Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 9, Issue 10, 288-291Original Article


GENETIC DIVERSITYIN ACCESSIONSOFINDIANTURMERIC(CURCUMA LONGA L.) USING RAPD MARKERS

KAMRAN ASHRAF1,2,3,ALTAF AHMAD4, SYED ADNAN ALI SHAH1,2,MOHD MUJEEB*3

1Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 2Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 3Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory,Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard Univ,NewDelhi-62, India, 4Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Email: pharmaresearch9@gmail.com

Received: 27 Mar 2017 Revised and Accepted: 31 Aug 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective: The present investigation was undertaken for identification and assessment of eight accessions of Curcuma longa collected from all ecological zones in India by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.

Methods: DNA was isolated using modified cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed according to the method based on Williams et al. and data analysis was done using AlphaImager EC software.

Results: Eleven out of twenty primers screened were informative and produced 150 amplification products among which 132 products (88%) were found to be polymorphic. The percentage polymorphism of all 08 accessions ranged from 44.44% to 100%. A total of 150 amplification products were scored with an average frequency of 13.63 bands per primer. Most of the RAPD markers studied showed adifferent level of genetic polymorphism. The data of 150 RAPD bands were used to generate Jaccard’s similarity coefficients and to construct a dendrogram by means of UPGMA.

Conclusion: Results shows that C. longa undergoes genetic variation due to awide range of ecological conditions within distribution area of its population in India. This investigation as an understanding of the level and partitioning of genetic variation within the accessions and would provide an important input into determining efficient management strategies and will help to breeders for turmeric improvement program.

Keywords: Curcuma longa, RAPD, CTAB, UPGMA, India

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i10.18715

INTRODUCTION

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) belongs to the family Zingiberaceae comprises more than 80 species of rhizomatous perennial herbs and has extensive occurrence in the tropics of Asia Africa and Australia[1]. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric in the world and contains highest diversity (40 species) of curcuma longa[2]. The World Health Organization has recommended the use of turmeric as spice[3]. Globally Curcuma is gaining importance as a budding source of new drug (s) to combat a variety of ailments as the species contain molecules endorsed with anti-fungal properties [4], anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antiviral[5], and anticancer activities [6].

There are several molecular-based techniques like RAPD, amplified fragment length. polymorphism (AFLP),inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to study the intra and inter specificity diversity among plant species. Syamkumarand Sasikumar[7] have developed genetic fingerprints of 15 Curcuma species using RAPD and ISSR markers. Analysis of the genetic of Zingiber, Curcuma and Alpinia using rice microsatellites as RAPD markers also demonstrated high polymorphism and confirmed the usefulness of these in genetic diversity studies of the Zingiberaceae[8].Now it is believed that all 80 curcumaspecies may not be true but there could be synonyms among some species as reported earlier[9]. Polymorphism based on DNA is the best approach among molecular genetic fingerprinting for the use of novel characters and races identification. Genetic studies involving molecular markers are used to detect relationship and genetic variability among germplasm. This would help to conserve the genetic resources and get consistent variability[10]. Molecular marker technology is vital in spices and medicinal and aromatic plants for identifying accessions, germplasm organization, identifying market samples, and gene cloning. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is one of most ever used technique among all molecular marker techniques.This is because of its simplicity and low-cost nature, rapid, inexpensive and effective system for studying plant genetic relationships [11, 12].

To our knowledge very few or no previous reports on this method to elucidate the genetic diversity of C. longa in various ecogeographical zones like south, north, east and west of India has ever been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence and pattern of genetic variability and relatedness among different accession of turmeric collected from almost all major ecological zones of India by RAPD markers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant materials

The crude rhizomes of C. longa of 08 samples were collected from eight different provinces (table 1) from theIndian subcontinent. All collected samplesTrivandrum, Lucknow, Nashik, Delhi, Erode, Guwahati, Surat and Patnawere authenticated by taxonomist Prof. M. P. Sharma, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi. All voucher specimens (BNPL/T-12)were deposited in Molecular Ecology Laboratory, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi, India.

Isolation of genomic DNA

Genomic DNA of frozen rhizomes samples was isolated by modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction method [11, 13]. 1g of rhizome sample along with polyvinylpyrrolidone was triturated in liquid nitrogen to afine powder. 5 ml of 1% CTAB (100 mmolTris-HCl buffer pH 8.0, 1.4 M NaCl, 20 mmol, EDTA, 1% mercaptoethanol) buffer was added to the homogenate and centrifuged at 3200 × g for about 10 min. Added, 2 vol. 2% CTAB (100 mmolTris-HCl buffer, 1.4 M NaCl, 20 mmol EDTA) to the collected aqueous phase. This mixture was incubated at 65 °C for about 60 min with intermittent shaking. The suspension was then cooled to room temperature and anequal volume of chloroform and isoamyl alcohol (24:1) was added. The mixture was then centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 min. The aqueous phase was collected, and to it was added 0.6 volume of cold isopropanol and 1/30 volume of sodium acetate (3 M, pH 5.2) and incubated at–20 °C for 1 h. The sample was centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 10 min to obtain DNA pellet. The pellet was washed with 80% ethanol twice, air dried and dissolved in TE buffer (10 mmolTris buffer, pH 8.0, 1 mmol Na2EDTA). The isolated DNA was treated with RNase A (10μg/ml) at 37 °C for 30 min. DNA concentration and purity were determined by measuring the absorbance of diluted DNA solution at 260 nm and 280 nm. The quality of the DNA was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide.

RAPD amplification

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed according to the method based on Ashraf et al. [11] and Williams et al. [12].PCR reaction was carried out in 25μl reaction tubes. Amplification reaction contained PCR buffer (Promega; 20 mmolTris–HCl (pH 8.4); 50 mmolKCl), 1.5 mmol MgCl2, 300 μM each of deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP), 25 pMdecanucleotide primer (Operon technology Inc., USA),1 unit Taq DNA polymerase (Promega) and 50 ng of template genomic DNA. Amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (Master Cycler, Eppendorf, USA) using the following conditions: an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95 °C for 30 sec., annealing at 50 °C for 1 min., and extension at 72 °C for 2 min., finally at 72 °C for 5 min for RAPD amplification. Amplification products were separated alongside a molecular weight marker (100 bp plus ladder, M/S Bangalore Geneiand Bio-Basic. Inc.) by 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis in 1×TAE (Tris-acetate EDTA) buffer stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light. Gel photographs were scanned through a Gel Doc System (UVitech, USA) and the amplification product sizes were evaluated using the software Quantity one (Bio-Rad, USA).

Data analysis

Data analysis was done using Alpha Imager EC software. For each accession, each fragment/band that was amplified was treated as aunit character. Amplified agarose gel pictures were compared with each other, by considering the presence of bands represented by (1) and absence represented by (0). The molecular size of the amplification product was calculated with 100bp plus molecular size weight marker (Bangalore Geneiand Bio-Basic.Inc.).All the amplified profiles were analyzed together to form a binary data matrix. The commercial software package NTSYS-PCversion 2.0 [14]was used to develop similarity matrix. These data were used to construct dendrogram for cluster analysis based on unweighted pair group method with arithmatic means (UPGMA).

RESULTS

Isolation of DNA

Genetic variability studies in C.longa collected from different geographical regions of India have been carried out using RAPD markers. DNA was isolated by modified CTAB method [11, 13].The purity of DNA determined from the ratio of optical density of 260/280 ratio ranged from 1.80 to 1.92 for all the samples indicates the purity of DNA in all samples.

Genetic diversity analysis

The present study offers an optimization of primer screening for evaluation of genetic relationship among eight accessions of C. longa through RAPD analysis. Out of twenty decamer, random primers used for 08 accessions 09 primers did not produce any amplification at all in initial screening while 11 primers showed anamplified polymorphic pattern. These primers then used for RAPD analysis for 08 accessions. The selected primers generated distinctive products in the range of 0.1 to 3.0 Kb. The maximum and a minimum number of bands were produced by the primers OPA-17(20), OPA-11(09), respectively (table 2). A total number of 150 amplified fragments were scored across eight accessions of turmeric for the selected primers and was used to estimate genetic relationships among themselves. Out of 150 fragments obtained, 132 fragments (88%) were polymorphic. A total of 150 amplification products were scored with an average frequency of 13.63 bands per primer. The 11 polymorphic primers exhibited variation with % monomorphism.The pattern of RAPD produced by the primer OPAA-17 is shown in fig. 1. Pair-wise genetic similarities ranged from 0.23 to 0.41 in all the accessions (table 3).

DISCUSSION

RAPD marker was used to carried out genetic diversity studies in C. longa collected from different geographical regions of India. DNA was isolated by modified CTAB method. DNA extraction of turmeric proved difficult due to the presence of secondary metabolites. A modified CTAB method was proved to be fruitful. The modified method included higher incubation temperature (65°C). Random amplified polymorphic DNA and related techniques require less DNA, but purity is necessary to ensure repeatability and confidence [11-12]. The purity of DNA determined from the ratio of optical density of 260/280 ratio which ranged from 1.80 to 1.92 for the samples indicates the purity of DNA in all samples. Based on the dendrogram (fig.2), the 08 accessions were grouped into two main clusters (1 and11). Upper cluster divided into two main subcluster 1A and 11B. Trivandrum and Lucknow shows similarity at 39%. In cluster 1B, Nashik and Delhi shows similarity at 41%. In lower cluster 11B, the similarity between Erode and Patna is found to be 41%. Accession Surat shows somewhat divergence from themain cluster. The high difference in gene diversity among accessions reveals the presence of strong genetic structure between them and thus significant differences exist in the genotypic diversity among themselves. Therefore from clustering results of different accessions suggested that C. longa undergoes genetic variation.

Our results are in conformity with those reported by Thaikert and Paisooksantivatana [15] and Angle et al.[16] that high genetic variations may exitwithin species of C. longa even though this plant species is clonally propagated. Islam and his coworker[17] also supported our results that high level of genetic diversity occurred within C. zedoaria populations. This outcome is supported by Nayak et al.[18] who established that main cause of polymorphism could be intraspecific variation among different cultivars. Metabolic diversity and genetic diversity study have been well correlated by Ashraf et al. [19-21] in different accessions of ginger and turmeric.Sikha et al.[22]examined the genetic diversity among turmeric accessions from 10 different agro-climatic regions comprising 5 cultivars and 55 accessions by using random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) in turmeric genotypes and found62% correlation between the genetic similarity and geographical location. Rageshet al.[23] carried out analysis of genetic diversity of 19 Curcuma species using morphological characters and random amplified polymorphic DNA. A dichotomous key and a dendrogram for the species were also developed. Sushma et al.[24] carried out anassessment of genetic diversity in indigenous turmeric (Curcuma longa) germplasm from India using directed amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers and reported 82 % polymorphism across the turmeric genotypes. Paul and his co-researcher [25] reported a wide genetic variation among the different turmeric accessionsusing RAPD analysis. The result exhibited 80% polymorphismamongfive samples collected across three different states of northeast India. RAPD and ISSR markers were successfully used to evaluate the genetic fidelity as well as variation of other micropropagated plant species [26-28].

.

Fig.1: RAPD amplification pattern of 08accessions ofC. longausing primer OPA-17, M-molecular marker (100-3000bps),T1-Trivandrum, T2-Lucknow, T3-Nashik, T4-Delhi, T5-Erode, T6-Guwahati, T7-Surat, T8-Patna

Fig.2:Dendrogram based on UPGMA (Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages) analysis of genetic similarities estimated among the 08 accessions ofC. longabythe means of 11 RAPD primers

Table1: List of different accessions of C. longa used in present study

S. No. Code No. Cultivationregions(provinces) Geographical Co-ordinates Samples type Source
1 T1 Trivandrum(Kerala) 8 ° 29′ 15″ N, 76 ° 57′ 9″E Cultivated Local farmer
2 T2 Lucknow(U. P.) 26 ° 50′ 49.2″ N,80 ° 56′ 49.2″ E Cultivated Herbal garden, Integral Univ.
3 T3 Nashik(Maharashtra) 20 ° 0′ 0″ N, 73 ° 46′ 48″ E Cultivated Local farmer
4 T4 Delhi(Delhi) 28 ° 36′ 36″ N,77 °13′ 48″E Cultivated Herbal garden, Hamdard
5 T5 Erode (Tamilnadu) 11 ° 21′ 0″ N, 77 ° 44′ 0″ E Cultivated Local farmer
6 T6 Guwahati (Assam) 26 ° 11′ 0″ N, 91 ° 44′ 0″ E Cultivated Local farmer
7 T7 Surat (Gujrat) 26 ° 11′ 0″ N, 91 ° 44′ 0″ E Cultivated Local farmer
8 T8 Patna(Bihar) 25 °36′39.6″N,85 °8′38.4″E Cultivated Local farmer

Table 2: Primer sequence and amplified band of 08 accessions of C. longa

Primer Sequence of primer(5’-3’) Size of product amplified(bps)100-3000bps Total band No. polymorphic band % polymorphism
OPAA-01 AGACGGCTCC 345-996 11 11 100.00
OPAA-02 GAGACCAGAC 345-973 12 12 100.00
OPAA-03 TTAGCGCCCC 223-987 13 12 92.30
OPAA-05 GGCTTTAGCC 209-975 14 14 100.00
OPAA-06 TCAAGCTAAC 218-931 14 14 100.00
OPAA-07 CTACGCTCAC 210-955 14 13 92.30
OPAA-08 TCCGCAGTAG 190-938 13 13 100.00
OPAA-11 ACCCGACCTG 210-1500 09 04 44.44
OPAA-12 GGACCTCTTG 280-2100 14 08 57.14
OPAA-14 AACGGGCCAA 190-2029 16 13 81.25
OPAA-17 GAGCCCGACT 100-2200 20 18 90.00

Table3: Similarity matrix table of 08 samples of C. longa

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
T1 1.00
T2 0.39 1.00
T3 0.36 0.34 1.00
T4 0.35 0.34 0.41 1.00
T5 0.28 0.33 0.41 0.38 1.00
T6 0.33 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.40 1.00
T7 0.27 0.32 0.34 0.38 0.36 0.39 1.00
T8 0.31 0.34 0.29 0.23 0.41 0.40 0.39 1.00

T1-Trivandrum, T2-Lucknow, T3-Nashik, T4-Delhi, T5-Erode, T6-Guwahati, T7-Surat, T8-Patna

CONCLUSION

The present findings include the identification and genetic variation within eight accessions of C. longa.Analysis of RAPD could be useful to detect genetic diversity of C. longa among 08 accessions of Indian subcontinent. From this study, it was understood that each location varied with respect to environmental factors and genetic parameter. The dendrogram shows the distant variation within the accessions. Molecular biology techniques like RAPD markers assume significance and can be used for diversity studies and for future breeding programs of this important genus. The genetic relation through RAPD analysis shows that there is high level of polymorphism among different accessions. The reason could be that the overall genetic diversity of all populations of C. longa was high possibly due to a wide range of ecological conditions within the distribution area of its populations in India. This investigation as an understanding of the level and partitioning of genetic variation within the varieties would provide an important input into determining efficient management strategies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Kamran Ashraf is thankful to the University Grant CommisionGovt. Of India for providing research fellowship (SRF). The authors are highly thankful to Universiti Teknologi MARA for the financial support under the reference number (600-IRMI/MyRA 5/3/LESTARI (079/2017) and MOHE, FRGS (Reference No. FRGS/1/2015/SG05/UiTM/02/6).

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

First author has carried out the research. Second third and fourth authors have provided study conception, design of workand drafting of manuscript and critical revision.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

Declared none

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