Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 9, Issue 12, 181-185Original Article


MICROENCAPSULATION OF PULP OF MANGIFERA INDICA L. BY SPRAY DRYING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

NERLIS PAOLA PAJARO CASTRO1*, CLEMENTE GRANADOS CONDE2, MILADYS ESTHER TORRENEGRA ALARCÓN3, MARÍA DEL ROSARIO OSORIO FORTICH4, ENILSON JÓSE PAJARO CASTRO5, GLICERIO LEON MENDEZ6

1Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of the Health, University of Sucre, Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, 2Food Engineering, Master of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Cartagena, Research in Engineering, Innovation, Quality Food and Health Group (INCAS), 3Food Engineering, Master of Science and Food Technology, Center of Commerce and Services, Regional Bolivar, SENA, Research in Innovation and Biotechnology Group (GIBEI), 4Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Master of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Research in Technology Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic and of Food Group (GITFCA), 5Pharmaceutical Chemist, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Research in Technology Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic and of Food Group (GITFCA), 6Pharmaceutical Chemist, Magister in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doctorate Student in Engineering, Faculty of Engineering. Foundation University Technological of Comfenalco, CIPTEC Research Group, Cra, 44 # 30a-91, Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia
Email: nerlis.pajaro@unisucre.edu.co

Received: 19 Jul 2017 Revised and Accepted: 02 Nov 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective: The objective of this study was to microencapsulate mango pulp (Mangifera indica L) flounder variety by the spray drying method and to evaluate its potential antioxidant activity.

Methods: The fruits were collected in the municipality of Turbana-Bolívar (10 ° 16 '22 "N 75 ° 26' 38" W), Colombia. The pulps obtained from the healthy fruits were microencapsulated by the spray drying method. The obtained microcapsules were measured the particle size and the mineral content was determined. The antioxidant activity was determined by three methodologies: total phenols, DPPH•, and ABTS•+.

Results: The results obtained demonstrate that the microcapsules of the mango pulp (M. indica L) have a mineral content in the following order of importance calcium>phosphorus>iron. The IC50 values for the DPPH• and ABTS•+assay were found to be 110.54±1.50 μg/ml and 65.33±1.00 μg/ml respectively. The total phenol content was 73.11±1.54 mg AG/100 mg of microcapsules, which may be related to the antioxidant activity.

Conclusion: The spray drying method was a suitable technique to microcapsulate the mango pulp (M. indica L), which was shown to possess antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Microencapsulation, Mangifera indica, Spray drying, Phenols

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i12.21437

INTRODUCTION

The tropical and subtropical countries are producers of a great variety of fruits that by their exotic characteristics of aromas, flavors, and nutritional contents are highly appreciated by the food industry, for the development of new techniques through which healthy products of excellent quality can be obtained with varied sensorial characteristics and easy use.

However, most of these fruits depend on the seasonality in the crops and high perishability, because their water contents are susceptible to the deterioration by enzymatic reactions, chemical, and microbial action [1-5].

Within this large group are found the chancleta mangoes, which national production reaches considerable volumes in periods of harvests, however, these are lost due to lack of technical assistance, due to transportation difficulties, and inadequate postharvest handling, generating large economic losses [6-7].

The drying of fruits is an increasingly used technique, which seeks to reduce the water content of products with humidity higher than 80%, and thus achieve to prolong its shelf life. However, the dehydration techniques are very varied, and the quality of the dehydrated products depends fundamentally on the drying method applied. The powders obtained by spraying represent a viable alternative to obtain products of high commercial value due to the reduction of weight, ease of preservation, product quality in general, and by the diversity in its use [8-10]. The powder formulation facilitates the transport and preserves the product from the bacterial degradation by drastically reducing the water activity increasing the shelf life of the product. This process is presented as an option since it is desirable to retain most of the organoleptic and nutritional properties of the concentrate [11-13].

Currently, the powdered foods made from fruits and vegetables with good nutritional and hydration properties are of interest at industrial and commercial level. Accordingly, the objective of this research was to microencapsulate the mango pulp (M. indica L) chancleta variety by the spray drying method and to evaluate its potential antioxidant activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemicals and reagents

Maltodextrin, ascorbic acid, HCl, phosphowolfroic acid, phosphor-molybdic acid, gallic acid, potassium persulfate, ethanol, were donated by the faculty of pharmaceutical sciences of the University of Cartagena.

Obtaining the pulp of the mango variety chancleta (M. indica L)

The chancleta variety mangoes were collected in the town of Turbana, located in the north of the department of Bolívar (10 ° 16 '22 "north latitude and 75 ° 26' 38" west longitude). 5.6 kilograms were purchased on a particular plot. The mangoes were selected taking into account that they were free of external damages and had commercial maturity; they were washed and blanched at 90 °C for 5 min. The pulps were obtained through a mesh refiner of 1.5 mm of the aperture; they were packed in airtight bags and then cooled to a temperature of 4 °C [14].

Microencapsulation of the pulp

Microencapsulation was performed by taking 300 g of maltodextrin which was added to 700 g of mango pulp with constant agitation. The preparation was homogenized with ultra-turrax ultraturrax IKA T-10 basic at 14000 rpm for 15 min and it was stored at 4 °C until being fed to the spray dryer [4].

Spray drying of the pulp

The mixture was fed to a buchi mini spray dryer model B-290 (BÜCHI Labortechnik, Germany). The inlet and outlet temperature were maintained between 170 °C±5 °C and 70 °C±5 °C, respectively. The obtained microcapsules were collected in a self-sealing polyethylene package and stored in a room with humidity and temperature controlled at 45% and 20±5 °C [15-19]. Subsequently, the samples were homogenized and tested for vitamin C content (ascorbic acid) by the iodometric titration method [2]. The contents of crude fiber, ash, fat, carbohydrates, and protein were determined according to the methodology described by Morillas and Delgado [2].

Particle size

For the measurement of the particles, a NIKON ECLIPSE E-100 microscope (40X lens) was used. Very small samples of microcapsules were placed on boxes for objects that later were placed in the grid of the equipment. The morphology, size, and edges of the particles were observed [15-18].

Determination of minerals

The dry and calcined samples (ash) were treated with HCl according to the method recommended by the AOAC. The phosphorus, calcium, and iron minerals were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry [2].

Measurement of antioxidant activity

To determine the antioxidant activity of the microcapsules, three methodologies were used: total phenols, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH•), and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzo-thiazoline)-6 (ABTS+).

Determination of the total phenols

The total phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu colourimetric method. A mixture of phosphowolfroic and phosphomolybdic acids in basic media was used as reagents, which were reduced by oxidizing the phenolic compounds, resulting in blue oxides of tungsten (W8O23) and molybdenum (Mo8O23). A standard curve was constructed using as standard gallic acid between 50-500 μg/ml.

The corresponding extract was diluted to a concentration at which the phenol content would be within the range of the standard curve. The results were expressed as mg gallic acid/250 ml sample. The absorbance readings were performed at 760 nm on a Thermo Scientific ™ visible UV spectrophotometer GENESYS 10S [20-21].

DPPH• radical method

The scavenging activity of DPPH free radicals was determined using the method described by Silva et al. [22], with some modifications. 75 μl of sample was added to 150 μL of a methanolic solution of DPPH• (100 μg/ml) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min, after which the disappearance of the DPPH radical was spectrophotometrically determined at 550 nm in the reader of microplates multiskan ex (Thermoscientific) [23-26]. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control for the uptake of DPPH• radicals (25 μg/ml). The IC 50 was determined by evaluating several serial concentrations of the sample by linear regression analysis. The results were expressed as the mean±SD of the percentage of uptake of the DPPH• radical relative to the control group.

ABTS.+ radical method

The free radical scavenging activity ABTS was determined using the method described by Re et al. [27], with some modifications. The ABTS radical was formed following the reaction of ABTS 3.5 mmol with 1.25 mmol of potassium persulfate (final concentration). The samples will be incubated between 2-8 °C and in the dark for 16-24h. Once the ABTS radical was formed, it was diluted with ethanol until an absorbance of 0.7±0.05 at 734 nm was obtained. At a volume of 190 μL of the ABTS• radical dilution 10 μL of the sample under study was added and incubated at room temperature for 5 min, after passing this time the disappearance of the ABTS radical at 734 nm was spectrophotometrically determined in the multiskan ex-microplate reader (Thermo scientific) [28-30].

Statistical analysis

All the trials were performed by sextupled. The results were expressed as the mean±SD (standard deviation). The significant differences were determined by ANOVA analysis followed by Dunnett's or Tukey's test, or as appropriate.

RESULTS

The spray drying technique is based on the entrapment of the essential oil compounds on a solid matrix of starches to reduce their mobility. Fig. 1 shows the microencapsulation process of the mango pulp.

Fig. 1: Microencapsulation process by a spray dryer

Microcapsules obtained by spray-drying showed a spherical and smooth shape (fig. 2). The presence of rounded and smooth spheres, as shown, is desirable for the stability of the ingredients, and to control their release and to facilitate their solubility, properties that improve the effectiveness of the active ones when being incorporated in different complex matrices.

Fig. 2: Photograph of microcapsules of mango pulp, taken from NIKON ECLIPSE E-100 microscope (40X lens)

The chemical characterization of the microcapsules of the pulp M. indica L chancleta variety cultivated in the north of the department of Bolívar-Colombia was carried out taking into account parameters such as ash content, moisture, protein, fats, fiber, carbohydrates, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and particle size, the results are shown in table 1. The increase in the inlet (170 °C) and outlet (70 °C) temperatures of the air decrease the moisture of the product by 1.86% which shows that as these temperatures increase, the rates of mass transfer and heat increase [4].

Table 1: Chemical characterization of the microcapsules of pulp of M. Indica L variety chancleta, cultivated in the north of the department of Bolivar - Colombia

Parameters evaluated Chancleta (mean±SD)*
Quantity 100 g
Ash (g) 0.39±0.06
Humidity (g) 1.86±0.06
Protein (g) 0.55±0.05
Fat (g) 0.01±0.01
Crudefiber (g) 1.07±0.12
Carbohydrate (g) 97.21±0.05
Vitamin C (g) 14.93±0.06
Calcium (mg) 11.63±0.55
Phosphorus (mg) 10.35±0.31
Iron (mg) 0.31±0.02
ParticleSize (μm) 5.92±2.18

*n = 3

Although the fruits are not rich in minerals, they play a very important role in the balance of the human diet, especially because the composition of fruits differs from other foods of animal or vegetable origin [2, 3, 14].

The order of importance of the minerals found in the mango pulp was as follows: calcium>phosphorus>iron.

The phenolic compounds quantified in fruit extracts are of great importance because they constitute a group of secondary metabolites that are considered natural antioxidants with multiple biological benefits for humans, such as the prevention of cardiovascular and degenerative diseases.

The antioxidant activity of the mango is shown in table 2.

Table 2: Antioxidant activity of the microcapsules and pulp of M. indica L variety chancleta, cultivated in the north of the department of bolívar-colombia

Parameters evaluated Pulp of M. indica L mean±SD*

Microcapsules of pulp of M. indica L

mean±SD*

Positive control (Ascorbic acid)

mean±SD*
DPPH• IC50 (μg/ml) 95.11±1.00 110.54±1.50 14.98±0.33
ABTS•+ IC50 (μg/ml) 48.75±0.90 65.33±1.00 3.00±0.50
Total phenols (mg AG/100 mg microcapsules) 85.00±1.00 73.11±1.54 ---

*n=3

In fruits, it has been found that the main compounds present are mostly phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins; however, phytochemicals such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), folic acid (vitamin B), and β-carotene (provitamin A) are also been found, which makes it possible to establish that fruit consumption increases the intake of bioactive compounds with multiple properties for human health.

It is important to note that there are several internal and external factors that affect the quality and/or quantity of phenolic compounds in the plants, such as: the genetic diversity (variety and origin of the sample), stage of maturity, environmental variables (light intensity, climate, temperature, fertilizer use, wounds), method of extraction, processing, and storage [21].

The microcapsules studied showed a good antioxidant activity. The IC50 values for the DPPH and ABTS assay found were 110.54±1.50 μg/ml and 65.33±1.00 μg/ml respectively. The antioxidant activity of these horticultural products can be related to the total phenols contents.

DISCUSSION

The mango pulp could be microencapsulated by the spray drying method, retaining its antioxidant properties and with an efficiency of 98%±0.50%. The particle size of the microcapsules was 5.92±2.18 μm, this being a suitable size to maintain stability and preserve the effectiveness of the product.

At present, several studies have focused on the drying of different types of fruits, in fact, during the process of obtaining guava powder by spray drying, Patil et al. [31] found that the increase in the inlet temperature and the maltodextrin concentration significantly decreased the moisture of the product obtained.

Caliskan and Nur [32] reported consistent results, where the increase in inlet and outlet temperatures decreased the moisture content of the product due to high operating temperatures leading to high heat transfer values.

Krishnaiah et al. [33] also found that for the powder of the extract of Morinda citrifolia obtained by spray drying, the humidity decreased with the increase in the inlet and outlet temperatures of the process, attributing this also to higher heat transfer rates, providing a greater driving force for moisture evaporation.

Due to in the spray drying the heat is directly involved, the thermal degradation is the most important deleterious phenomenon, the loss or thermal degradation of antioxidant metabolites (ascorbic acid), which are thermolabile compounds [4, 34-35]. In the thermal degradation, the chemical compounds undergo significant changes in their structure (loss of one or more atoms of the fundamental structure) due to the action of high temperatures, resulting in a loss of the properties of compound [4]. However, ascorbic acid content ranging from 9.79 to 186 mg/100 g of mango pulp [7]. Moreira et al. (2001) [36] reported the content of ascorbic acid of 37 mg/100 g, values that are below the value reported in the present investigation. In this work it was observed that the microencapsulation process does not affect the antioxidant activity of the pulp of M. indica L, in addition, our results are higher than those obtained for the positive control (table 2).

The availability of maltodextrin in the product increases the structure of the granule giving rise to larger particles. Pang et al. [37] similarly discloses the increase in the size of the particles of the orthosiphon extract during spray drying as the concentration of maltodextrin increases.

On the other hand, Tonon et al. [38] reported that the increase in maltodextrin concentration from 10% to 30% produced larger particles in the acai powder (13,27 μm to 21,35 μm) obtained by spray drying, which attributed to the exponential increase in the viscosity of the feed liquid, which in turn causes larger droplets during the drying process.

The phenol content is related to the antioxidant activity; in fact, other studies indicate that the phenols act by the elimination of free radicals [39]. The content of phenol in the microcapsules was 73.11±1.54 mg AG/100 mg microcapsules, this value is higher than reported in other studies for freeze-dried powder from Syzygium cumini, which was 13.99 mg GA equivalents/10 mg and is reported with a high antioxidant power [40].

CONCLUSION

Spray drying was a suitable technique for the dehydration of the mango pulp because it increased the chemical stability, improved the manipulation and conserved to a great extent the nutraceutical metabolites of the fruit. The results revealed that the percentage of preservation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) of the mango after spray drying was higher than 65.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors thank the University of Cartagena, Sucre and SENA for providing space, resources and time for researchers. The authors thank Álvaro Alberto Zabaleta Fuentes for their collaboration in the translation of the article into the English language.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION

All authors contributed equally

CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS

All authors have none to declare

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