Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 9, Issue 3, 233-242Original Article


SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND DOCKING OF SOME NOVEL SUBSTITUTED 1, 3-THIAZINE DERIVATIVES

RAVINDAR BAIRAM1*, SRINIVASA MURTHY MUPPAVARAPU2 AND SIVAN SREEKANTH3

1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, New IST, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500085, India, 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana 508284, India, 3Department of Chemistry, Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500001, India
Email: ravindarpharma@gmail.com

Received: 30 Nov 2016 Revised and Accepted: 30 Jan 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective: Chalcones and their heterocyclic analogs represent an important class of small molecules which have a wide range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, in this study, synthesis and anticonvulsant and antimicrobial activities of some new 1, 3-thiazines have been extensively discussed.

Methods: The reaction mixture of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone on Claisen-Schmidt condensation with various aromatic aldehydes in the presence of dilute sodium hydroxide afforded the corresponding chalcones. Further, these compounds were subjected to cocondensation with thiourea, in the presence of isopropanol, catalyzed by aqueous potassium hydroxide to form 4-aryl 8-arylidene-5, 6-dihydro-2-imino-6-methyl-4H, 7H-(1, 3) benzothiazines. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of their spectral analysis. The newly synthesized compounds have been tested for their biological screening. Antimicrobial activity by cup plate agar diffusion method and antiepileptic activity by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures model, using diphenyl hydantain as standard, and also they are subjected to molecular properties prediction, toxicity, drug-likeness, lipophilicity and solubility parameters determination were done by using Osiris program, Molsoft, Prototox and ALOGPS 2.1 software. The binding mode of the synthesized compounds with active protein site has been predicted using docking method.

Results: Most of the compounds have shown good anticonvulsant as well as antimicrobial activities, but it is less than the standard drugs. 1, 3-thiazines derivatives were more potent, and among them, compounds TB5 and TB7 were the most active compounds in these series; TB5 which contains isopropyl phenyl moiety, was shown moderate potent activity with onset of convulsion at 14.1 min and TB7 containing 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl substituents on the thiazine moiety was more potent as it has prolonged the onset of convulsions by 18.7 min. Whereas in the case of antimicrobial activity of the compounds, from the results we have observed that TB5 have been shown greatest antimicrobial activity in all the bacterial and fungal strains, TB2 also shown superior activity, the others have been shown good antimicrobial activity.

Conclusion: According to the activity studies, it is observed that the synthesis and antimicrobial as well as anticonvulsant activities of novel 1, 3-thiazine derivatives have been shown better activity. Moreover molecular docking results give an insight into how further modification of the lead compound can be carried out for higher inhibitory activity. In particular, compounds with electron withdrawing substituents along with lipophilic methoxyl and isopropyl groups were more potent.

Keywords: Thiazine, Anticonvulsant, Antimicrobial activities, Molecular docking

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i3.16406

INTRODUCTION

Research in pharmaceutical chemistry renders a vital role in the discovery of newer therapeutic agents. The heterocyclic compounds [1] which contain nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen possess an enormous significance in the field of medicinal chemistry, heterocyclic compounds were abundant in nature and have acquired more importance, because their structural subunits were exhibited in many natural products such as vitamins, hormones, antibiotics, etc. 1, 3-thiazines which contain nitrogen and sulfur in their six-member heterocyclic ring system (N-C-S), as a pharmacophore and it was found to be fairly stable, also in some other medicinally important compounds like xylazine (agonist at the α2-adrenergic receptor is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals) [2], and chlormezanone (used as an anxiolytic and a muscle relaxant) [3]. Thiazine derivative moiety results has shown diverse biological and pharmaceutical profiles such as anticonvulsant [4], antimicrobial [5-10], analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic [11-13], anticancer [14-18], antidiabetic [19], immunotropic [20], antianxiety [21], insecticidal and pesticidal [22], antitubercular [23], anthelmintic [24], anesthetic [25], antiviral [26] activities etc. The treatment for bacterial infection currently represents a significant therapeutic challenge throughout the world. Since this trend has been changing, there is a due need for the development of new antibacterial agents with divergent and unique structural features, which operate via different mechanisms of actions to those of existing antimicrobial agents. Moreover, thiazine nucleus was a pharmacophore of cephalosporins that occupy a very important place in the field of antibiotics. Search for new molecules continues because of the fast development of microbial resistance towards existing molecules, and therefore new 1, 3-thiazine derivatives have been synthesized with an objective to get potent antimicrobial agents, in the present work the reaction involves the synthesis of chalcones by using various aryl aldehydes and aryl ketone (Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction). Different chalcone derivatives were used as the initial material for the synthesis of new thiazines.

Though a number of drugs are available in the market, they are not up to the mark. The ALOGPS method is a part of the ALOGPS 2.1 programmer [27], which is used to predict lipophilicity and aqueous solubility of compounds. The lipophilicity calculation within this program is based on the associative neural network approach and the efficient partition algorithm. The LogKow (Kow-WIN) program estimates the log octanol/water partition coefficient (log p) of organic chemicals and drugs. An insufficient aqueous solubility is likely to impede bioavailability of the drugs. It is well known that insufficient solubility of drugs can lead to poor absorption.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

General

All the chemicals and solvents are procured from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck, India. The melting points of the synthesized compounds have been determined in open capillary tubes and are uncorrected. The infra-red (IR) spectra of the compounds have been recorded on Perkin Elmer Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Model Shimadzu 8700) in KBr discs method. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been recorded on Bruker 400 MHZ AVANCE instrument in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) at 399 MHz. The chemical shifts (δ) have been reported in parts per million (ppm) downfield from internal reference Tetramethylsilane (TMS). Mass spectra have been recorded on Mass spectrophotometer (Model Shimadzu 2010A) by LC-MS, using dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent. All the compounds have been shown satisfactory chemical analysis, the homogencity of the compounds have been checked by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using silica gel glass plates containing 60 F-254 and n-hexane and ethyl acetate (8:2) as mobile phase, and visualization on TLC was achieved by using ultraviolet light. All the compounds have been purified by column chromatography (Merck), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was procured from sigma and it was dissolved in normal saline. The healthy albino mice (Wistar, 100–150 g, 5–6 w) were obtained from Mahaveer enterprises, Kolkata.

Experimental part chemical synthesis

General procedure

Preparation of 2, 6-dibenzylidene-4-tert-butyl cyclohexanone

The substituted aromatic aldehyde (0.02 mol) has been added to the reaction mixture of 30 ml of 10% sodium hydroxide and 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone (0.01 mol) in 50 ml of ethyl alcohol, which is maintained at 20-25 °C (fig. 1). This reaction mixture is magnetically stirred at 500 rpm for a period of 2 hr. The completion of reaction has been confirmed by TLC method of estimation. Subsequently, after the 2 hr the reaction mixture was stored in a refrigerator at 0-4 °C temperature for a period of 8 hr. Finally, the obtained residue product was filtered, and washed with ice cold water followed by ice-cold ethanol than the washed product was dried and recrystallized from dimethylformamide gave as yellow crystals [27, 28]. Yields were from 65% to 95%, mp. 126.6–127.0 UV (λmax) of 3a: 396 nm; 1H NMR of 1a: (CDCl3-d6): δ 0.75 (m, 2× CH3, 6H), 0.78 (d, CH3,3H), 1.32-1.34 (d, CH, 1H),1.83-1.87 (m, CH2 2H), 2.88 (s, CH2, 2H), 7.28-7.41 (m, ArH, 10H), 7.55 (s, methine H, 2H). IR (KBr) of 3c: 1657 cm-1 (C=O) 1598, 1554, 1506, 1462 cm-1 (aromatic), 834 cm-1 (C=C); Mass of 3a: MS (ESI): m/z = 388.9 [M1+1].

Preparation of 8-benzylidene-6-tert-butyl-4-phenyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo-1, 3-thiazin-2-imine

To a mixture containing 2, 6-dibenzylidene-4-tert-butylcyclo-hexanone (0.01 mol), thiourea (0.015 mol) and potassium hydroxide (0.01 mol) were dissolved in specified amount (5 ml) of water which was refluxed in isopropyl alcohol (100 ml) for a period of 16 hr. Later, the formation of the product was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Finally the left over solvent was removed under reduced pressure by distillation and the residue obtained was cooled, treated with ice cold water, followed by ice cold ethanol, then filtered, dried and the dried residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (Ethyl acetate/Hexane) to give respective compounds (TB1-TB12) and the precipitate obtained was recrystallized from ethyl alcohol [29, 30]. The physical data of the compounds is given in table 1.

Spectral data of the synthesized compounds

8-benzylidene-6-tert-butyl-4-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine (TB1)

Yellow solid, Yield 90%; mp 184-186 °C. Rf: 0.7; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3399.9 (Imine NH-), 3207.0 (cyclic NH-), 1609.3 (C=N), 1077 (C-N), 1476.2 (CH3-). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.75 (m, 2× CH3, 6H), 0.78 (d, CH3, 3H), 1.32-1.34 (d, CH, 1H), 1.83-1.87 (m,-CH2-, 2H), 2.88 (s, CH2, 2H), 4.93 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.51 (s, imine NH, 1H), 6.64 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 7.25-7.27 (d, Ar-H, 1H), 7.28-7.41(m, Ar-H, 9H), 7.55 (s, methine H, 1H). [13]C NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ ppm): 178.47, 152.03, 151.79. 151.68, 148.41, 142.58, 139.67, 139.26, 137.58, 135.88, 134.53, 133.84, 132.36, 127.53 (C-2' and C-6’), 127.41, (C-3'' and C-5''), 125.82, 125.42, 118.87, 44.15, (-CH2-, C of isobutyl group at C-4''); 43.95, 36.1, 35.9; 31.54 (-CH-, C of isobutyl group at C-4''). MS (ESI): m/z = 388.9 [M1+1].

8-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)-6-tert-butyl-4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine(TB2)

Yellowish solid, Yield 78%; mp 166-168 °C. Rf: 0.7; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3426.0 (Imine NH-), 3098.0 (cyclic NH-), 1655.0 (C=N), 1067.0 (C-N), 1250.0(C-O-C), 1458.0 (CH3-). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.67-0.86 (m,3× CH3, 9H), 1.20-1.23 (d, CH,1H), 1.82-1.88 (m, CH2, 2H), 1.93-2.07 (m, CH2 2H), 3.41-3.88 (m (4× OCH3, 12H),18H), 4.72 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.72 (s, imine NH, 1H), 6.74 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 6.74-6.98 (m, ArH, 6H), 8.93 (s, methine, 1H). [13]C NMR ((400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ ppm): 174.47, 148.47, 147.25, 140.413, 135.05, 129.58, 128.41, 127.44, 126.58, 122.88, 114.66, 58.42, 43.62, 40.61, 39.98, 27.49. MS (ESI): m/z = 509.1[M1+1].

4-((6-tert-butyl-4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-2-imino-1,2,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-8(5H)-ylidene)methyl)-N, N-dimethylbenzenamine (TB3) (fig. 2)

Light brown solid, Yield 69%; mp 142-144 °C; Rf: 0.7; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3425.0 (Imine NH-), 3069.0 (cyclic NH-), 1654.0(C=N), 1116.0 (C-N), 1454.0 (CH3-). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.67-0.74 (m, CH3, 3H), 0.81-2.23 (m, 2× CH3, 6H), 1.25 (d, CH, 1H),2.79-2.82 (m, 2× CH2, 4H), 2.84-3.07 (m, 4× NCH3, 12H), 5.38 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.55 (s, imine NH, 1H), 6.66 (d, cyclic NH, 1H), 6.67-7.65 (m, ArH, 8H), 7.67 (s, methine H, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z = 473.2[M1+1].

8-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-6-tert-butyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine (TB4)

Yellowish solid, Yield 89%; mp 189-192 °C; Rf: 0.4; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3384.0 (Imine NH-), 3201.0 (cyclic NH-), 1601.1 (C=N), 1031.0 (C-N), 1248(C-O-C), 1476.0 (CH3-). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.76-0.79 (m, 3 × CH3, 9H), 0.84-0.92 (m, CH2, 2H), 1.28-1.34 (m, CH2, 1H), 1.81-1.89 (m, CH2 1H), 1.96-2.02 (m, CH,1H), 3.81-3.83((m, 2× OCH3, 6H), 6.44 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.61 (s, imine NH, 1H), 6.88 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 6.88-6.92 (m, ArH, 4H), 7.19-7.23(m, ArH, 4H), 7.57 (s, methine H, 1H). [13]C NMR ((400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ ppm):174.37, 149.14, 148.90, 135.27, 135.27, 128.50, 122.75, 119.33, 114.36, 111.98, 58.33, 55.78, 43.73, 39.55, 27.87; MS (ESI): m/z = 448.9 [M1+1].

8-(4-isopropylbenzylidene)-6-tert-butyl-4-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine (TB5)

White solid, Yield 88%; mp 180-182 °C; Rf: 0.5; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3426.0 (Imine NH-), 3064.0 (cyclic NH-), 1650.0 (C=N), 1159.0 (C-N), 1457.0 (CH3-). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.71-0.86 (m, 3 × CH3, 9H), 0.87-0.97 (m, CH2, 2H), 1.28-1.34 (m, CH2, 1H), 1.81-1.89 (m, CH2 1H), 1.96-2.40 (m, CH,1H), 2.40-2.44 (m, CH,1H), 3.13-3.89((m, 2× CH3, 6H), 4.84 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.4 (s, imine NH, 1H), 6.88 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 6.88-6.92 (m, ArH, 4H), 7.61-7.73(m, ArH, 4H), 7.75 (s, methine H, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z = 742.7 [M1+1].

8-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-6-tert-butyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine (TB6)

White solid, Yield 80%; mp 222-224 °C; Rf: 0.7; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3424.0 (Imine NH-), 3275.5 (cyclic NH-), 1615.0 (C=N), 1089.0 (C-N), 1487.0 (CH3-); Ar-Cl-809.0. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.75 (m, 2× CH3, 6H), 0.78 (d, CH3, 3H), 1.32-1.34 (d, CH, 1H), 1.83-1.87 (m,-CH2-, 2H), 2.88 (s, CH2, 2H), 4.93 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.51 (s, imine NH, 1H), 6.64 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 7.25-7.27 (d, Ar-H, 1H), 7.28-7.41(m, Ar-H, 9H), 7.55 (s, methine H, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z = 456.7 [M1+1].

8-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-6-tert-butyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine (TB7)

White solid, Yield 82%; mp 243-245 °C; Rf: 0.6; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3256.0 (Imine NH-), 2921.0 (cyclic NH-), 1693.0 (C=N), 1115.0 (C-N), 1412.0 (CH3-), Ar-F-934.9. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.75-0.78 (m, 3 × CH3, 9H), 1.32-1.34 (d, CH, 1H), 1.61 (d, CH2 2H), 1.83-2.03 (m, CH2, 2H), 4.93 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.51 (s, imine NH, 1H), 6.64 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 7.25-7.39 (m, ArH, 8H), 7.59 (s, methine H, 1H). [13]C NMR ((400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ ppm): 190.28 (C-1), 184.30, 172.64, 163.28, 154.62, 150.37, 131.99, 128.19, 127.95, 112.70, 107.50, 59.33, 44.33, 40.57, 39.94, 27.88. MS (ESI): m/z = 425.1 [M1+1].

8-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-6-tert-butyl-4-(3,4,5-tri-methoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine (TB8)

Yellowish solid, Yield 94%; mp 210-212 °C; Rf: 0.5; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3663.0 (Imine NH-), 3291.0 (cyclic NH-), 1673.0(C=N), 1065.0 (C-N), 1263.0(C-O-C), Ar-Trisubstituted, 1419.0 (CH3-). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.71-0.79 (m, CH3)2, 6H), 0.81-0.83 (d, CH3, 3H), 1.22 (s, CH, 1H),1.24-1.99 (m, CH2 2H), 2.08-2.99 (s, CH2, 1H), 2.48 (s, CH2, 1H), 3.61-3.84 (m (6× OCH3, 18H), 4.44 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.57 (s, imine NH, 1H), 6.58 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 6.62-6.64 (m, ArH, 4H), 8.96 (s, methine H, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z = 569.1[M1+1].

4-((4-(4-aminophenyl)-6-tert-butyl-2-imino-1,2,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-8(5H)-ylidene)methyl) benzenamine (TB9)

Light brown solid, Yield 70%; mp 156-158 °C; Rf: 0.6; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3441.0 (Imine NH-), 3063.0 (cyclic NH-), 1653.0(C=N), 1092.0 (C-N), 1456.0 (CH3-), 735.6 (Ar-NH2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.67-0.75 (m, 3× CH3, 9H), 1.13-1.19 (d, CH, 1H), 1.73-1.79 (m, CH2, 2H), 1.95-2.05 (m, CH2, 1H), 2.812.85 (d, CH2, 1H), 4.81-4.84 (d, CH-S, 1H), 6.96 (s, imine NH, 1H), 7.06 (s, cyclic NH, 1H),7.16-7.73 (m, ArH, 8H), 9.04 (s, methine H, 1H). [13]C NMR ((400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ ppm): 174.48, 163.36, 162.52, 160.94, 139.22, 133.88, 131.51, 129.56, 128.31, 122.14, 116.08, 114.83, 57.89, 43.69, 39.35, 27.96. MS (ESI): m/z = 418.5 [M1+1].

8-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-6-tert-butyl-4-(4-ethylphenyl)-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine(TB10)

Yellow solid, Yield 76%; mp 178-180 °C; Rf: 0.6; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3380.0 (Imine NH-), 3201.0 (cyclic NH-), 2934.0(Ar-C2H5). 1611.0(C=N), 1060.0(C-N), 1475.0 (CH3-), 735.6 (Ar-NH2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.76-0.79 (m, 3× CH3, 9H), 0.82-0.86 (m, 2× CH2, 4H), 0.92 (m, CH, 1H), 1.21-1.27 (m, 2× CH2, 4H), 2.62-2.69 (m, 2× CH3, 6H), 6.47(s, CH-S, 1H), 6.59 (s, imine NH, 1H), 7.20 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 7.20-7.22 (m, ArH, 8H), 7.58 (s, methine H, 1H). [13]C NMR ((400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ ppm): 174.48, 163.36, 162.52, 160.94, 139.22, 133.88, 131.51, 129.56, 128.31, 122.14, 116.08, 114.83, 57.89, 43.69, 39.35, 27.96. MS (ESI): m/z = 444.9 [M1+1].

8-(3-Nitrobenzylidene)-6-tert-butyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2(4H)-imine (TB11)

Light brown solid, Yield 65%; mp 182-184 °C; Rf: 0.7; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3418.0 (Imine NH-), 3087.0 (cyclic NH-), 1601.0(C=N), 1060.0(C-N), 1462.0 (CH3-), 832.1 (Ar-NO2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 0.63-0.65 (d, CH3, 3H), 0.70-0.92 (m, 2× CH3, 6H), 1.00-1.02 (d, CH, 1H), 1.12-1.16 (m, CH2, 2H), 1.71-2.37 (m, CH2, 2H), 4.96-5.21 (m, CH-S, 1H), 6.42 (t, imine NH, 1H), 6.57 (s, cyclic NH, 1H), 6.66-6.91 (d, ArH, 1H), 7.07-7.23 (d, ArH, 1H), 7.65-7.89(m, ArH, 4H),7.92(d, ArH, 2H), 8.31 (s, methine H, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z = 478.56 [M1+1].

4-((6-tert-butyl-4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-imino-1,2,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazin-8(5H)-ylidene)methyl) benzene-1,2-diol (TB12)

Light white solid, Yield 65%; mp 177-179 °C; Rf: 0.5; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3444.0 (Imine NH-), 2951.0 (cyclic NH-), 1593.0(C=N), 1027.0(C-N), 1466.0 (CH3-), 774.3 (Di-substituted). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ ppm): 1.5-2.4 (m, (CH2)2, 4H), 2.4 (m, CH2, 2H), 4.3 (s, CH-S, 1H), 6.9 (s, imine, 1H), 6.9(s, cyclic NH, 1H), 7.0-7.7(m, ArH, 8H), 7.7 (s, methine, 1H). [13]C NMR ((400 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ ppm): 174.65, 153.45, 138.29, 137.57, 136.85, 133.03, 131.93, 129.40, 128.57, 123.04, 114.60, 107.09, 104.71, 60.52, 58.60, 43.73, 40.60, 39.97, 27.40. MS (ESI): m/z = 451.4 [M1+1].

Scheme of work

Fig. 1: a) Ar-CHO, substituted aromatic aldehydes, ethanol, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), b) thiourea, aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH), isopropyl alcohol, reflux, 14 hr, reaction scheme for synthesis of title compounds


Fig. 2: 3 Dimensional (3D) structural representation of TB3 molecule


Table 1: Physical and analytical data for compounds [TB1-TB12]

Entry Ar Mol.formula Mol. wt Melting point ( °C) Rf % Yield
TB1 C6H5 C25H28N2S 388.56 184-186 0.71 95
TB2 P-ClC6H4 C25H26 Cl2N2S 457.45 222-224 0.78 80
TB3 P-FC6H4 C25H26 F2N2S 424.54 243-245 0.65 82
TB4 4-(OMe)C6H4 C27H32N2 O2S 448.62 189-192 0.48 89
TB5 P-CH(Me)2C6H4 C31H40N2S 472.72 180-182 0.56 88
TB6 3,4,-(OMe)2C6H3 C29H36N2 O4S 508.67 166-168 0.71 78
TB7 3,4,5-(OMe)3C6H2 C31H40N2O6S 568.72 210-212 0.54 94
TB8 P-N(Me)2C6H4 C29H38N4S 474.70 142-144 0.76 69
TB9 P-NH2C6H4 C25H30N4S 418.59 156-158 0.69 70
TB10 P-C2H5C6H4 C29H36N2S 444.67 178-180 0.66 76
TB11 P-NO2C6H4 C25H26N4O4S 478.56 182-184 0.78 65
TB12 2,4-(OH)2C6H5 C25H28N2O4S 452.56 177-178 0.52 65

Ar-aromatic, retardation factor (Rf), TLC solvent system(x: y) n-hexane and ethyl acetate (8:2)

Biological evaluation

Acute oral toxicity studies

Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) study was carried out as per the Organization of Economical Co-Operation and Development (OECD) guidelines 423 [31, 32]. All the synthesized compounds treated animals, showed only mounting and genital licking to a mild degree while all the other responses were normal when compared to control at 24 hr observation. The 48 and 72 hr observation revealed no changes in any of the normal behavioural pattern of the treated groups to that of the control group. No toxicity or death was observed for all the compounds on the administration of a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hence, all those compounds can be considered as safe (X-classify). A group of three albino mice of either sex weighing 18-30 gm and of 90 d age selected randomly and used for acute toxicity studies. The animals were kept observed fasting overnight, prior to the experimental procedure. The technique up and down or staircase was used to establish the dose. The synthesised compounds were administered orally at the dose level of 5 mg/kg body weight to the animals and observed for 14 d. The investigational protocol for the pharmacological selection was done in accordance, with the guidelines prescribed by an Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (CPCSEA No: 1292/ac/09/CPCSEA). Since no mortality was observed, the procedure has been repeated for further higher doses of 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight. The compounds show no mortality at a dose up to 2000 mg/kg. Hence 1/10th (200 mg/kg) and 1/5th (400 mg/kg) of this dose were selected as the dose levels for the study.

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure model

General procedure

Adult male mice with a body weight between 18 g and 22 g were used. The test compounds and the standard drug, diphenyl hydantain (30 mg/kg) were given orally to a group of 6 mice. Another group of 6 mice served as control, after 60 min, oral administration, 80 mg/kg PTZ was injected through intra-peritoneal route. Each animal was placed into an individual plastic cage, and the animals were observed for 30 min for tonic convulsion episode. Hind limb extension was taken as a tonic convulsion. Latency of convulsion, % of convulsion, time of death, % of survival was recorded. The number of animals protected from hind limb tonic extension seizures (HLTE) and the time spent in this position were determined, for each dose group (mean±SEM) in PTZ induced method. The onset of tonic convulsions and the number of animals convulsing, or not convulsing within the observation period were noted. The ability of the test compounds to prevent or delay the onset of the hind limb extension exhibited by the animals was taken as an indication of anticonvulsant activity.

Computationally predicted toxicity, lipophilicity and drug score profiles

The shredding of each molecule at every rotatable bond leads to a set of nucleus fragments. These, in turn, were used to rebuild all possible larger fragments which could be the substructure of the original fragment. Afterwards, a search procedure for substructure resolute the occurrence, frequency of every one of the fragment (constructed and core fragments) surrounded by all traded drugs of 3300 in addition to 15,000 commercially available chemicals (Fluka) to predict toxicity, C Log P, and drug score [33, 34].

In vitro antimicrobial activity

Antibacterial activity

In vitro antibacterial activity of the newly synthesized compounds were tested against the standard cultures of gram-positive organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae and gram-negative organisms like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by cup plate agar diffusion method. Bacteria were cultured in nutrient agar medium, and the solutions of the synthesized compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO 1 ml) at 150 µg/ml concentration and the compounds incubated at 37 °C for 24 hr. After the incubation period, the inhibition zones were measured in mm, and the known antibiotics like ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 10 μg/ml as a standard drug were used for the comparison at the same concentration [35, 36]. The results are tabulated in the table 2.

Table 2: Antimicrobial activity of the compounds on bacterial and fungal strains

compounds Antimicrobial activity in terms of zone of inhibition in millimeter (mm)
S. aureus K. pneamoniae E. coli P. aeruginosa C. albicans A. niger
TB1 15±0.12 14±1.21 16±0.15 14±0.85 15±0.31 12±0.65
TB2 14±0.64 13±0.82 15±0.66 13±0.16 16±0.54 13±1.76
TB3 13±1.72 15±0.34 14±1.58 15±0.88 15±1.06 14±0.86
TB4 16±0.51 15±0.11 15±0.60 14±1.59 17±0.53 15±0.64
TB5 15±0.42 16±1.54 16±0.02 16±0.07 16±0.64 16±0.56
TB6 14±0.41 14±0.03 15±1.72 15±0.46 14±0.13 12±0.25
TB7 12±0.83 13±0.12 13±0.13 12±0.19 14±0.37 14±1.73
TB8 13±1.62 11±0.04 13±0.95 14±1.16 13±0.68 13±0.54
TB9 15±0.64 16±1.61 15±0.67 16±1.52 12±1.86 16±0.46
TB10 16±1.14 15±0.81 17±0.01 18±0.72 15±0.47 13±0.41
TB11 14±1.53 12±0.19 14±0.86 13±0.18 12±0.79 15±0.08
TB12 16±0.91 13±1.02 13±1.52 14±0.71 14±0.67 15±0.53
Ciprofloxacin 22±0.64 25±0.03 22±0.17 25±0.64 ---------- -----------
Ketaconazole ----------- ---------- ---------- ----------- 24±1.89 23±0.85

Diameter of zone of inhibition results are expressed as mean±SD. Data compared against positive standard group and each test group.

Antifungal activity

The antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against two fungal organisms Candida albicans and Asperigillus niger by using cup plate agar diffusion method and inoculated at 28±1 °C for seven days. After seven days, inhibition in fungal growth was resolute as a difference in growth between control plates and those treated with test compound and compared with the standard drug ketaconazole at a concentration of 20 μg/ml and the results were tabulated in the table 2. The observed zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for all the synthesized compounds are to be had in table 3. All the tested compounds have showed optimum antimicrobial activity with minor differences in their zone of inhibitions when compared with the standard drugs.

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), anti-microbial activity of each compound was evaluated at the concentration of 150 µg/ml; values are expressed as mean±SD. Data compared against the positive standard group.

Table 3: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data of the synthesized compounds

Entry Diameter of zone of inhibition in millimeter (MIC) µg/ml
S. aureus K. pneamoniae E. coli P. aeruginosa C. albicans A. niger
TB1 21±0.12** 20±0.42 18±0.11 18±0.65 23±0.18** 22±0.75*
TB2 22±0.03** 19±0.64 16±0.63 17±0.88 22±0.82* 21±0.36
TB3 19±0.11 19±0.72 18±0.52 16±1.45 22±0.48* 23±1.75*
TB4 21±0.13 20±0.83 18±0.71 17±1.84 22±0.51* 22±0.59*
TB5 24±0.17 *** 23±0.12** 21±0.42** 22±0.54** 25±0.01** 26±0.64***
TB6 19±0.61 20±1.84 19±0.67 16±0.17 21±0.50 18±0.18
TB7 18±1.02 22±0.73** 16±0.91 17±0.64 23±1.63 22±0.86*
TB8 21±0.41** 20±0.92 18±0.12 16±0.42 22±0.45 24±0.61**
TB9 19±0.53 16±0.71 14±0.50 15±0.78 21±0.14 19±0.45
TB10 19±0.74 18±1.32 17±1.81 16±0.53 24±1.20** 21±1.65
TB11 21±1.21** 14±1.71 16±1.49 16±0.17 22±1.64 20±1.57
TB12 19±0.95 21±0.81** 18±0.62 18±0.64 23±0.36** 21±0.43
Ciprofloxacin 26±0.65*** 26±0.79*** 24±0.99*** 24±1.21*** --------------- ---------------
Ketaconazole ---------------- ----------------- -------------- --------------- 28±0.28*** 28±0.04***

Diameter of the zone of inhibition for minimum inhibitory concentration results are expressed as mean±standard deviation of triplicates. The diameter of well plates was 8 mm, Ciprofloxacin 10µg/ml used as standard against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ketaconazole at a concentration of 20 μg/ml was used as standard against Candida albicans and Asperigillus niger

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chemistry

Twelve novel 1, 3-thiazine derivatives (TB1-TB12) were synthesized by the condensation of different 2, 6-dibenzylidene-4-tert-butyl-cyclohexanones with thiourea in the presence of ethanol by refluxation. The yields of the compounds were in between 65-94%. All the compounds were purified by column chromatography and characterized by spectral methods including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Mass. Formation of 1,3-thiazine scaffold is confirmed by the characteristic IR absorption bands in the ranges of 3250-3450 cm-1 (imine NH-), 2950-3200 (cyclic NH-), 1590-1680 (C=N) and 1020-1120 (C-N) respectively.

Two diagnostic singlet peaks in the 1H NMR spectrums around δ 6.4-7.2 ppm helped to unravel the structures of the compounds. The 13C NMR spectrum of compounds exhibited the characteristic signals in the range of δ 170-190 ppm which corresponds to C=N, apart from the peaks corresponding to the other carbons. The mass spectra obtained by positive mode of ionization method revealed that the [M+H]+ions are representing the molecular weight of the compound. The results of elemental analysis were also in close agreement within±0.4 % of the calculated values.

Anticonvulsant activity

1, 3-thiazine derivatives were tested for their anticonvulsant activity by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures. The results are summarized in table 4. From the results it can be clearly observed that 1, 3-thiazines possess significant anticonvulsant activity, but less than the standard diphenyl hydantain. Compound TB7 containing 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl moiety was the most potent of the sequence with the onset of convulsions by 18.7 min. This is followed by TB5 with 4-isopropylphenyl substitution with 14.1 min.

The third and fourth in the activity are seen, in TB6 with 3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl with 11.7 min and TB4 with 4-methoxyphenyl with onset 11.3 min scaffolds respectively. Compound TB10 with 4-ethylphenyl moiety with 10.7 min also possess significant anticonvulsant activity. Halogenated thiazines were also exhibited superior activity, and other compounds have shown moderate to mild antiepileptic activity. However, none of these compounds has greater activity than the standard diphenyl hydantain.

Table 4: Hind limb tonic extension seizure (HLTE)

Groups Latency of onset of convulsion (in min) Time of death* (in min)
Control (Normal saline) 1.0 71±0.048 5.72±0.3116
Standard (Diphenyl hydantain) 28.31±0.341 Prevented
TB3 5.122±0.187* 10.62±2.668*
TB4 11.36±0.3411** 25.48±2.857***
TB1 1.375±0.1661 9.77±1.058
TB5 14.15±0.321*** 25.27±0.523***
TB7 18.73±0.1241*** 30.87±0.506***
TB6 11.71±0.182** 15.82±0.512*
TB10 10.76±0.192** 16.62±0.612*

Stastical standard: * P<0.1, **P<0.01; ***P<0.001, Time of death*: 30 min was taken as the cut off time all values are mean±SEM values using n = 6 animals in each group.

Statistics

The statistical analysis of the obtained results from diphenyl hydantain and the synthesized compounds were made. The significance of differences between the different dosing groups were calculated by the Steel test (seizure score), by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc comparison using Dunnett’s test, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In vitro antimicrobial activity

All the newly synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against two gram-positive (Staphylococcus aures and Klebisiella pneamoniae), two gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Asperigillus niger) at a concentration of 150 μg/ml using cup plate method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar streak dilution method. From the results, we have observed that TB5 have been shown best antimicrobial activity in all the bacterial and fungal strains, TB2 also shown better activity, the rest of the compounds have been shown good antimicrobial activity. TB3 substituted moiety (fig. 2) have been shown potent antifungal activity.

Molecular docking and scoring function

Docking protocol and their validation

Molecular modeling studies were performed on workstation running Red Hat enterprise and Linux 4.0 and selection of the compounds depends on the compounds which are obeying Lipinsky rule of five and used an automated docking software Glide 5.6 (Schrodinger-Maestro) that applies a two stage scoring process to sort out the best conformations and orientations of the ligand (defined as pose), based on its interaction pattern with the receptor, docked at its active site using a standard docking protocol. The newly synthesised novel compounds TB1 to TB12 were selected for performing molecular docking studies. Molecules were built using Maestro build panel and prepared by LigPrep 2.0 application. Crystal structures of S. aureus gyrase complex with ciprofloxacin and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), protein data bank (PDB id: 2XCT) [37], and structures of cytochrome P450 family 51 subfamily A member 1 [CYP51] from the pathogens Candida glabrata (PDB id: 5JLC) were downloaded from protein data bank (www. rcsb. org). GLIDE 5.6 was used for molecular docking. The proteins were prepared using protein preparation module applying the default parameters. The grid was generated around the active site of the protein by selecting the cocrystalized ligand. Receptor vander Waals scaling for the nonpolar atoms was kept 0.9 [38], the Low-energy conformation of the ligands was selected and docked into the grid using standard precision (SP) docking mode. Dock pose of each ligand was analyzed for interactions with the receptor.

Computer-assisted drug design (CADD) approach has contributed to the discovery of several novel drugs. Molecular docking continues to hold great promise in the field of computer-based drug design. In silico docking, scores are provided in table 5. Sources from protein data bank: 2XCT, 5JLC both are IDs for docking of antimicrobial activity. 2XCT: The twinned 3.35 a structure of s. aureus gyrase complex with ciprofloxacin and DNA, classification: Isomerase/DNA/ antibiotic. 5JLC: Structure of CYP51 from the pathogen Candida glabrata, classification: oxidoreductase/ oxidoreductase inhibitor.

Table 5: Docking score of TB1-TB12 molecules from SP docking protocol in Glide 5.6

S. No. Molecule DNA gyrase PDB ID: 2XCT CYP51A1 PDB ID: 5JLC
1 TB1 -9.05 -8.72
2 TB2 -8.42 -9.76
3 TB3 -8.622 -8.92
4 TB4 -8.15 -9.24
5 TB5 -7.98 -10.79
6 TB6 -8.22 -7.98
7 TB7 -4.66 -3.86
8 TB8 -7.85 -9.81
9 TB9 -8.12 -9.61
10 TB10 -8.17 -10.63
11 TB11 -8.74 -7.69
12 TB12 -8.12 -9.77
13 Ciproflaxin -12.21 ---
14 Ketaconazole --- -9.76

Molecular docking of the drug molecule into the binding site of target receptor gives important information about drug–receptor interactions and is frequently used to find out the binding mode of drug candidates to their protein targets in order to predict the affinity. Molecular docking studies of TB1-TB12 were carried out on DNA gyrase and CYP51A1 protein targets.

DNA gyrase

DNA gyrase is an enzyme that relieves strain, while double-strand DNA is being unwound by helicase. This causes negative supercoiling of the DNA. Bacterial DNA gyrase supercoils into DNA by looping the template so as to form a crossing, then cutting one of the double helices and passing the other through it before releasing the break, changing the linking number by two in each enzymatic step [39]. Bacterial DNA gyrase is the target of many antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin that binds to this enzyme and prevents it from decatenation replicating DNA.

Molecular docking and dock pose analysis of TB1-TB12 molecules into DNA gyrase (PDB id: 2XCT) showed similar interaction as that of standard drug ciprofloxacin. TB1 had the highest binding affinity in terms of dockscore-9.05 kcal/mol. The molecule showed hydrogen bond interaction with Ser1084 amino acid and G8 nucleotide from DNA, hydrophobic interactions with G8, C12, C13 nucleotides and Arg 458 amino acid residues. Fig. 3 shows the binding pose of TB1 in DNA gyrase along with intermolecular interactions.

CYP51 A1 (Lanosterol 14 α-demethylase) is a cytochrome P450 enzyme and converts Lanosterol to 4, 4-dimethylcholesta-8(9), 14, 24-trien-3β-ol. CYP51 catalyzes the demethylation of lanosterol to create a key precursor that is converted into ergosterol in fungi [40]. Antifungal azoles like ketaconazole target CYP51 activity and prevent the production of this key compound [41]. Molecular docking and dock pose analysis of TB1-TB12 molecules into CYP51A1 (PDB id: 5JLC) showed good dock score indicating better binding. TB5 had the highest binding affinity in terms of dockscore-10.79 kcal/mol. The molecule showed hydrogen bond interaction with Met 512 amino acid, hydrophobic interactions with Heme group and Tyr 73, Tyr121, Tyr 141, Met 512 and Phe 242 amino acid residues. Figs. 3 and 4 have shown the binding pose of TB5 in CYP51A1 along with intermolecular interactions.

Assessment of toxicity, lipophilicity and drug score profiles

Osiris program was used for the prophecy of the toxicity of the synthesized compounds. The prediction relies on a substructure look for route determining the occurrence frequency of any fragment (constructed and core fragments) within any of toxicity classes. The drug score combines C log P, molecular weight and toxicity risks in one handy value that may be used to judge the compounds overall potential to meet the requirements for a drug. Osiris program was used for the prophecy of the C log P of compounds. C log P is a well-established parameter to determine the hydrophilicity of the synthesised compounds. Compounds show a reasonable probability of being well absorbed when they have C log P value around 5.0. All synthesized 1, 3-thiazin-2-imine derivatives have showed low Insilco possible toxicity risks. From the table, it was observed that all compounds had revealed C log P around 5.0 indicating that the synthesized compounds could be potential drug candidates. Prophecy of C log P, drug score and toxicity for 1, 3-thiazin-2-imine derivatives are prearranged in table 6, and almost all the compounds possess good values of drug score, C log P, and low probable toxicity risks as revealed by computational in silico studies and the values are tabulated in table 6.

3 Dimensional (3D) structure image of TB1 in DNA gyrase [a]


3 Dimensional (3D) structure image dockpose of TB1 showing hydrogen bond [b]


Graphical (2 Dimensional) image of TB1 showing ligand-receptor interaction[c]

Fig. 3: a) Dockpose TB1 shown in yellow tube form in the binding site of DNA gyrase, b) Dockpose of TB1 showing hydrogen bond [green line] and hydrophobic pi-pi and pi-alkyl interaction [pink and light pink lines], c) Two dimensional Ligplot obtained from PDBsum [www.ebi.ac.uk] of TB1 showing ligand-receptor interaction CYP51A1

3 Dimensional (3D) structure image of TB5 in CYP51A1 [a]


3 Dimensional (3D) structure image dockpose of TB5 showing hydrogen bond [b]


Graphical 2 Dimensional (2D) image of TB5 showing ligand-receptor interaction [c]

Fig. 4: a) Dockpose TB5 shown in yellow tube form in the binding site of CYP51A1, b) Dockpose of TB5 showing hydrogen bond [green line] and hydrophobic pi-pi and pi-alkyl interaction [pink and light pink lines], c) Two dimensional ligplot obtained from PD Bsum [www.ebi.ac.uk] of TB5 showing the ligand-receptor interaction

Table 6: Computationally predicted toxicity risks, lipophilicity drug scores

Entry Clog P* Drug score range Toxicity risks**
TB1 6.12 0.27 Negative
TB2 7.35 0.25 Negative
TB3 6.24 0.21 Negative
TB4 5.91 0.37 Negative
TB5 8.31 0.08 Negative
TB6 5.38 0.33 Negative
TB7 5.49 0.31 Negative
TB8 5.53 0.37 Negative
TB9 4.93 0.42 Negative
TB10 7.47 0.21 Negative

* Indicating Clog P values calculated for the lipophilicity, ** Indicating the mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, irritancy and reproductive effects

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the synthesized compounds have striking anticonvulsant as well as antimicrobial activities. In the case of antimicrobial activity, among all the compounds from TB1-TB12 isopropyl derivative have shown better activity, whereas the other compounds were shown potent activity, in the case of antifungal activity, along with that ethyl and dihydroxy derivative shown high antifungal activity. From pentylene-tetrazole (PTZ) induced model it can be clearly notified that 1,3-thiazines possess significant anticonvulsant activity but less than the standard diphenyl hydantain, moreover anticonvulsant activity in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures, identifies compound that can raise seizure threshold in the brain [42], pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) has been shown to act together with gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitters and the GABA receptor complex. The compound TB7 containing 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl substituents on the thiazine moiety was more potent as it has prolonged the onset of convulsions by 18.7 min. In particularly it has been found that if 4-substituted-aryl-8-substituted arylidene-2-imino-5,6-dihydro-4H,7H-(3,1)-benzothiazines with an increase in the number of hydrophobic electrons releasing or a combination of electron releasing and electron donating groups at different positions of the aryl and arylidene rings to increase the anticonvulsant activity further.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors express their sincere gratitude to the management Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hyderabad, for encouragement and for providing the essential requirements for carrying out this research work, and we also express our sincere thanks to Mr. Kadiri Sunil Kumar, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya College of Pharmacy, for help in pharmacological screening. We are extending our sincere and humble thanks to IICT Hyderabad, for helping in spectral analysis.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

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