autodock Tool software [23]. The synthesised compounds were investigated for their docking binding with COXs structures and their ability to inhibit COX activity as reflected in the removal of the double bond in this hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. According to Duggan and his co-workers [11], NSAIDs bind to two key groups of amino acids in the COX-1 and COX-2 active site, Ser530 and Tyr385 in the top of the catalytic pocket or Arg120 and Tyr355 in the bottom of the pocket. For instance, diclofenac binds to the first group residues (top) and flurbiprofen interacts to the latter group residues (bottom), mainly via electrostatic interactions that are made between polar heads of such residues and the carboxylate group in these NSAIDs structures. The NSAIDs hydrophobic groups also have a role in the binding via making van der Waals interactions with the hydrophobic residues lining the active pocket [11].

Binding energies of the best-docked pose of all six compounds are shown in table 1, along with the flurbiprofen and celecoxib scoring as a reference. All compounds were seemed to fit well in the COX-1 as well as in the COX-2 active sites (they have favourable binding energies). Interestingly, AZ-6 had shown a remarkable binding energy (-8.6 kcal/mol) in the COX-1 active site, which was very close to the diclofenac’s binding energy (-8.7 kcal/mol). As shown in fig. 2. A, AZ-6 also possessed a similar binding mode as diclofenac where the best pose was seemed to fit in the COX-1 catalytic pocket pleasantly and to make the same hydrogen bonding interactions that were made by diclofenac. These interactions were made by ligand protonated amino group and a cyclic carbonyl group. Obviously, these interactions were assisted by the existence of the acetylenic group which acted as an anchor; via placing these two polar groups in the correct position for binding. In addition to these electrostatic interactions, extensive hydrophobic interactions were made between the ligand carbon atoms and the side chains of Tyr348, Val349, Le352, Phe381, Leu384, Trp387, and Leu534. Although AZ-6 obtained a very good score in the COX-2 active site. AZ-4 seemed to have the best affinity towards the enzyme active site. Fig. 2. B shows how AZ-4 nicely fitted in the COX-2 pocket, making many van der Waal contacts with the surrounding hydrophobic residues. In terms of electrostatics, interestingly, two unusual and strong hydrogen bonding interactions were made between the protonated nitrogen and the backbone amide of Leu352 and Ser353, and another weak hydrogen bond was made between the cyclic carbonyl group and the Ser530 side chain at the top of the catalytic pocket. The docking scores data (table 1) indicated a close similarity in the binding affinity to both COXs and may be more selective to COX-1 as in flurbiprofen. Colorimetric COXs (ovine/human) inhibition as shown in table 2 that compound AZ-5 showed the highest % of inhibition for COX-1 even better than aspirin, while no inhibition for COX-2, but rather stimulation.

Fig. 6: (A) Shows the binding mode of AZ-6 (blue) within the COX-1 active site (gold). (B) Shows the binding mode AZ-4 (yellow) within the COX-2 active site (gray), respectively. Yellow dotted lines indicate for hydrogen bonding. The picture was generated by PyMol.[12] Some protein chains are not shown for clarity

It is for the first time in our amino acetylenic compounds as anti-inflammatory compounds were their docking results in reverse effect to COXs inhibition. Our rationalisation for this phenomena may be due to the lack of the double bond, loss of aromaticity in hexahydro-1h-isoindole-1,3-dione and the lack of overlap with aryl containing an amino acid that is necessary to trigger inhibitory activity.

The results of In vitro cyclooxygenases (COXs) enzyme assays showed some selective COX-1 inhibitory activity in particular compounds AZ-5 which was more potent than aspirin. While all the same design compounds were lacking COX-2 inhibitory activity as illustrated in table 2. In considering the structural differences between amino acetylenic phthalimide derivatives and their corresponding amino acetylenic tetrahydro phthalimide derivatives we recognised the lack of the double bond in our newly design tetrahydro phthalimide derivative, in spite of the rigidity of phthalimide derivatives which was not sufficient for COX-2 inhibitory activity. It seems that the aromaticity is critical for their inhibitory activity.

Table 1: Docking scores (binding affinity) of AZ1-6 compounds, flurbiprofen and celecoxib into COX-1 and COX-2 active site

Molecule Autodock scores in COX-1 (kcal/mol) Autodock scores in COX-2 (kcal/mol)
AZ-1 -7.8 -7.9
AZ-2 -7.7 -8.0
AZ-3 -7.7 -8.1
AZ-4 -7.9 -8.6
AZ-5 -7.7 (resonance-1) -7.9 (resonance-1)
-7.9 (resonance-2) -7.9 (resonance-2)
AZ-6 -8.5 -8.4
Flurbiprofen -8.7 -8.0
Celecoxib -8.5 -10.6

2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-0), 2-[4-(2,6-dimethylpiperidine-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-2), 2-[4-(azepan-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-3), 2-[4-(piperdin-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-4), 2-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-5), 2-[4-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-yl]-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (AZ-6)

Table 2: Percentage (%) inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 with (AZ 1-6) compounds

Compounds % Inhibition of COX-1 % Inhibition of COX-2
AZ-1 2-methylpiperidine 100 µm 22
AZ-1 2-methylpiperidine 10 µm 26
AZ-1 2-methylpiperidine 1 µm 10
AZ-2 Piperidine 100 µm 22
AZ-2 Piperidine 10 µm -25
ZA-2 Piperidine 1 µm 15
AZ-5 N-methylpiperidine 100 µm -5
AZ-5 N-methylpiperidine 10 µm -19
AZ-5 N-methylpiperidine 1 µm 64
AZ-6 Pyrrolidine 100 µm 9
AZ-6 Pyrrolidine 10 µm 1
AZ-6 Pyrrolidine 1 µm 19
Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid 100 µm 14
Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid 10 µm -13
Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid 1 µm -11

In vitro evaluation

The inhibitory activity of the synthesised compounds (AZ 1-6) on COX-1 and COX-2 was determined, and the results are listed in table 2.

CONCLUSION

To the best of our knowledge, for the first time to find Aryl group that could selectively differentiate between COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity.

FUNDING

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank the University of Petra/Faculty of Pharmacy, for providing the necessary facilities to carry out this work.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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