Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 13, Issue 6, 41-51Original Article

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM SPONGE SUBERITES CARNOSUS (JOHNSTON) COLLECTED FROM WEST COAST OF MUMBAI, INDIA

BHADEKAR N. S., ZODAPE G. V.

Department of Zoology, S. S. and L. S. Patkar College of Arts and Science and V. P. Varde College of Commerce and Economics, S. V. Road, Goregaon West, Mumbai 400062, India
Email: drgautamvz5@gmail.com

Received: 15 Jan 2021, Revised and Accepted: 21 Apr 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective: Structural elucidation of bioactive compounds from marine Sponge Suberites Carnosus (Johnston) by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) techniques with respect to its pharmacological and biomedical properties.

Methods: The sponge Suberites carnosus (Johnston) was collected during low tides from West Coast of Mumbai. Crude extract was obtained by taking 10 gram of sponge sample in10 ml of methanol. The preparative TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) was performed by using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Diethylamine (7:2:1) (v/v). The isolated compounds were subjected to GC-MS and FTIR analysis.

Results: From the GC-MS and FTIR analysis, total ten compounds were identified. The GC-MS spectra correlate to the mass spectra. The structures of those compounds are 6-Fluoro 2-trifluromethylbenzoic acid,2,3-dichlorophenyl ester, Eicosane 3-cyclohexyl, Phosphine imide, P,P,P,-tris (p-chlorophenyl)-N-phenyl-, Dimethylhyl hexavinyl octasilsesquioxane, Hexanoicacid, hexadecyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, 9, 19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol, acetate, (3β), Tetracosane, 3-ethyl-, 11, 14-Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester, Triacontane, 11,20-didecyl-respectively.

Conclusion: The nature and biological properties of the said compounds were determined and it was found that some of them act as a skin irritant. Some of them have fatty, metabolite, and irritant property, whereas some are act as masking and perfuming agents. Some compounds are highly toxic property, whereas others have an effect on health and environmental hazard. Some are highly corrosive in nature, whereas others are Cholesterol and chemotaxonomic significance.

Keywords: Sponge, Bioactive compounds, Analytical study

© 2021 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2021v13i6.40794. Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps.

INTRODUCTION

There is a worldwide interest in marine natural products as one of the few de novo sources of drug discovery [1]. Sponges offer a rich source of unique and diverse natural products. Marine sponges are potential sources of unique bioactive metabolites and many of these compounds are valuable for medicinal uses. There are between 9,000 and 15,000 species of sponges. Sponges generally reside in polar shelves as they have a unique ability to filter small food particles from passing water. They provide a high amount of bioactive compounds. The sponge class Dеmospongiaе is known for producing the largest number and diversity of secondary metabolites isolated from marine invertebrates [2]. Sponges are categorized under filter-feeding animals because of their ability to filter bacteria from the inhalant water current. The living tissues in combination with some antibiotic agents provide an enhanced microbial defense. The microbial growth control ability of sponge extracts has been demonstrated by use of simple laboratory experiments using bacterial cultures [3]. A total of 486 sponge species have been found in Indian waters [4]. However, the bioactive potential of compounds from Indian sponges has been little studied. Undoubtedly, the Indian scenario for marine pharmacology is still in nascent phase, but there is potential to tap the resources in a much better way to explore treatments for various clinical ailments. Although there are only a few marine-derived products currently in the market, several new compounds from marine origin are now under clinical trials for drug development. While the marine world offers an extremely rich resource for novel compounds, it also represents a great challenge that requires multidisciplinary approach to bring the marine chemical diversity up to its therapeutic potential. The work carried out by NIO [5] and others consist of bioactivity of the compounds collected from the coast of south and southeast India. A very novel work has been reported by [6] CIFE Mumbai, and very little effort has gone into unraveling the details on the bioactive compounds. However, [7] have isolated and characterized the bioactive compounds from Intertidal crab Leptodius exratus collected from Nariman Point coast of West Coast of Mumbai. Therefore the present study comprises an initial effort to assess the bioactivity of secondary metabolites from the marine subtidal sponges Suberites carnosus (Johnston) from Mumbai coasts and its extract was investigated for the presence of bioactive compounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of samples

The sponges Suberites carnosus (Johnston) were collected during low tides from West Coast of Mumbai. The sponge was taken alive in seawater to the Department of Zoology, laboratory at the Patkar-Varde College Goregaon (west), Mumbai, India. The samples were washed under seawater and then in distilled water and sun-dried.

Fig. 1: Specimen of marine sponge Suberites carnosus [Johnston, 1842] collected from Mumbai coast

Identification of sponges

Preliminary identification was done by studying the shape and size of the spicules and by refereeing the relevant literature. The confirmation of identification was done by Dr. P. A. Thomas, Principal Scientist, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

Preparation of sponge extracts

Crude extract was obtained following the method of [8] with some modifications. To 10 gram of sponge samples, 10 ml of methanol was added and kept standing for 24 h. Solvent was then removed, by squeezing sponge samples, and filtered through Whatman filter paper no. 1. The remaining solvent was evaporated at low pressure using Rotary Vacuum Evaporator at 45 ⁰C. The resultant compound was subjected to Millipore filter system and finally dried in a vacuum desiccator and stored at 4 ⁰C in a refrigerator till further use.

Fig. 2: Crude extract of marine sponge Suberites carnosus [Johnston, 1842] collected from Mumbai coast

Ethical approval

Ethical approval was sought from Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, for the collection of marine sponge Suberites carnosus [Johnston, 1842] from Mumbai coast to carry out the research. As per the guidelines by the State Biodiversity Board, the voucher specimens of Suberites carnosus, deposited at the repository center at NIO Goa, India. The Voucher number of specimen was 2-NIO1007/18 (Suberites carnosus).

Partial purification and analytical study

TLC analysis

Chem. Tech. CAMAG, TLC model of HPTLC (High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) available at Ancrom test lab. Mulund, Mumbai was used for the analysis of the samples. For preparative TLC, 10 ml of the crude extract was spotted on a preparative TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) as the stationary phase pre-coated aluminium plates with silica gel (60 F254) (thickness 0.5 mm), dried and kept in the saturated twin trough chamber containing Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Diethylamine (7:2:1) (v/v) as a mobile phase and developed up to 9 cm length. The plate was removed and dried. The development of the sample spots was done using twin trough chamber. The Deutorium lamp at 254 nm was used for densitometric scanning of the samples. The spots were so obtained were scrapped off and dissolved in methanol and filtered and evaporated to dryness to get pure compounds. The pure compounds so obtained were subjected to analytical study.

GC-MS (Gas chromatography mass specrometry) analysis

The powdered form samples were analyzed at IIT (SAIF) Powai, Mumbai. Analysis was performed with Jeol model Accu TOF GCV, GC MS (EI+ve or–ve) was used which has Mass range of 10-2000 amu and Mass resolution–of 6000.

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis

The samples were analyzed at IIT (SAIF) Powai, Mumbai. Analysis was performed with Bruker instrument corporation Germany make, 3000 Hyperion Microscope with Vertex 80 FTIR System model was used. The scanning was done in the range of 4000-900 cm-1.

All chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade supplied by M/S SD fine chemicals, Thane, (India)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Characterization of isolated extracts of sponge by HPTLC

The extracts isolated from the Suberites carnosus (Johnston) collected from Nariman Point Mumbai coast are spotted on HPTLC plates and the plates were developed in a twin-trough chamber using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Diethylamine (7:2:1) (v/v), as a mobile phase. The plates were dried and sprayed with the dragendroff reagent. The photograph of the HPTLC plate of Suberites carnosus (Johnston) is shown in Photograp 1 and fig. 3.

The spraying reagents gave positive tests for the presence of amides. The distinct and well-separated three spots were at Rf values of Suberites carnosus (Johnston) well-separated four spots were at Rf values R1-0.650; R2-0.690; R3-0.75; and R4-0.89 were recorded. The densitometric scanning of these spots resulted in the quantification of these substances are found to be (28.3 %); (32.6%); (8.89%) and (30.21%) respectively.

Photograph 1: TLC of crude extracts of sponge Suberites carnosus

Fig. 3: Graph showing isolated compounds of crude extracts of sponge Suberites carnosus

Fig. 4: Gas chromatogram isolated compound 1 of Suberites carnosus

 

Fig. 5: Gas chromatogram isolated compound 2 of Suberites carnosus

 

Fig. 6: Gas chromatogram isolated compound 3 of Suberites carnosus

Fig. 7: Gas chromatogram isolated compound-4 of Suberites carnosus

Characterization of isolated extracts of sponge on GC-MS

GC-MS of the extracts isolated from the Suberites carnosus (Johnston) have been performed and the results are presented in fig. 4-7

The gas chromatograms of the extracts of the Suberites carnosus (Johnston) shown in fig. 4 to 7 indicate that there are a large number of peaks. However the peaks at Rt value of of Suberites carnosus (Johnston) are 14.34; 15.35; 15.45; 16.76; 27.63; 28.21; 4.17; 6.49; 19.93; and 12.36 were found suitable for identification. The other peaks could not be identified due to the lack of a database in the library as well as any references that are reported till now for theSuberites carnosus (Johnston). The GC peaks obtained at Rt value of Suberites carnosus (Johnston) are 14.34; 15.35; 15.45; 16.76; 27.63; 28.21; 4.17; 6.49; 19.93; and 12.36 were only employed for recording the mass spectra by irradiating the eluents at these Rt values through electron impact (EI+) source of the Mass spectrometer.

Fig. 8 to 17 are the mass spectra of eluted compounds at Rt values 14.34; 15.35; 15.45; 16.76; 27.63; 28.21; 4.17; 6.49; 19.93; 12.36 respectively. The M/Z mass peaks obtained for eluents at Rt values 14.34 15.35; 15.45; 16.76; 27.63; 28.21; 4.17; 6.49; 19.93; 12.36 corresponds to the substances of molecular mass of isolated compounds of Suberites carnosus (Johnston) are 352, 364, 455, 608,340, 330, 470, 366, 322, and 702, respectively. It is observed that the mass spectra obtained for Suberites carnosus (Johnston) all the compounds are found dissimilar indicating that the different substances (compounds) are present in all isolated compounds of Suberites carnosus (Johnston).

 

Fig. 8: Compound 1-6-Fluoro-2-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, 2,3-dichlorophenyl ester Formula-C14H6Cl2F4O

Fig. 9: Compound 2–Eicosane, 3-cyclohexyl-Formula-C26H52

Fig. 10: Compound 3-Phosphine imide, P,P,P-tris (p-chlorophenyl)-N-phenyl-Formula-C24H17Cl3 NP

Fig. 11: Compound 4-dimethyl hexavinylo ctasilses quioxane formula-C14H24O12Si8

Fig. 12: Compound 5-Hexanoic acid, hexadecyl ester Formula-C22H4402

Fig. 13: Compound 1-hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester Formula-C19H38O4

Fig. 14: Compound 1-9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-Formula-C32H54O2

Fig. 15: Compound 2-tetracosane,3-ethyl-formula-C26H54

Fig. 16: Compound 3-11,14-Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester Formula-C21H38O2

Fig. 17: Compound 1-Triacontane, 11,20-dodecyl-formula-C50H1O2

The fragmentation peaks obtained for each of the mass spectra are as follows: Rt value of compound 1/1 at 14.34 are M/Z at 352 (5%), M/Z 191(100%), M/Z 163 (15%), M/Z 143 (2%), and M/Z 63 (2%). Rt value of compound 1/2 at 15.35 are M/Z 364 (2%), M/Z 335(5%), M/Z 280(4%),M/Z 252 (2%),M/Z 125 (38%),M/Z 83 (100%),M/Z 69 (54%), and M/Z 55 (90%). Rt value of compound 1/3 at 15.45 are M/Z 455 (100%),M/Z 344(7%),M/Z 253(8%),M/Z 142 (5%), and M/Z at 122(6%). Rt value of compound 1/4 at 16.76 are M/Z 608 (27%), M/Z 581(100%), M/Z 553(4%), and M/Z 277 (4%). Rt value of compound 1/5 at 27.63 are M/Z 340 (1%), M/Z 269(2%), M/Z 224(6%), M/Z 196 (4%), M/Z 117(95%), and M/Z 43(100%). Rt value of compound 2 at 28.21 are M/Z 330 (7%),M/Z 299 (12%),M/Z 239 (78%),M/Z 134 (60%),M/Z 98 (67%),M/Z 74 (62%),and M/Z 43 (100%). Rt value of compound 3/1 at 4.17 areM/Z 470 (2%),M/Z 410(5%),M/Z 355 (1%),M/Z 283 (4%),M/Z 220 (5%),M/Z 95(38%),and M/Z 43 (100%). Rt value of compound 3/2 at 6.49 are M/Z 366 (0.1%), M/Z 337(20%), M/Z 295 (1%), M/Z 211 (1%), M/Z 85(22%), M/Z 71(62%), and M/Z 43 (100%). Rt value of compound 3/3 at 19.93 are M/Z 322 (2%),M/Z 291(3%),M/Z 164 (3%),M/Z 150 (5%),M/Z 95 (51%),M/Z 87 (100%),and M/Z 55 (61%). Rt value of compound 4 at 12.36 are M/Z 702 (1%),M/Z 580(1%),M/Z 561 (5%),M/Z 294 (12%),M/Z 9183(3%),M/Z 85 (43%),M/Z 57 (100%),and M/Z 43 (62%).

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis

The FTIR studies are carried out in KBr pellets. Each of the compounds isolated at Rf values at R1-0.650; R2-0.690; R3-0.75;and R4-0.89 on TLC for each of the isolated compounds of Suberites carnosus (Johnston) extracts gave the IR spectras as shown in fig. 18 to 21. All the IR spectra’s of the compounds at the respective Rf values mentioned above are found to be dissimilar and different of the extracts isolated from Suberites carnosus (Johnston).

Fig. 18: FTIR spectra of isolated compound-1 of Suberites carnosus

Fig. 19: FTIR spectra of isolated compound-2 of Suberites carnosus

Fig. 20: FTIR spectra of isolated compound-3 of Suberites carnosus

Fig. 21: FTIR spectra of isolated compound-4 of Suberites carnosus

The wavenumbers of some of the important IR peaks along with their intensity, type of vibration and probable groups present in the respective compounds isolated at Rf values R1-0.650; R2-0.690; R3-0.75; and R4-0.89 are as shown in table.

Table 1: Correlation of IR spectra of the compound isolated from Suberites carnosus at Rf value 0.650 on TLC

S. No. Wavenumber: cm-1 intensity Type of Ir vibrations Probable group assignment
1 3849.74 N-H,C-H-stretching O-H, N-H, C-H group
2 3833.16 N-H,C-H stretching O-H,N-H, C-H group
3 3796.18 N-H,C-H stretching O-H,N-H, C-H group
4 3437.06 N-H,C-H stretching O-H, N-H, C-H group
5 2920.92 C-H stretching C-H group
6 2850.77 C-H stretching C-H group
7 1816.19 C=O stretching C=O group
8 1732.88 C=O stretching C=O group
9 1635.57 C=N stretching C=O C=C C=N group
10 1465.57 C=N stretching C=C C=N group
11 1405.93 C=O stretching C=N C=C C=O group
12 1384.6 C-N C-O C-N group
13 1115.75 C-C C-O C-N C-C group
14 1019.51 C-C C-C group
15 922.19 C-C C-C group
16 669.57 -- Rock
17 602.77 -- Rock
18 465.22 -- Rock

Table 2: Correlation of IR spectra of the compound isolated from Suberites carnosus at Rf value 0.690on TLC

S. No. Wave number: cm-1 intensity Type of Ir vibrations Probable group assignment
1 3442.81 N-H stretching O-H, N-H group
2 3161.69 C-H stretching C-H group
3 3102.48 C-H stretching C-H group
4 3048.22 C-H stretching C-H group
5 2923.69 C-H stretching C-H group
6 2851.45 C-H stretching C-H group
7 1743.77 C-N stretching C=O, C=C, C-N group
8 1632.55 C-N stretching C=O, C=C, C-N group
9 1464.36 - -
10 1414.01 - -
11 1384.01 C-N stretching C-O, C-N group
12 1312.48 C-O stretching C-N, C-O group
13 1257.32 C-C C-O, C-N, C-C group
14 1204.76 C-C C-O, C-N, C-C group
15 1120.42 C-C C-O, C-N, C-C group
16 1020.18 C-C C-O, C-N, C-C group
17 921.29 C-C C-O, C-N, C-C group
18 863.12 C-C C-O, C-N, C-C group
19 451.47 - Rock
20 418.50 - Rock

Characterization of chemical substances from the bioactive samples is generally performed by hyphenated techniques such as GC-MS (Gas chromatography–Mass Spectrometry). The structural features of the biomolecules are confirmed by techniques such as FTIR (Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy).

Table 3: Correlation of IR spectra of the compound isolated from Suberites carnosus at Rf value 0.75 on TLC

S. No. Wave number: cm-1intensity Type of Ir vibrations Probable group assignment
1 3906.52 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
2 3872.75 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
3 3857.80 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
4 3841.55 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
5 3825.04 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
6 3807.26 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
7 3752.81 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
8 3716.02 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
9 3694.32 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
10 3677.32 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
11 3655.88 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
12 3634.04 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
13 3448.20 C-H stretching O-H, N-H,C-H group
14 3222.35 C-H stretching C-H group
15 3162.92 C-H stretching C-H group
16 3127.55 C-H stretching C-H group
17 3102.27 C-H stretching C-H group
18 3056.90 C-H stretching C-H group
19 3027.57 C-H stretching C-H group
20 2957.45 C-H stretching C-H group
21 2919.55 C-H stretching C-H group
22 2851.01 C-H stretching C-H group
23 2766.97 C-H stretching C-H group
24 2655.49 - Nitriles carbenes group
25 2247.06 - Nitriles carbenes group
26 1873.98 C=O stretching C=O group
27 1833.96 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
28 1801.39 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
29 1782.77 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
30 1738.30 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
31 1629.54 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
32 1547.58 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
33 1528.08 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
34 1511.70 C-C- C-O, C-N, C-C group
35 1465.12 C-C- C-O, C-N, C-C group
36 1409.68 C-C- C-O, C-N, C-C group
37 1383.44 C-C- C-O, C-N, C-C group
38 1312.70 C-C- C-O, C-N, C-C group
39 1217.68 C-C- C-C group
40 1179.53 C-C- C-C group
41 1120.83 C-C- C-C group
42 1020.05 C-C- C-C group
43 925.70 C-C- C-C group
44 859.21 C-C- C-C group
45 802.55 C-C- C-C group
46 748.59 - Rock
47 722.06 - Rock
48 675.81 - Rock
49 659.97 - Rock

A total of 146 natural products from various marine sponges belonging to the genus Hyrtios were reported in Marin literature database until 2016 [9]. During the year 1998, Hattori demonstrated new cеramidе compound from marine sponge. Possible biogenetic rеlеvancе with Manzaminе portrayеd novel lipid contents of the sponge Haliclona sp. Sponges production a broad array of additional metabolites ranging across by-products of amino acids and porphyrins, nucleosides to macrolidеs, aliphatic cyclic peroxides, tеrpеnoids and sterols [10]. Consistently, [11] proposed the new antifouling hеxapеptidе from a Palauan sponge, Haliclona sp. The study depicted [12] showed that the chromatogram stands for compounds elucidation by GC-MS on the methanol extract еxpеrimеntal sponge of Ircinia fusca. Initially ninе compounds were categorized. Among the nine compounds, two antimicrobial compounds are present such as 2-Mеthoxy1, 4-Bеnzеnеdiol recognized as a peak compound subsequently 3-dimеthylocta-1, 5-diеn-3, 7-dioldimеthyltryptaminе also bееn еlucіdatеd. The antinocicеptivе and anti-inflammatory еffеcts are investigated beyond different еxpеrimеntal fig. in mice described by [13], also this author еxplainеd the sponge Caissеra possessed antinocеptivе and antiеdеmatogеnic еffеcts. According to them, that was the first study which described the marine sponge extract could be resisting them propagation of microbiota present in CSF shunt infection. Since the structurally derived chemical compounds were [14] еxplainеd marine natural products halitoxin, toxic composite of different marine sponges of the genus Haliclona. Furthermore [15] demonstrated similar findings with other pathogenic microbes and its constructive valuable pharmacological compounds such as Aragusponginеs-K and l, current bioactive bis, oxaquinolizidinе noxidе alkaloids against red Sea specimens of Xеstospongia еxigua. This study еxplainеd the eighth еxpеrimеntal sponge possessed the peak bioactive compound named as 2-Mеthoxy-1, 4-Bеnzеnеdiol is act as an antimicrobial compound so this particular sponge activity is high compared with other seven sponges. The similar kinds of findings have also bееn published by [16]. Pharmaceutically important Phytochеmicals originated from sponge [17, 18] reported inhibition of HIV by two bis-quinolizidinе alkaloids pеtrosins isolated from the Indian marine sponge Pеtrosia similis. The еxtеnsivе investigations are dеtеrminеd that both pеtrosins inhibited HIV-1 replications. The study carried out by the [19] with the biological action of aqueous explore from marine sponges and cytotoxic goods of 3 alkyl pyridinium polymеrs against Rеniеra sarai and be of the same opinion depicted by [20] in the marine parasite of the genus Ircinia against few peculiar human affected pathogenic organisms. Potential studies of a larger patent population will be nееdеd to dеtеrminе the relationships bеtwееn the divers CSF affected microbiota and clinical outcomes, particularly the response to treatment and occurrence of reinfection [21-23]. The study carried out by [24] reported the gorgosterol type sterol lacking methyl substitution of the cyclopropane ring system, namely 22,23-methylene (22S, 23S) cholesterol 3 along with known compounds have been identified from marine sponge Sigmadocia fibulata. Previous work on this sponge reported steroid mixtures [25] and peptides [26] for the first time.

Table 4: Correlation of IR spectra of the compound isolated from Suberites carnosus at Rf value 0.89on TLC

S. No. Wave number: cm-1 intensity Type of Ir vibrations Probable group assignment
1 3863.44 - -
2 3846.98 - -
3 3814.28 - -
4 3744.37 N-H stretching O-H, N-H group
5 3667.79 N-H stretching O-H, N-H group
6 3641.03 N-H stretching O-H, N-H group
7 3439.91 N-H stretching O-H, N-H group
8 3159.90 C-H stretching C-H group
9 3101.96 C-H stretching C-H group
10 3048.80 C-H stretching C-H group
11 2950.59 C-H stretching C-H group
12 2924.98 C-H stretching C-H group
13 2841.17 C-H stretching C-H group
14 2767.07 C-H stretching C-H group
15 2711.97 C-H stretching C-H group
16 2655.20 - -
17 2600.95 - -
18 2543.98 - Nitriles carbenes group
19 2489.42 - Nitriles carbenes group
20 2246.14 - Nitriles carbenes group
21 1800.13 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
22 1741.57 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
23 1708.13 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
24 1640.77 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
25 1566.93 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
26 1549.42 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
27 1530.80 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
28 1514.34 C=N stretching C=O, C=C, C=N group
29 1464.83 - -
30 1409.78 - -
31 1383.60 C-N stretching C-O, C-N group
32 1313.43 C-N stretching C-O, C-N group
33 1258.94 C-N stretching C-O, C-N group
34 1215.63 C-N stretching C-O, C-N group
35 1118.16 C-O C-C, C-N,C-O group
36 1021.91 C-O C-C, C-N, C-O group
37 920.66 C-C C-C group
38 864.00 C-C C-C group
39 804.22 C-C C-C group
40 751.75 - Rock
41 692.91 - Rock
42 672.30 - Rock
43 600.43 - Rock
44 496.55 - Rock
45 466.82 - Rock
46 414.20 - Rock

In the present work, GC-MS, and FTIR techniques have been employed and the results obtained are presented and discussed here as follows:

GC-MS is an analytical technique. In this, GC (gas chromatography) and MS (mass spectrometer) are coupled together by an interface arrangement. GC helps to separate the individual molecules of the sample and the MS identifies each component through the fragmentation patterns obtained by each molecule by the library database of the mass spectrometer. The authenticity of these molecules was then confirmed by repeating the GC-MS studies by using the standard reference materials. The gas chromatograms shown in fig, 3 to 6 indicates that a large number of components are present in each of the isolated extracts Suberites carnosus (Johnston). However, for the present study, we have selected the components of GC peaks at Rt values of of Suberites carnosus (Johnston) are 14.34; 15.35; 15.45; 16.76; 27.63; 28.21; 4.17; 6.49; 19.93; and 12.36 only, because they gave some conclusive evidence to identify the nature of the components on the database library and by using reference book by [9]. Therefore, the respective eluents at these Rt values were irradicated into the Electron impact (EI) source of the mass spectrometer by which the molecules loose one electron and form positively charged molecules. Thus the molecules separate in ion trap mass spectrometer. The MS peaks shown in fig. 8 to 17, indicate that the mass peaks are due to the compounds having molecular weight of Suberites carnosus are 352, 364, 455, 608,340, 330, 470, 366, 322, and 702, respectively. These mass spectra are correlate to the mass spectra are 6-Fluoro 2-trifluromethylbenzoic acid,2,3-dichlorophenyl ester, Eicosane 3-cyclohexyl, Phosphine imide, P,P,P,-tris (p-chlorophenyl)-N-phenyl-, Dimethylhyl hexavinyl octasilsesquioxane, Hexanoicacid, hexadecyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, 9, 19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol, acetate,(3β), Tetracosane, 3-ethyl-, 11, 14-Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester, Triacontane, 11,20-didecyl-respectively.

Table 5: Showing name of the compound molecular weight, molecular formula, and structure of the compounds isolated from Suberites carnosus (Johnston)

S. No. Name of the compound Molicular weight Molecular formula Structure
Suberites carnosus (Johnston)
1 6-Fluoro 2-trifluromethylbenzoic acid,2,3-dichlorophenyl ester MW-352 C14H6Cl2F4O2
2 Eicosane 3-cyclohexyl MW-364 C26H52
3 Phosphine imide, P,P,P,-tris (p-chlorophenyl)-N-phenyl- MW-455 C24H17Cl3NP
4 Dimethylhyl hexavinyl octasilsesquioxane MW-608 C14H24O12Si8
5 Hexanoicacid, hexadecyl ester MW-340 C22H44O2
6 Hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy 1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester MW-330 C19H38O4
7 9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol, acetate,(3β) MW-470 C32H54O2
8 Tetracosane, 3-ethyl MW-366 C26H54
9 11,14-Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester MW-322 C21H38O2
10 Triacontane, 11,20-didecyl- MW-702 C50H102

CONCLUSION

From the above results, it was found that some of the compounds have antibacterial, anti-fungal and marine irritant properties. Therefore it concludes that, the compounds extracted from sponge Suberites carnosus showed antibacterial, pesticidal, and biomedical properties. Our findings are significant for the development of multi-drug therapy for both pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications. The study further suggests that, Suberites carnosus, further screening is required for molecular level to understand the physiology and mode of action of the compound. The clinical study is also required which may be useful for pharmaceutical industry to manufacture the new drugs for safe performance and safety indexes to be studied to eradicate the diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors would like to thank to, Dr. P. A. Thomas, Principal Scientist, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala for the identification of sponge species. Authors are also thanks to, The Director, APT Testing and Research Pvt. Ltd. (ATR) Pune, for experimentation and providing their assistance (IAEC NO. APTRF/RP 57/1819 dated 01 February 2019). Thanks is also due to The Director, Ancrom test lab. Mulund, Mumbai, for providing HPTLC (High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) facilities and also to the Director, (SAIF) IIT, Powai, Mumbai for providing the facilities of analytical study.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS

N. S Bhadeker is the Ph. D. student and Dr. G. V. Zodape is the Guide and corresponding author. The research student have carried out her research work for the award of Ph. D. Degree under the supervision and guidance of Corresponding author.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

There is no conflict of interest

REFERENCES

  1. McConnell OJ, Longley RE, Koehn FE. The discovery of marine natural products with therapeutic potential. Biotechnology 1994;26:109-74.

  2. Newbold RW, Jensen PR, Fenical W, Pawlik JR. Antimicrobial activity of caribbean sponge extracts. Aquat Microb Ecol 1999;19:279-84.

  3. Selvin J, Lipton AP. Biopotentials of secondary metabolites isolated from marine sponges. Hydrobiologia 2004;513:231-8.

  4. Thomas PA. Porifera. In: Alfred JRB, Das AK, Sanyal AK. editors. Faunal diversity in India. Calcutta: ENVIS Central Zoological Survey of India; 1998. p. 28-36.

  5. Tilvi S, Naik CG. Tandem mass spectrometry of kahalalides: identification of two new cyclic depsipeptides, kahalalide r and s from Elysia grandifolia. J Mass Spectrom 2007;42:70-80.

  6. Vankateshwaran. Microchemolytic assay P-41-42 in laboratory manual on advanced techniques in marine biotoxinology (Venka K. and Pani Prasad K. Ed) CAS in Fishery science. CIFE Mumbai India; 1997. p. 76.

  7. Zodape GV, Kulkarni BG. Occurrence of anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a in intertidal crab Leptodius exratus in Mumbai nariman point coast. Bionano Frontier 2010;3:259-64.

  8. Braekman JC, Daloze D, Stoller C, Van Soest RWM. Chemotaxonomy of agelas (Porifera: demospongiae). Biochem Syst Ecol 1992;20:417-31.

  9. Shady Nourhan Hisham, El-Hossary Ebaa M, Fouad Mostafa A, Gulder Tobias AM, Mohamed Salah Kamel, Abdelmohsen Usama Ramadan. Bioactive natural products of marine sponges from the genus hyrtios. Molecules 2017;22:781.

  10. Masry-El HA, Fahmy HH, Abdelwahed, ASH. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new benzimidazole derivatives. Molecules 2000;5:1429-38.

  11. Havard Fan P, Nahata MC. Treatment and prevention of infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Clin Pharm 1987;6:866-80.

  12. Sujatha S, Prakash Vincent G, Jobi Dhas M. Marine sponge and its potential bioactive spectrum against CSF affected bacterial organisms. Pharma Innovation J 2014;3:81-6.

  13. Azevedo LG, Peraza GG, Lerner C, Soares A, Murcia N, Muccillo BA, et al. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects from an extract of Aplysina caissara, a marine sponge. Fundament Clin Pharmacol 2008;22:549-56.

  14. Oliveira JHD, Grube A, Kock M, Berlinck RG, Macedo ML, Ferreira AG, et al. Ingenamine G and cyclostellettamines G-I, K, and L from the new Brazilian species of marine sponge pachychalina sp. J Nat Prod 2004;67:1685-9.

  15. Joseph B, Sujatha S. Pharmacologically important natural products from marine sponges. J Nat Prod 2010;4:5-12.

  16. Buchanan MS, Edser KG, Whitmore J, Quinn RJ. Cheilanthane sesterterpenes, protein kinase inhibitors, from a marine sponge of the genus. Ircinia J Nat Prod 2001;64:300-3.

  17. Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prunes MR. Marine natural products Nat Prod Rep 2006;23:26-78.

  18. Groud TV, Reddy NS, Swamy NR, Ram TS, Venkateswarlu Y. Anti-HIV active petrosins from the marine sponge Petrosia similis. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26:1498-501.

  19. Kristina Sepcic Silke Kauferstein, Dietrich Mebs, Tom Turk. Biological activities of aqueous and organic extracts from tropical marine sponges. Mar Drugs 2010;8:1550–66.

  20. Chelossi E, Mancini I, Sepcic K, Turk T, Faimali M. Comparative antibacterial activity of polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Reniera sarai and their synthetic analogues. Biomol Eng 2006;23:317-23.

  21. Fan Havard P, Nahata MC. Treatment and prevention of infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Clin Pharm 1987;6:866-80.

  22. Fux CA, Quigley M, Worel AM, Post C, Zimmerli S. Biofilm-related infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:331-7.

  23. Vinchon M, Dhellemmes P. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: risk factors and long-term follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst 2006;22:692-7.

  24. Thota SPR, Sarma NS, Murthy YLN. Occurrence of a rare gorgosterol type steroid in marine sponge Sigmadocia fibulata. J Nat Prod 2015;8:5-8.

  25. Lo JM, Wang WL, Chiang YM, Chen CM. Ceramides from the taiwan red alga C. spongiosum and symbiotic sponge S. symbiotica. J Chinese Chem Soc 2001;8:821.

  26. Tan LT, Williamson RT, Gerwick WH, Watts KS, McGough K, Jacob R. Cis, cis-and trans, trans-ceratospongamide, new bioactive cyclic heptapeptides from the Indonesian red alga Ceratodictyon spongiosum and symbiotic sponge Sigmadocia symbiotica. J Org Chem 2000;65:419.