Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 7, 494-497Original Article

EFFECT OF DELTAMETHRIN ON SOME ASPECTS OF PROTEIN METABOLISM IN FRESH WATER FISH LABEO ROHITA (HAMILTON)

S. R. K. NEERAJA, P. GIRIDHAR*

Department of Zoology, SSBN Degree College, Anantapuramu. 515001. A. P, India, Department of Zoology, Govt Degree College(M), Anantapuramu. 515001. A. P, India.
Email: drpgiridhar@gmail.com

Received: 11 May 2014 Revised and Accepted: 22 June 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective: The contamination of water by pesticides may effect on non - target organisms like fish. So an attempt was made on sublethal effect of deltamethrin on some aspects of protein metabolism in the fish Labeo rohita.

Methods: The fish fingerlings were exposed to sublethal concentration of Deltamethrin for five exposure periods i.e. 1, 7, 15, 20 and 30 day. In this investigation the levels of total proteins, protease activity and free amino acids were estimated in the brain, liver, gill, kidney and muscle of fish.

Results: The levels of total proteins declined on 1st day exposure and continued its declination up to 15th day. From 15th day onwards their levels gradually elevated and came nearer to control on 30th day exposure period. In contrast to this the levels of protease activity and free amino acids followed an opposite tend.

Conclusion: In the present study the shifts in protein metabolism might to compensate with situation shown by the fish for its survival.

Keywords: Deltamethrin, Sublethal, Labeo rohita, Total proteins, Protease activity and Free amino acids.

INTRODUCTION

Pesticides are the biological toxicants which are required by man to kill insects, pests and also man’s fight against the spread of diseases [1]. Now pesticides usage became an indispensible and integral part of world agriculture. Modern agriculture practices even though contributed to enhance crop production but also widely polluted aquatic environment [2]. Agriculture practices along with pest control programmers, the surface runoff and aerial spraying forming the major source for translocation pesticides into aquatic ecosystems [3-5]. The contamination of water by pesticides may effect on non - target organisms like fish [6-8]. The fish is a good indicator and highly sensitive in such ecosystem where the water gets contaminated with toxic chemicals. So an attempt was made on sub lethal effect of deltamethrin on some aspects of protein metabolism in the fish Labeo rohita.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Test Chemical:

The pesticide selected for the present investigation was synthetic pyrethroid Deltamethrin. It is widely used on diverse agricultural crops to control pests of crops, flies and mosquitoes. It has been widely used because of its high photostability, degradability, non -persistent nature and low mammalian toxicity. Its commercial name was Decis. Commercial grade was used and its effective concentration was 2.8%.

Experimental design

Fresh water fish Labeo rohita, weighing 10±2 gm were procured from local fisheries department and stored in spacious aquaria. The water in aquaria was aerated twice day, the fish were fed daily with ground nut cake and rice bran. The physic-chemical properties of water used for experiments had pH 7.4± 0.2, dissolved oxygen 6-7 ml /lt, hardness 160 ppm and temperature 28±1 ˚C. Before experimentation has been executed, the fish were acclimated to the laboratory conditions for a period of 10 days. Later groups of 10 fish were exposed to different concentration of Deltamethrin ranging from 0.02 µ l to 0.2 µl. The mortality was observed during 96 hrs exposure period. The LC50 / 96 hrs was determined from the percent and probit mortality versus log concentration curves Finney [9] and were subsequently verified by Dragstedt and Behrens method as given by Carpenter [10]. After determination of LC 50/96 hrs (00.1µg/lt), the fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of Deltamethrin (1/10th of LC50/96hrs i.e. 0.01 µg/lt) for five exposure periods i.e. 1, 7, 15, 20 and 30 day.

Methods

In the present investigation the levels of total proteins, protease activity and free amino acids were estimated in the brain, liver, gill, kidney and muscle of fish. Each experiment was carried out in the organs of six individuals and the mean of six values were taken in to consideration. The total proteins were estimated by Folin phenol reagent method described by Lowry et al [11], protease activity were estimated using Ninhydrin method described by Davis and Smith [12] and free amino acids were estimated by the Ninhydrin method described by Moore and Stein [13].

RESULTS

In the present investigation the levels of total proteins, protease activity and free amino acids were estimated in the brain, liver, gill, kidney and muscle of fish, on 1, 7, 15, 20 and 30 days of exposure to sublethal concentration of Deltamethrin besides control levels were presented in tables 1, 2 and 3. Where as The levels of total proteins declined relative to controls in all organs of fish at first day exposure and continued its declination up to 15 day exposure periods. From 15 day onwards their levels gradually elevated and came nearer to control at 30 day exposure period. Mean and standard deviation are a pool of six individual measurements. The percent change in the protease activity at different periods was calculated in relation to the protease activity in the control medium. The differences between control and exposure period days were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01).

DISCUSSION

Proteins are complex nitrogen containing macromolecules. They are the basic building block of animals [14]. The survival ability of animals exposed to stress majorly depends on their protein synthetic potentials. The proteins are the major source of energy during chronic conditions besides carbohydrates [15]. Young [16] reported protein budget of a cell can be taken as an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of its physiological standards. Pesticides are known to interfere in protein synthesis and degradation there by altering the dynamic equilibrium [17-31].

In the present study relative to controls the levels of total proteins declined on first day exposure and continued its depletion up to 15 day exposure period. Whereas the levels of protease activity and free amino acids initially elevated on 1 day exposure period and continued its elevation up to 15 day exposure period. The decline in total protein levels followed by elevation in the levels of protease activity and free amino acids at initial exposure periods may indicates the high energy demand associated with imposed deltamethrin stress.

To overcome this animal tends to mobilize the proteins by stimulating the protease activity.

Seshagiri Rao et al., [32] observed an increase in free amino acid level in the organs of the fish Sarotherodon mossambicus which could be due to degradation of proteins by proteolysis or due to decreased protein synthetic potentials in the pesticide induced pathological condition also supports the present trend in protein metabolism.

Table 1: Total Proteins (mg/gm wet wt.) in the organs of fish Labeo rohitha on exposure to sublethal concentration of Deltamethrin.

S. No. Organs Control Exposure period in days
1 day 7 day 15 day 20 day 30 day
1. BrainSDPC 81.56.72 73.85.78-9.44 68.24.38-16.31 65.03.58-25.76 71.35.13-12.51 76.26.32-6.50
2. GillSDPC 95.27.78 82.56.0913.34 76.45.7419.74 64.84.48-31.93 74.25.25-22.05 83.56.9112.28
3. KidneySDPC 121.011.7 110.09.749.09 90.57.6425.20 78.86.1234.87 95.68.0120.29 112.010.127.43
4. LiverSDPC 108.012.03 97.57.179.72 88.36.8918.24 73.25.6332.22 86.56.1619.90 99.08.128.33
5. MuscleSDPC 133.512.0 120.611.189.66 105.09.7521.34 90.58.3232.20 115.610.7913.40 121.811.96-8.76

SD – Standard Deviation; PC – Percent change

Mean and standard deviation are a pool of six individual measurements. The percent change in the total proteins at different periods was calculated in relation to the total proteins in the control medium. The differences between control and exposure period days were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01).

Table 2: Protease Activity (mg/gm wet wt.) in the organs of fish Labeo rohitha on exposure to sublethal concentration of Deltamethrin.

S. No. Organs Control Exposure period in days
1 day 7 day 15 day 20 day 30 day
1. BrainSDPC 0.1420.014 0.1690.01819.01 0.1800.02026.76 0.1920.02235.21 0.1640.01615.49 0.1360.013-4.22
2. GillSDPC 0.2050.016 0.2300.01812.19 0.2450.01919.51 0.2640.02828.78 0.2280.01711.21 0.1950.015-4.87
3. KidneySDPC 0.1800.017 0.2060.01814.44 0.2240.01724.44 0.2330.02029.44 0.2020.01912.22 0.1700.021-5.55
4. LiverSDPC 0.3000.028 0.3520.03120.00 0.3760.03225.33 0.3850.03628.33 0.3410.02513.66 0.2840.019-5.33
5. MuscleSDPC 0.2200.023 0.2400.0259.09 0.2650.02720.45 0.2810.02827.72 0.2360.0247.27 0.2100.019-4.54

SD – Standard Deviation; PC – Percent change

Some of the observations were also supports the present trend in the decline of total proteins and elevation in free amino acid are as follows. Bhavan and Geraldine [33] reported the decline in soluble proteins in tissues of prawn M. malcomsonii on exposure to sublethal concentration of carbaryl. Magar and Shaik [34] observed decline in protein content and elevation of free amino acids in tissues of fish Channa punctatus on exposure to sublethal concentration of malathion. Pratap and Singh [35] reported significant decrease in total proteins and elevation in free amino acid levels in Chnanna punctatus on exposure to sublethal doses of apigenin. Ram Yadav and Ajay Singh [36] reported decline in protein content and elevation in free amino acids in snail Lymnea acuminata exposed to plant pesticide. Furthermore Singh and Singh [37] reported decline in total proteins in the fish Trichogaster fasciatus on exposure to pesticide dipterex. Fahmy [38] reported significant decrease in total proteins in various tissues of Oreochromis niloticus on exposure to malathion. Arun Kumar and Jawahar Ali [39] observed decrease in protein content in the tissues of shrimp Streptocephalus dichotomus on exposure to sublethal concentration of malathion and glyphosate. Vidya and Nair [40] observed protein content decreased in tissues of Etroplus suratensis on exposure to sublethal concentration of λ- cyhalothrin. Binakumari and Vasanthi [41] reported decline in protein content in the tissues of fresh water fish Labeo rohita on exposure to pesticide dimethoate. Nagaraju and Venkataratnamma [42] observed protein depletion in tissues of fresh water fish Labeo rohita exposed to sublethal concentration of profenofos. Shivanagouda et al [43] observed decline in protein content in tissues of marine fish Mugilcephalus on exposure to sublethal concentration of carbaryl. Suneel Kumar [44]. reported significant decrease in total proteins in Channa punctatus on exposure to lethal concentration of nuvan.

All these studies correlate with the decline in total proteins and elevation in levels of protease activity and free amino acids.

In later half of exposure the total proteins gradually elevated and came nearer to control at 30 day exposure period.

Table 3: Free amino acids (mg/gm wet wt.) in the organs of fish Labeo rohita on exposure to sublethal concentration of Deltamethrin.

S. No. Organs Control Exposure period in days
1 day 7 day 15 day 20 day 30 day
1. BrainSDPC 8.130.54 8.260.591.59 8.400.733.32 8.620.816.02 8.340.782.58 8.000.49-1.59
2. GillSDPC 6.880.49 6.950.611.01 7.180.484.36 7.300.626.10 7.130.383.63 6.700.57-2.61
3. KidneySDPC 7.580.68 7.700.421.58 7.840.463.43 7.890.495.27 7.610.370.39 7.420.32-2.11
4. LiverSDPC 11.260.75 11.400.621.24 11.670.863.64 11.820.754.97 11.380.341.06 11.020.27-2.31
5. MuscleSDPC 9.320.62 9.490.711.82 9.630.813.32 9.760.874.72 9.470.681.60 9.200.52-1.28

SD – Standard Deviation; PC – Percent change, The values were found to be significant (P<0.001).

Mean and standard deviation are a pool of six individual measurements. The percent change in the free amino acids at different periods was calculated in relation to the free amino acids in the control medium. The differences between control and exposure period days were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). Whereas the levels of protease activity and free amino acids elevated in all organs of fish at first day exposure period, relative to controls. Their levels elevated up to 15 day exposure periods. From 15 day onwards their levels gradually decreased and came nearer to control on 30 day exposure period. The values were found to be significant (P<0.001).

Whereas the levels of protease activity and free amino acid levels goes on decreasing and came nearer to control on 30 day exposure period. Pratibha et al [45] reported decrease in soluble and insoluble protein in tissues of fish Channa punctatus at initial exposure period and elevation in protein content in later exposure periods also coincides with the present study. Dixon and Sprague [46], Kito et al [47], and Pampatwar et al [48] reported an increase in protein content may also help to fortify the organs for developing resistance to the imposed toxic stress and synthesis of enzymes necessary for detoxification. In the present study the shifts in protein metabolism might to compensate with situation shown by the animal for its survival.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

Declared None

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