Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 11, Issue 10, 33-39Original Article
PARACETAMOL DISPENSING PRACTICE OF GOVERNMENT HEALTH CLINICS POST INFANTS’ VACCINATION IN MALAYSIA
NURAIN SULEIMAN1,2*, SITI HADIJAH SHAMSUDIN2*, RAZMAN MOHD RUS3, SAMSUL DRAMAN3
1Pharmaceutical Services Division, Johor State Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, a/o Jalan Persiaran Permai, 81200 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia, 2Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, 3Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Email: nurainsuleiman@moh.gov.my, nurain85x@gmail.com
Received: 08 Apr 2019, Revised and Accepted: 02 Sep 2019
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study obtained information on Paracetamol (PCM) Dispensing Practice of Government Health Clinics (GHC) post infants’ vaccination in Malaysia as well as identify its possible factors.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study (with convenient sampling) using a data collection form (DCF) to collect data. The pharmacist who is the representative of the GHC filled the DCF. Potential risk factors were evaluated by Pearson chi-square tests (expected count<5 is<20%) for an independent sample.
Results: A total number of 254 samples were collected all over Malaysia within the period of data collection, but only 248 that met inclusion criteria. The PCM dispensing practice of GHC in Malaysia for a total period of 3 y back (from 2015-2017), tend not to give PCM post-immunization with respect to age of the upon vaccination and types of vaccination, conversely for gender. Trends of PCM dispensing practice were increasing for “Not Give PCM” with respect to gender, age of the baby upon vaccination, and types of vaccination from 2015 till 2017. The PCM dispensing practice had no association with no statistically significant value (p=0.804) on genders and a weak positive association with statistically significant value (p<0.05 each) on age of the baby (≤ 1year) upon vaccination and types of vaccination.
Conclusion: Future research which may include the actual practice in which practices of prescribers or mother may be conducted in determining more accurate data on the giving PCM post infant’s vaccination.
Keywords: Paracetamol, Dispensing, Infants, Vaccination
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2019v11i10.33489
INTRODUCTION
Increased utilization of paracetamol (PCM) for the prevention and treatment infant post-vaccination has received widespread attention in the past decade. This attention is reflected in news coverage of research as well as in its safety issues [1]. Paracetamol use post infants’ vaccination not only may cause the vaccine less effective [1], but also its use in infancy and childhood was associated with the development of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in 6-to 7-year-old children, where the associations seemed to be dose-responsive for childhood paracetamol exposure [2]. However, until today, there are no updated clinical practice standards worldwide.
Generally, there are no data regarding PCM dispensing practice post infant’s vaccination available worldwide for baseline reference. In Malaysia, the government health clinics (GHC) usually dispense PCM post infants vaccination according to the current recommendations of both the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2003 [3] and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in 2002 [4] as well as College of Paediatrics, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia in 2001 [5] and the Public Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia (PHD, MOH) in 2008 [6] note the option to give PCM prophylaxis for childhood vaccinations, but neither promote nor discourage routine use of prophylaxis [7]. Other than that, the statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics, 2003 stated that ‘Elective administration of acetaminophen or other appropriate antipyretic at the time of immunization with DTaP and at 4 and 8 h after immunization may decrease the subsequent incidence of fever and local reactions’ [3]. The statement from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2002 stated that ‘Acetominophen has been used among children to reduce the discomfort and fever associated with vaccination [4].
In Malaysia, national guideline stated that ‘Paracetamol is used in helping relieving discomfort because of local reactions post-vaccination. Paracetamol also is used to reduce unpleasant systemic symptoms’ [5]. ‘Paracetamol may be given before or after vaccination and repeated every 4-6hourly as required’ [5]. ‘The dose of Paracetamol is 15 mg/kg body weight, per dose, up to a maximum of 5 doses in 24h’. The statement from the PHD, MOH, 2008 stated that ‘Paracetamol 15 mg/kg/dose for every 4-6h is included in the adverse events management of Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus (DPT) (for fever<38.5 °C which occurs within 48h after immunization), Measles/Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) (for fever which occurs 6-10d after immunization) and Rubella (for fever which occurs within 3w after immunization) vaccination’.
However, some general and private health clinics in Malaysia may show different for PCM dispensing practices post all types of infant’s vaccination regardless of age of the baby upon vaccination and gender, generally. Meanwhile, some of them dispensed based on types of vaccination. Thus, the data regarding the practices of PCM post infant’s vaccination need to be collected and analyzed from both private and government settings.
This study aims to study the current practice on the use of PCM post infant’s vaccination in Malaysia. Up to the researcher knowledge, to date, the extent of the patterns of PCM dispensing practice for treatment or prophylaxis post infant’s vaccination in community settings with local samples not yet was reported. This study also identifies the possible factors for PCM dispensing practice post infant’s vaccination of GHC in Malaysia.
Immunization is compulsory for those babies seen as GHC. The researchers sought to study the PCM dispensing practices post infants vaccination at GHC in Malaysia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Methods
Study design and time frame
This is a retrospective cross-sectional study that obtained secondary data from GHC on the PCM dispensing practice in Malaysia from 2015 to 2017. The datum was collected conveniently by email and follow-up by phone calls between December 2017 to September 2018. This study was used to characterize the PCM dispensing practice patterns post infants vaccination. Trends were depicted as the total of 3 y periods of study percentage for PCM dispensing practice post infants’ vaccination according to age of the baby upon vaccination, gender and types of vaccination.
Data sources
A letter was sent to each State Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia to obtain approval for the collection of data regarding PCM dispensing practice post infants’ vaccination.
A descriptive data collection form (DCF) was used to collect data related to the objectives of this study was created by the researcher and reviewed by experts. The DCF comprised 2 sections. The first section included the name and address of the Mother and Child Health (MCH) Clinics involved, date of data collected as well as name of the pharmacist in charged. The second section of the DCF was information about PCM dispensing practice of each clinic for the studied year, 2015 till 2017 with regards to the age of the baby upon vaccination, gender and types of vaccination. The data collected were based on the experience of healthcare professionals in the GHC in Malaysia.
Population and sample
This study involved five types of vaccines based on Malaysian Immunization Programme for infants from 2015 till 2017. The populations include the babies up to 1 y of age who received the vaccination at GHC in Malaysia. The study subjects were the pharmacist of the GHC (that had attached MCH clinics).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria were age of the baby up to one year who received immunization at GHC that had attached MCH Clinics and pharmacist. Incomplete data on the age of the baby upon vaccination and gender and types of vaccination will be excluded in this study. Sample with incorrect data such as gave the reported number of prescriptions prescribed also excluded in this study. Sample collected from Rural Health Clinics (RHC) also were excluded because there was no pharmacist in charge there. The Measles vaccine also will be excluded since it is given before age one year in Sabah only.
Sample size calculation
The estimated samples are calculated via Rao soft Software (2004). The sample size n and margin of error E are given by:
Where N is the population size, r is the fraction of responses that the researcher interested in, and Z(c/100) is the critical value for the confidence level c.
This calculation is based on the normal distribution and assumes this study has more than about 30 samples. This calculation is also based on the agreement of margin of error of 5%, Confidence Interval of 95%, Population Size of 692 and Response Distribution is 50%. We need to obtain n=248 samples of the pharmacist.
According to personal communication, via the person in charge of each district, there were a total of 692 GHC that had attached MCH Clinics as well as a pharmacist in charge in Malaysia. Among them, a total of calculated samples of 248 pharmacists were included in this study during the study period. The data collection for this study took about 10 mo for an estimated 248 approved samples of pharmacists. One DCF for one clinic. These samples met inclusion criteria for this present research.
Variables (Independent and dependent)
The DCF collected dependent variables which include PCM dispensing practice post infants’ vaccination in Malaysia (either give PCM, not give PCM or not sure/don’t know), meanwhile the independent variable collected include gender, age of the baby upon vaccination and types of vaccination.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics using frequency and percentages were used to report the PCM dispensing practice of MCH Clinics in Malaysia based on the age of the baby upon vaccination, gender and types of vaccination. They present into bar chart using Microsoft Excel 2013. The difference in the bar chart may give a brief idea on PCM dispensing practice post infants vaccination.
This study explored the age of the baby upon vaccination, gender and types of vaccination received as well as identified the possible factors for PCM dispensing practice post infant’s vaccination in Malaysia retrospectively from 2015 till 2017 using the Crosstabs function in SPSS Statistics Version 22.0. Potential risk factors were evaluated by Pearson chi-square tests (expected count<5 is<20%) for an independent sample. The hypotheses are as below:
H0: There is no association between age of the baby upon vaccination, gender and types of vaccination towards PCM practice post infant’s vaccination.
Ha: There is an association between age of the baby upon vaccination, gender and types of vaccination towards PCM practice post infant’s vaccination.
This study assumed a significance level at a p-value less than 0.05. [8] The data were managed and analysis conducted using SPSS Statistics version 22. This study followed Cohen (1988) recommendations in the interpretation of effect size for behavioral sciences which stated that there is a statistically significant measure with a small effect size or greater to indicate difference for the study. The researcher used Phi Coefficient for correlation coefficients in determining whether the factors showed-1.0 to-0.7 or-0.7 to-0.3 or-0.3 to+0.3 or+0.3 to+0.7 or+0.7 to+1.0 which is interpreted as strong negative association or weak negative association or little or no association or weakly positive association or strong positive association respectively [9]. These values of analyses of statistics may be important in giving the baseline data on possible associations on the PCM dispensing practice post infants’ vaccination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total number of 254 samples were obtained from all over Malaysia within period of data collection, but only 248 respondents (pharmacists) included in this study since the other 6 samples received did not meet the inclusion criteria of this study in which 1 of them reported number of prescriptions and the other 5 were reported from RHC.
Trends of paracetamol dispensing practice
Total data collected from DCF for gender category was N=1488, age of the baby upon vaccination category revealed N=5852 and types of vaccination category discovered N=2976 responses while each group collected N=744 responses.
Data collection details
Table 1: Region of data collection
| States | Estimated number of GHC* | Number of respondents | Number of respondents that met inclusion criteria | Response rate of approved respondents (%) |
| Johor State Health Department | 91 | 75 | 74 | 81.32 |
| Negeri Sembilan State Health Department | 49 | 20 | 20 | 40.82 |
| Melaka State Health Department | 27 | 10 | 10 | 37.04 |
| Selangor State Health Department | 65 | 43 | 43 | 66.15 |
| Perak State Health Department | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Perlis State Health Department | 9 | 9 | 9 | 100 |
| Kedah State Health Department | 55 | 24 | 24 | 43.64 |
| Penang State Health Department | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kelantan State Health Department | 158 | 35 | 30 | 18.99 |
| Terengganu State Health Department | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pahang State Health Department | 58 | 20 | 20 | 34.48 |
| Sabah State Health Department | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sarawak State Health Department | 44 | 18 | 18 | 40.91 |
| Total | 692 | 254 | 248 | 35.84 |
*this value referred to GHC that had attached MCH Clinics and pharmacists
Fig. 1: Trends of paracetamol dispensing practice for respective years according to gender
Table 2: Paracetamol dispensing practice for 3 y period of study (viz. 2015-2017)
| Variables | Paracetamol dispensing practice | Frequencies, n | |
| Gender | 1488 | ||
| Female | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 361 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 306 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 77 | ||
| Male | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 373 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 294 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 77 | ||
| Age of the Baby Upon Vaccination | 5852 | ||
| 0 mo BCG | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 70 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 552 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 122 | ||
| 0 mo Hepatitis B | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 77 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 551 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 116 | ||
| 1 mo Hepatitis B | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 133 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 564 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 47 | ||
| 6 mo Hepatitis B | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 151 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 544 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 49 | ||
| 3 mo DTaP/Hib/IPV | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 395 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 300 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 49 | ||
| 3 mo DTaP/Hib/IPV | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 380 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 312 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 52 | ||
| 5 mo DTaP/Hib/IPV | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 385 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 310 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 49 | ||
| 12 mo MMR | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 250 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 437 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 57 | ||
| Types of Vaccination | 2976 | ||
| BCG | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 95 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 550 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 99 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 148 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 545 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 51 | ||
| MMR | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 249 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 443 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 52 | ||
| DTaP/Hib/IPV | 744 | ||
| Give PCM | 394 | ||
| Not Give PCM | 299 | ||
| Not Sure/Don’t Know | 51 | ||
n=total number of babies; different babies across gender, age of babies upon vaccination and types of vaccination included in this study. Thus, multiple logistic regression cannot be done.
N=248; total number of DCF distributed among subjects in this study. Since the data collected were for 3 consecutive years, (2015-2017) thus, the total available samples for each item in different variables were 744.
These were retrospective data (2015-2017) collected conveniently by email and follow-up by phone calls between December 2017 to September 2018; based on experience of a representative of healthcare professionals in the GHC in Malaysia. The data collected might not be accurate because the healthcare professionals in charged might be different every year.
Table 2 showed that PCM dispensing practice of GHC in Malaysia for a total period of 3 y back, tends not to give PCM post immunization with respect to age of the baby upon vaccination and types of vaccination. This result also suggested that the age of the baby upon vaccination and types of vaccination possible factors for PCM dispensing practice post infant’s vaccination of GHC in Malaysia. Gender was not a possible factor of PCM dispensing practice since it showed moderate percentages between “give PCM” and “not give PCM” (table 2). Additionally, there was very little discrepancy in the counts across genders, contrary there was considerable discrepancy in the counts across age of the baby upon vaccination and types of vaccine.
Fig. 2: Trends of paracetamol dispensing practice for respective years according to age of the baby upon vaccination
Fig. 3: Trends of paracetamol dispensing practice for respective years according to types of vaccination
Refer to fig. 1 till 3 for year 2015 till 2017, according to gender, age of the baby upon vaccination and types of vaccination, the trends of PCM dispensing practice was increasing for “Not Give PCM” and on the other hand it was decreasing for “Give PCM” over three years of 2015 till 2017 (fig. 1-3). This might be due to the counterproductive effect of PCM on the vaccine injected which may cause the vaccine less effective.
Factors associated with paracetamol dispensing practice
Table 3: Factors associated with paracetamol dispensing practice
| Variables | n | Give PCM n |
Not give PCM n |
Not sure/Don’t know n | X2 statistic (df) |
p-valuea | Phi coefficientb | Cramer’s V value | Magnitude of effect sizec | Decision for Ho |
| Gender | 1488 | - | - | - | 0.436 (2) | 0.804 Not statistically significant |
0.017 no association |
0.017 | Small | Not reject H0 |
| Male | 373 | 294 | 77 | |||||||
| Female | 361 | 306 | 77 | |||||||
| Age of the Baby Upon Vaccination | 5952 | - | - | - | 940.715 (14) |
<0.001 Statistically significant |
0.398 Weak positive association |
0.281 | Small | Reject H0 |
| 0 mo BCG | 70 | 552 | 122 | |||||||
| 0 mo Hep B | 77 | 551 | 116 | |||||||
| 1 mo Hep B | 133 | 564 | 47 | |||||||
| 6 mo Hep B | 151 | 544 | 49 | |||||||
| 2 mo DTaP/Hib/IPV | 395 | 300 | 49 | |||||||
| 3 mo DTaP/Hib/IPV | 380 | 312 | 52 | |||||||
| 5 mo DTaP/Hib/IPV | 385 | 310 | 49 | |||||||
| 12 mo MMR | 250 | 437 | 57 | |||||||
| Types of Vaccination | 2976 | - | - | - | 351.777 (6) | <0.001 Statistically significant |
0.344 Weak positive association |
0.243 | Small | Reject H0 |
| BCG | 65 | 550 | 99 | |||||||
| Hep B | 148 | 545 | 51 | |||||||
| MMR | 249 | 443 | 52 | |||||||
| DTaP/Hib/IPV | 394 | 299 | 51 |
aPearson Chi-Square test, significant at p<0.05, bSimon, 2010, cCohen, 1988
This study proved that there is no association between gender and PCM dispensing practice of GHC in Malaysia post infant’s vaccination (p=0.804) with a small effect size (table 3). It also was found that there are weak positive associations between age of the baby upon vaccination as well as types of vaccination and PCM dispensing practice of GHC in Malaysia post infants’ vaccination (p<0.001 each) with small size effect (table 3). This finding concluded that there is an association between age of the baby upon vaccination and types of vaccination towards PCM practice post infant’s vaccination, however conversely for gender, there is no association between gender and PCM dispensing practice post infants’ vaccinate.
CONCLUSION
Trends in PCM dispensing practice of GHC were increasing for “Not Give PCM” and decreasing for “Give PCM” with respect to gender, age of the baby upon vaccination, and types of vaccination from 2015 till 2017. The PCM dispensing practice had no association on genders (with a small effect size) as well as a weak positive association with age of the baby upon vaccination and types of vaccination (with a small effect size). This study may give a baseline data in the patterns of PCM dispensing practice post infants vaccination in Malaysia.
LIMITATION
The data collected might not be accurate because the healthcare professionals in charged might be different every year. In comparing the PCM dispensing practices post infants vaccination, the data might be more accurate if prescribers and infants mothers involved in the study.
ETHICS
This study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC) on December, 19 2017 with registration number NMRR-17-2573-38799(IIR). All the data are restricted to the principal investigators and solely used for research purposes. The study was conducted in compliance with ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and Malaysia Good Clinical Practice Guideline.
FUNDING
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank the data collectors whom include healthcare professionals of each MHC of the respective states. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Director General of Health Malaysia for his approval to publish this manuscript [KKM. NIHSEC.800-4/4/1 Jld. 64(34)].
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
Nurain Suleiman wrote the manuscript. Siti Hadijah Shamsudin, Razman Mohd Rus and Samsul Dramanread and approved the final manuscript. All authors have complete access to the study data that supports the publication.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest
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