Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 7, 602-610Original Article
STUDY ON AMPELOCISSUS LATIFOLIA (ROXB.) PLANCH AND ITS DIFFERENT LEAF EXTRACTS BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
PARAG A. PEDNEKAR1, VANITA KULKARNI1, BHANU RAMAN1
1Department of Chemistry, K.J. Somaiya College of Science and Commerce, Vidyavihar, Mumbai 400077
Email: paragpednekar81@gmail.com, vanitakulkarni2@gmail.com
Received: 08 June 2014 Revised and Accepted: 20 Jul 2014
ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the various categories of chemical constituents in 14 different soxhlet extracts and leaf powder of Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
Methods: It includes preparation of 14 different polar and nonpolar extracts by soxhlet extraction for the detailed identification of the active functional groups by FT-IR analysis.
Results: The functional groups of each 14 extracts and leaf powder were identified.
Conclusion: The FT-IR method was a good tool to investigate the fingerprint and to predict the composition of 14 different soxhlet extracts and leaf powder of Ampelocissus latifolia.
Keywords: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Soxhlet extracts, Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch.
INTRODUCTION
Ampelocissus latifolia belongs to family Vitaceae, is climber with annual stems. In ayurveda it has been reported to be used as Kustha, Kamala, Sotha, and Vrana [1]. It is used for wound healing [2]. The stem bark is used in stomach pain and bone fracture [3, 4]. The roots are used in skin diseases, wound healing, rheumatic affections, fractures, diuretic, gonorrhoea, syphillis, eye diseases, menstrual troubles and also as a tonic [2-11]. Dried root powder of Ampelocissus latifolia extracts were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema in rat by oral and topical application. The results showed that there was inhibition of inflammation in orally administered and topically applied extracts and also suggest that hydro alcoholic extract given orally is more effective than topically applied extract [12]. Elemental concentrations of methanolic soxhlet leaf extracts of Ampelocissus latifolia was measured by the ICP-AES technique. 41 elements Na, Mg, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Se, Al, S, Pb, Ba, Hg, As, B, P, Sr, Br, Ti, Bi, Ge, In, La, Li, Mo, Pd, Sb, Sc, Sn, Te, V, W, I, Th were screened. Elements and their role in treating various diseases are discussed in this research paper [13]. Spectral differences are the objective reflection of componential differences [14]. By using the macroscopic fingerprint characters of FT-IR spectrum, we can conclude the origin of different extracts accurately and effectively, trace the constituents in the extracts, identify the medicinal materials authenticity and eventualy the quality of medicinal raw materials [15]. The FT-IR offers rapid and nondestructive investigation to fingerprint herbal extracts or powder. The FT-IR spectrum is used to identify the functional groups of the active components based on the peak value in the region of infrared radiation. The FT-IR spectra (4000-400cm-1) of different soxhlet extracts were recorded and the specific wave numbers and intensities were considered.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant collection and authentification
The leaves of Ampelocissus latifolia were collected from Mumbai, Maharashtra. The identification of the plant was done at the Blatter Herbarium, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. The Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch specimen matches with the Blatter Herbarium specimen no. Shah-l of G. L. Shah. The leaves were thoroughly washed with distilled water, dried in an oven at 40°C and grounded into fine powder by using a mechanical grinder.
Apparatus
Bruker Vertex 80 FT-IR System with Opus software was used. The scan range was taken from 400 to 4000 cm−1 with a resolution of 0.2 cm−1.
Chemicals
Chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C), 2-butanone, dichloromethane, ethyl ether were all A.R. grade of Merck, India. KBr was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Distilled water from Millipore was used.
Preparation of the plant extract
The leaf powder of Ampelocissus latifolia (20 gms) was extracted with 250 ml each of polar and nonpolar solvents by soxhlet extraction for 8 hrs. The extracts obtained were later kept for evaporation to remove the excess solvents. These extracts were then stored in plastic bottles in refrigerator for FT-IR analysis.
Powdered leaf material was extracted using water, chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C), 2-butanone, dichloromethane, ethyl ether. The crude powder and dried extracts were mixed with KBr salt using mortar and pestle and compressed into a thin pellet.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Primary or secondary OH in-plane bend from Alcohol & hydroxy compound groups in the region of 1260–1350 cm-1 was present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia methanol extracts. O-H out-of-plane bend from Alcohol group from 590-720 cm-1 was present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia methanol extracts. O-H bond of hydrogen bonded alcohols and phenols which lies in the frequency range of 3200-3600 cm-1 was dominantly present in the in all samples of Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder, water, chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C), 2-butanone, dichloromethane and ethyl ether extracts. Phenols protect the human body from the oxidative stress, which cause many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular problems and ageing [16]. Phenols also show antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiapoptotic and antidiarrhoeal activities [17].
C-H bond of alkanes which lies in the frequency range of 2850-2970 cm-1 was present in all samples of Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder, water, chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C), 2-butanone, dichloromethane and ethyl ether extracts. Another C-H bond of alkanes which lies in the frequency range of 1340-1470 cm-1 was present in all samples of Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder, water, chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C), 2-butanone, dichloromethane and ethyl ether extracts. The alkanes protect the plant against water loss, prevent the leaching of important minerals by rain and protect against microorganisms and harmful insects [18].
C-H bond of Alkenes in the region of 675-995 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia water, chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethyl alcohol, methanol, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C), dichloromethane & ethyl ether extracts. C=C bond of Alkenes from 1610-1680 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia water, chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C) & 2-butanone extracts. C-H bond of Alkenes in the region of 3010-3095 cm-1 was present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia toluene extract. Alkenes are important in the manufacture of plastics, e.g. polythene and as fuel and illuminant. They serve as raw materials for the manufacture of alcohols and aldehydes. Alkenes are used for artificial ripening of fruits [19].
Alkyne C-H bend from Acetylenic (Alkyne) group from the region 610-680 cm-1 were found to be present only in Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder & ethyl acetate extracts. Alkynes are used as pharmaceuticals such as the contraceptive norethynodrel. Alkynes are highly bioactive nematocides. Alkynes possess antifungal, antitumor and antiviral properties [20].
C-N bond from CN stretch of primary amine in the range of 1020-1090 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia water, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, methanol, acetone, petroleum ether (60-80°C), 2-butanone & ethyl ether extracts. N-H bond of Primary amines lying in the region of 1590-1650 cm-1 was present only in Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder. C-N bond of C-N stretch from secondary amines in the region of 1130-1190 cm-1 are present in the Ampelocissus latifolia chloroform, toluene, methanol, acetone, dichloromethane & ethyl ether extracts. Aromatic amines are used in rubber, textile and dye industries. Many amine-rich proteins are bound to DNA and some neurotransmitters are amines including epinephrine, dopamine. They are used industrially for removing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide from natural gas and refinery process streams [21]. C-N bond of Amines & amides from the region of 1180-1360 cm-1 was present in Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder, ethyl acetate & ethyl alcohol extracts only. Amines and amides are the main groups of protein synthesis [19].
C-O bond in Alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters from 1050-1300 cm-1 were present in Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder, water, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C), 2-butanone and ethyl ether extracts. Carboxylic acids are biologically very important in the formation of fat in the body and act as strong antibacterial agents. They serve as main pharmaceutical products in curing ulcers, jaundice, headache, fever, pain in liver, wound in cattle, treatment of edema and rheumatic joint pains. Esters in combination with volatile oils produce the pleasant aroma of fruits [19].
C=O bond of Ketone in the region of 1705-1725 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia chloroform, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, 2-propanol, 2-butanone & dichloromethane extracts. The trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites sub species. glabratum synthesize and store high levels of methylketones, primarily 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone, that protect the plants against various herbivorous insects [22]. The ketone methadone (C21H27NO) has been used to cure addiction to opiates [23]. C=O bond of Aldehydes from the region of 1725-1740 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia Toluene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, methanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C) & ethyl ether extracts. Aldehydes are found in many herbs. The aldehyde decenal is a major component of coriander leaf which is often said to be the world’s most widely consumed herb [23].
C-I bond from C-I stretch of aliphatic iodo compounds in the region of 500-600 cm-1 was present in Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, ethyl alcohol, 2-propanol, petroleum ether (60-80°C) & 2-butanone extracts. C-Br bond from C-Br stretch of aliphatic bromo compounds in the region of 600–700 cm-1 was present only in Ampelocissus latifolia hexane extract. C-Cl bond of aliphatic chloro compound in 700 - 800 cm-1 frequency range was present only in Ampelocissus latifolia acetone extracts. Halogen compounds function within the plant cell to generate chlorinated tryptophan, which is then shuttled into monoterpene indole alkaloid metabolism to yield chlorinated alkaloids [24]. Chlorates play the role of disinfectants and bromide is needed by eosinophils for generating anti-parasitic brominating compounds by the action of eosinophil peroxidase [25].
S-S stretch of Aryl disulfides from 430-500 cm-1 was found in the Ampelocissus latifolia Toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethyl alcohol, acetone & 2-butanone extracts. S-S stretch of Disulfides from 600-620 cm-1 was found only in the Ampelocissus latifolia acetone extract. S-S stretch of Polysulfides in 470-500 cm-1 frequency range was present only in Ampelocissus latifolia 2- propanol extracts. The sulfur compounds are present in the plant in three forms which are; the amino acids of proteins, volatile oils and sulfates. They are used as disinfectants and dental creams [19].
NO2 bond from Nitro compounds found in the region of 1300-1370 cm-1 was present only in Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder. Nitrogen containing compounds are important in plants. Examples are proteins (including enzymes), nucleotides (e.g. ATP) and nucleic acids (e.g. DNA and RNA).
A number of nitrogen containing compounds (NCC) accumulate in plants exposed to salinity stress. The most frequently accumulating NCC include amino acids, amids, imino acids, proteins, quarternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and polyamines. Osmotic adjustment, protection of cellular macromolecules, storage form of nitrogen, maintaining cellular pH, detoxification of the cells, and scavenging of free radicals are proposed functions for these compounds under stress conditions [26]. The antiviral activity of an aliphatic nitro compound (NC) isolated from Heteropteris aphrodisiaca O. Mach. (Malpighiaceae), a Brazilian medicinal plant was tested for its antiviral activity against poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) and bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) by plaque reduction assay in cell culture. It showed a moderate antiviral activity against PV-1 and BHV-1 in HEp-2 cells [27].
C=O bond of the Transition metal carbonyl compounds from the region of 1800-2100 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia water & ethyl alcohol extracts only. Chlorophyll is a porphyrin chelate in which the metal at the center of the chelate is a magnesium ion [28]. C-O-C bond of C-O stretch in cyclic ethers ranging from 1070-1140 cm-1 was present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia acetone, dichloromethane & ethyl ether extracts. Cyclic ethers like Eucalyptol is a natural organic compound is an ingredient in many brands of mouthwash and cough suppressant, as well as an inactive ingredient in body powder. Eucalyptol is used as an insecticide and insect repellent [29, 30].
C-O-O-C bond from Peroxides in the range of 820-890 cm-1 was present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia acetone extracts. Hydrogen peroxide forms a vital constituent of plant life and minute quantities of this compound is present in several fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, cabbage, green peppers, asparagus, apples, oranges, watercress and watermelons [31].
P-O-C stretch of Aromatic phosphates from the region of 1190-1240 cm-1 are present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia chloroform extract. P-O-C stretch of Aliphatic phosphates from the region of 990-1050 cm-1 are present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia hexane extract. Abiotic stresses like salt, osmotic and water stress, have been reported to increase acid or alkaline phosphatase activity by maintaining a certain level of inorganic phosphate in the plant cells [32]. Asymmetric / Symmetric XO2 stretch (NO2 & SO2) found in organic nitrates from 1270-1285 cm-1 was found only in the Ampelocissus latifolia carbon tetrachloride extract. In the treatment of myocardial infarction, the first-line drugs consist of nitrates, including nitroglycerin. However, their long-term use is limited by a therapeutic escape or tolerance effect, which decreases the therapeutic efficacy of the drug, compromising the patient's prognosis [33-35]. Asymmetric / Symmetric XO2 stretch (NO2 & SO2) from sulphonates in the region of 1100–1200 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia carbon tetrachloride & hexane extracts.
Sodium tanshinone sulphonates are water-soluble derivatives of tanshinones originated from Tanshen (or Danshen, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), a famous Traditional Chinese Medicine, which have potent biological activities, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders [36]. Ø-O-H bond of aryl-O stretch in Aromatic ethers ranging from 1230-1270 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia Toluene, hexane & acetone extracts. Lawsone methyl ether mouthwash possesses potent antifungal activity both in vitro and in vivo [37].
Table 1: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia leaf powder
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3420.03 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2923.84 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2858.41 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1640.49 | N-H | Primary Amine, NH bend | 1590-1650 |
| 1384.80 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1327.30 | NO2 | Nitro compound | 1300-1370 |
| 1238.22 | C-N | Amines, amides | 1180-1360 |
| 1059.85 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 616.30 | C-H | Alkyne C-H Bend, Alkyne (Acetylenic) group | 610-680 |
| 531.73 | C-I | Aliphatic iodo compounds, C-I stretch | 500-600 |
Table 2: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia water leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3446.65 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2925.82 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2857.03 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2064.73 | C=O | Transition metal carbonyl compounds | 1800-2100 |
| 1635.69 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1451.64 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1384.21 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1231.78 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1044.83 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 702.96 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
Table 3: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia chloroform leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3431.30 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2920.43 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2853.89 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1721.79 | C=O | Ketone | 1705-1725 |
| 1621.10 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1455.12 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1375.34 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1227.47 | P-O-C stretch | Aromatic phosphates | 1190-1240 |
| 1164.93 | C-N | Secondary amine, CN stretch | 1130-1190 |
| 1032.95 | >CH2 | Cyclohexane ring vibrations | 1000-1055 |
| 721.91 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
Fig. 1: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia powdered leaf sample (AMP-LV)
Fig. 2: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Water Leaf Extract (I).
Fig. 3: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Chloroform Leaf Extract (II)
Fig. 4: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Toluene Leaf Extract (III)
Fig. 5: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Carbon tetrachloride Leaf Extract (IV)
Fig. 6: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Ethyl acetate Leaf Extract (V)
Fig. 7: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Hexane Leaf Extract (VI)
Fig. 8: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Ethyl alcohol Leaf Extract (VII)
Fig. 9: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Methanol Leaf Extract (VIII)
Fig. 10: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Acetone Leaf Extract (IX)
Fig. 11: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia 2-propanol Leaf Extract (X)
Fig. 12: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Petroleum ether (60-80°C) leaf Extract (XI)
Fig. 13: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia 2- butanone leaf Extract (XII)
Fig. 14: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Dichloromethane Leaf Extract (XIII)
Fig. 15: FT-IR Spectrum of Ampelocissus latifolia Ethyl ether Leaf Extract (XIV)
Lawsone is the principal color ingredient in Lawsonia inermis, Henna plant [38]. >CH2 bond from Cyclohexane ring vibrations from 1000-1055 cm-1 was present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia chloroform extract. C-H bond of Methylene (>CH2) in the region of 2845–2865 cm-1 was present in the Ampelocissus latifolia ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol & dichloromethane extracts. C=C bond of Aromatic rings of 1500-1600 cm-1 frequency range was present only in Ampelocissus latifolia Ethyl ether extract. C=O bond in Open-chain acid anhydride ranging from 1740-1790 cm-1 was present only in the Ampelocissus latifolia ethyl acetate extracts.
The above listed infrared functional group absorptions characteristic were cited from the literature [39, 40]. FT-IR spectrum reflects objectively the panorama of chemical constituents in complex system [41]. It is a most credible method to validate, identify the mixed substance systems such as traditional herbal medicine and their extracts.
Table 4: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia toluene leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3786.80 | - | Unknown | - |
| 3437.96 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded alcohols, phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 3037.25 | C-H | Alkenes | 3010-3095 |
| 2920.83 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2853.48 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1730.00 | C-H | Aldehyde | 1725-1740 |
| 1614.74 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1457.43 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1376.99 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1267.77 | Ø-O-H | Aromatic ethers, aryl-O stretch | 1230-1270 |
| 1164.09 | C-N | Secondary amine, CN stretch | 1130-1190 |
| 1029.98 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 789.44 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 727.20 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 461.64 | S-S stretch | Aryl disulfides | 430-500 |
Table 5: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia carbon tetrachloride leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3441.18 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2920.68 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2853.73 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1733.89 | C=O | Aldehydes | 1725-1740 |
| 1621.16 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1458.37 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1375.87 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1279.05 | Asymmetric/symmetric XO2 stretch (NO2 & SO2) | Organic nitrates | 1270-1285 |
| 1163.25 | Asymmetric/symmetric XO2 stretch (NO2 & SO2) | Sulphonates | 1100-1200 |
| 1026.28 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 792.26 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 766.18 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 723.69 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 547.30 | C-I | Aliphatic iodo compounds, C-I stretch | 500-600 |
| 460.83 | S-S stretch | Aryl disulfides | 430-500 |
Table 6: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia ethyl acetate leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3441.96 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2954.34 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2918.78 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2849.70 | C-H | Methylene (>CH2) | 2845-2865 |
| 1770.03 | C=O | Open-chain acid anhydride | 1740-1790 |
| 1758.71 | C=O | Open-chain acid anhydride | 1740-1790 |
| 1642.40 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1461.71 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1376.18 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1245.06 | C-N | Amines, amides | 1180-1360 |
| 1163.83 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1098.36 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1055.31 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 930.79 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 846.47 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 785.05 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 719.40 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 627.10 | C-H | Acetylenic (Alkyne) group, C-H bend | 610-680 |
| 463.49 | S-S stretch | Aryl disulfides | 430-500 |
Table 7: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia hexane leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3855.74 | - | Unknown | _ |
| 3442.24 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, Phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2954.08 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2918.28 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2849.56 | C-H | Methylene >CH2 | 2845-2865 |
| 1737.19 | C-H | Aldehyde | 1725-1740 |
| 1630.30 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1461.76 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1377.18 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1249.40 | Ø-O-H | Aromatic ethers, aryl-O stretch | 1230-1270 |
| 1160.46 | Asymmetric/symmetric XO2 stretch (NO2 & SO2) | Sulphonates | 1100-1200 |
| 1019.84 | P-O-C stretch | Aliphatic phosphates | 990-1050 |
| 778.00 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 719.94 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 668.25 | C-Br | Aliphatic bromo compounds, C-Br stretch | 600-700 |
| 576.28 | C-I | Aliphatic iodo compounds, C-I stretch | 500-600 |
| 466.06 | S-S stretch | Aryl disulfides | 430-500 |
| 412.30 | - | Unknown | - |
Table 8: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia ethyl alcohol leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3673.48 | - | Unknown | - |
| 3424.21 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded alcohols, phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2966.37 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2920.41 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1929.40 | C=O | Transition metal carbonyls | 1800-2100 |
| 1720.99 | C=O | Ketone | 1705-1725 |
| 1625.65 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1452.38 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1390.71 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1238.70 | C-N | Amines, amides | 1180-1360 |
| 1056.92 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 884.70 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 718.96 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 594.47 | C-I | Aliphatic iodo compounds, C-I stretch | 500-600 |
| 432.97 | S-S stretch | Aryl disulfides | 430-500 |
Table 9: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia methanol leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3439.35 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, Phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2954.37 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2917.93 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2849.43 | C-H stretch | Methylene >CH2 | 2845-2865 |
| 1736.88 | C=O | Aldehyde | 1725-1740 |
| 1711.32 | C=O | Ketone | 1705-1725 |
| 1620.64 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1462.03 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1377.14 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1270.24 | O-H, Primary or secondary, OH in-plane bend | Alcohol & Hydroxy compounds | 1260-1350 |
| 1162.47 | C-N | Secondary amine, CN stretch | 1130-1190 |
| 1020.02 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 719.84 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 595.84 | O-H | Alcohol, OH out-of-plane bend | 590-720 |
Table 10: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia acetone leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3442.67 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, Phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2951.11 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2923.74 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2853.11 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1709.21 | C=O | Ketone | 1705-1725 |
| 1645.05 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1460.07 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1376.81 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1233.26 | Ø-O-H | Aromatic ethers, aryl-O stretch | 1230-1270 |
| 1162.05 | C-N | Secondary amine, CN stretch | 1130-1190 |
| 1090.50 | C-O-C | Cyclic ethers, large rings, C-O stretch | 1070-1140 |
| 1020.14 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 836.56 | C-O-O-C | Peroxides | 820-890 |
| 719.80 | C-Cl | Aliphatic chloro compounds | 700-800 |
| 607.23 | S-S | Disulfides | 600-620 |
| 467.26 | S-S | Aryl disulfides | 430-500 |
| 427.84 | - | Unknown | - |
| 414.07 | - | Unknown | - |
Table 11: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia 2-propanol leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3659.97 | - | Unknown | - |
| 3414.82 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, Phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2969.83 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2920.38 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2858.65 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1719.55 | C=O | Ketone | 1705-1725 |
| 1617.61 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1455.54 | C-H | Akanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1381.43 | C-H | Akanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1248.09 | C-O | Alcohols, Ethers, Carboxlic acids, Esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1154.59 | C-O | Alcohols, Ethers, Carboxlic acids, Esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1073.78 | C-O | Alcohols, Ethers, Carboxlic acids, Esters | 1050-1300 |
| 955.43 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 819.19 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 721.09 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 598.58 | C-I | Aliphatic iodo compounds, C-I stretch | 500-600 |
| 485.12 | S-S | Polysulfides (S-S) stretch | 470-500 |
Table 12: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia petroleum ether (60-80°c) leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3435.87 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, Phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2919.37 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2852.65 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1730.19 | C=O | Aldehyde | 1725-1740 |
| 1628.70 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1457.82 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1375.75 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1271.50 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1162.11 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1023.66 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 723.90 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 592.03 | C-I | Aliphatic iodo compounds, C-I stretch | 500-600 |
Table 13: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia 2- butanone leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3789.13 | - | Unknown | - |
| 3389.58 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, Phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2918.98 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2852.33 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1716.57 | C=O | Ketone | 1705-1725 |
| 1613.94 | C=C | Alkenes | 1610-1680 |
| 1452.10 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1370.83 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1168.19 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1038.21 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 790.88 | C-Cl | Aliphatic chloro compounds | 700-800 |
| 720.25 | C-Cl | Aliphatic chloro compounds | 700-800 |
| 589.98 | C-I | Aliphatic iodo compounds, C-I stretch | 500-600 |
| 461.90 | S-S | Aryl disulfides | 430-500 |
Table 14: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia dichloromethane leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3443.21 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, Phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2953.88 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2917.25 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2849.02 | C-H stretch | Methylene (>CH2) | 2845-2865 |
| 1736.72 | C=O | Aldehyde | 1725-1740 |
| 1710.83 | C=O | Ketone | 1705-1725 |
| 1462.11 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1377.01 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1162.32 | C-N | Secondary amine, CN stretch | 1130-1190 |
| 1104.25 | C-O-C | Cyclic ethers, large rings, C-O stretch | 1070-1140 |
| 1020.16 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 719.63 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
Table 15: FT-IR peak values of Ampelocissus latifolia ethyl ether leaf extract
| Wave number cm-1 | Bond | Functional Group Assignment | Group Frequency, cm-1 |
| 3440.57 | O-H | Hydrogen bonded Alcohols, Phenols | 3200-3600 |
| 2919.90 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 2853.25 | C-H | Alkanes | 2850-2970 |
| 1726.49 | C=O | Aldehyde | 1725-1740 |
| 1512.38 | C=C | Aromatic rings | 1500-1600 |
| 1458.10 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1376.01 | C-H | Alkanes | 1340-1470 |
| 1225.89 | C-O | Alcohols, ethers, carboxlic acids, esters | 1050-1300 |
| 1166.31 | C-N | Secondary amine, CN stretch | 1130-1190 |
| 1108.37 | C-O-C | Cyclic ethers, large rings, C-O stretch | 1070-1140 |
| 1027.01 | C-N | Primary amine, CN stretch | 1020-1090 |
| 833.14 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
| 724.45 | C-H | Alkenes | 675-995 |
CONCLUSION
Medicinal herbs are an important source of phytochemicals that offer traditional medicinal treatment of various ailments.
The objective of this study was to identify the functional groups present in Ampelocissus latifolia by Fourier transformer infra-red (FT-IR) Spectrophotometer method of analysis. Results of the FT-IR spectra of 14 different polar & nonpolar solvent extracts revealed the presence of characteristic functional groups which are important for their medicinal usage.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
Declared None
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the authority and supporting staffs of the FT-IR Laboratory, IIT-B SAIF, Mumbai for providing the instrumental facility and the help rendered.
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