Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 15, Issue 8, 36-49Original Article

HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION STUDY OF ROXADUSTAT BY RP-HPLC AND HPTLC

MRINALINI C. DAMLE1*, JAY A. SONULE2

1Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Aissms College of Pharmacy, Pune-411001 Maharashtra India, 2Master of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Pune-411001 Maharashtra India
*Corresponding author: Mrinalini C. Damle; *Email: damle_mc@aissmscop.com

Received: 18 May 2023, Revised and Accepted: 13 Jun 2023

ABSTRAC

Objective: Simple, rapid RP-HPLC and HPTLC methods have been developed in order to study the degradation of Roxadustat under various stress conditions. The Kinetics of hydrolytic degradation is studied.

Methods: Optimum separation of Roxadustat and its degradation products was achieved using the following conditions in HPLC, Agilent eclipse XDB-C8 (150×4.6 mm) column, the mobile phase was composed of methanol: phosphate buffer (pH 5, 0.05 M) (70:30 v/v) with UV detection at 262 nm. The flow rate was at 1.0 ml/min. The RT was 4.6±0.02 min. HPTLC work for Roxadustat was performed on Aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254, (10 cm × 10 cm with 250 μm layer thickness). The mobile phase was composed of Toulene: Ethyl Acetate: Glacial acetic acid (5:5:0.5 v/v/v) and then scanned. The system was found to give a compact spot for Roxadustat (Rf value of 0.58±0.02).

Results: In HPLC the calibration curves plotted were found to be linear over the concentration range of 2.5-25μg/ml, with a correlation coefficient of R2=0.9994. In HPTLC the calibration curves plotted were found to be linear over the concentration range of 500-2500 ng/band, with a regression coefficient of R2=0.9957. The analytical performance of the proposed methods was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The degradant peaks were well resolved from the Roxadustat peak. Significant degradation was observed in acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis, and oxidative degradation. The drug is relatively stable towards photolysis, neutral hydrolysis, and thermal conditions.

Conclusion: In the current work, simple RP-HPLC and HPTLC analytical methods for the determination of Roxadustat in the presence of its degradation products have been developed. The information presented herein could be very useful while developing formulation procedures to prevent hydrolytic degradation. It can be used as a routine quality control test.

Keywords: RP-HPLC, HPTLC, Roxadustat, Hydrolytic degradation, Stress conditions

© 2023 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2023v15i8.48355. Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps.

 

INTRODUCTION

Roxadustat is used in the treatment of anemia. It is an oral inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase, which promotes erythropoiesis and controls iron metabolism [1, 3]. The chemical name of Roxadustat is 2-[(4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carbonyl) amino] acetic acid. Its molecular formula is C19H16N2O5 and its molecular weight is 352.3 g/mol, respectively. The chemical structure of Roxadustat is shown in fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Structure of roxadustat

An important function of the kidneys is the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells [4]. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the kidneys are not functioning at capacity and there can be a disruption in the production of erythropoietin that can lead to anemia [5, 6]. Anemia is a chronic kidney disease complication associated with increased risks of death and complications [7]. It decreases endogenous erythropoietin production, functional iron deficiency, and inflammation with increased hepcidin levels, among others [8].

Roxadustat stabilizes HIF-α (hypoxia-inducible factor) subunits, which increases HIF transcriptional activity. The increased transcriptional activity produces functional activation of early-response target genes that encode proteins like erythropoietin, erythropoietin receptor, heme biosynthesis enzymes, and proteins that facilitate iron uptake and transport. For the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney diseases who are dependent on dialysis, non-dependent on dialysis, and myelodysplastic syndromes, Roxadustat is a highly effective first-in-class HIF-PHD (hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor) [9, 10].

As per the literature survey for Roxadustat Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC–MS method and UV method were reported, but no stability indicating HPLC and HPTLC method is reported [11, 13].

The present work describes the simple, accurate chromatographic analytical methods for determining Roxadustat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemical and reagents

Roxadustat was kindly gifted by industry. Other chemicals and reagents like Methanol (HPLC grade), Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (AR grade), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Glacial Acetic Acid (AR grade), Toulene (AR grade), Ethyl Acetate (AR grade), Hydrochloric acid (AR grade), Sodium Hydroxide (AR grade), and Hydrogen Peroxide (AR grade) were procured from LOBA CHEMIE PVT. LTD., Mumbai.

Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions

Instruments used in this method were HPTLC system (CAMAG) comprising of TLC Scanner III, Linomat 5 applicator, Software [win CATS (version 1.4.3)], Microliter syringes [Hamilton (100 µl)], TLC plates (Merck’s aluminum TLC plate precoated with silica gel 60 F254), Twin trough glass chamber. The HPLC was done on HPLC-PDA (Photo Diode Array Detector, (Make-JASCO, Model-Pump PU-2080) and Detector MD 2010. A photostability study was performed in a photostability chamber (Make NEWTRONIC Model-NEC103RSPI). Other instruments used are UV-Visible spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU Model-UV 1780), Electronic balance (Make SHIMADZU Model ATX-224R), Sonicator (PRAMA Model SM15 US), Hot air oven (BIOMEDICA 24*24*24*).

Preparation of stock and standard working solution

HPLC and HPTLC

An accurately weighed 25 mg of Roxadustat was transferred into a 25 ml volumetric flask and added 0.5 ml DMSO and shaken well until it gets dissolved. After that volume was made up with methanol to get standard stock solutions of Roxadustat (1000 μg/ml). From this, 1 ml was taken in a 10 ml volumetric flask and the volume was made up with methanol to get 100μg/ml of Roxadustat. For HPTLC we used 100 µg/ml as a working standard and for HPLC, six standard solutions of different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 μg/ml) were prepared with the mobile phase.

Detection wavelength

A solution of 20 µg/ml was prepared and scanned over 200-400 nm using a UV–Spectrophotometer. The maximum absorbance was shown at 262 nm. The spectrum is shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 2: UV spectrum of roxadustat (20 μg/ml)

Chromatographic conditions

HPLC

The method was developed on the Agilent eclipse XDB-C8 (150×4.6 mm) column. The mobile phase was composed of methanol: phosphate buffer (pH 5, 0.05 M) (70:30 v/v) with UV detection at 262 nm. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. The mobile phase was filtered through a 0.45 µmembrane filter and sonicated for 10 min. The standard chromatogram of Roxadustat (10 μg/ml) is shown in fig. 3.

HPTLC

Chromatographic separation of roxadustat drug was performed on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254, (10 cm × 10 cm with 250 μm layer thickness). Samples were applied on the plate as a band of 6 mm width using a 100 μl syringe with a Linomat applicator. The mobile phase was composed of Toulene: Ethyl Acetate: Glacial acetic acid (5:5:0.5v/v/v). The twin trough glass chamber10 cm × 10 cm was used for linear ascending development of the TLC plate with 15 min saturation conditions; migration distance was 70 mm. Densitometric scanning was performed at 262 nm, operated by CAMAG (win CAT SOFTWARE 1.4.2), and slit dimensions were 5 x 0.45 mm. The standard Densitogram of roxadustat (1000 ng/band) is shown in fig. 4.

Forced degradation study

To develop a stability-indicating method, forced degradation studies were carried out according to ICH Q1A (R2) guideline [13]. A literature for optimization of stress conditions was preferred [14, 15]. The drug was exposed to various stress conditions for varying periods of time and using various strengths of reagents. The drug was exposed to acid/alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, neutral, photolytic, and thermal degradation conditions. stress conditions were optimized to achieve degradation of about 10-30 %.

Fig. 3: Chromatogram of roxadustat (10 μg/ml);RT=4.6±0.02 min

Fig. 4: Densitogram of roxadustat (1000 ng/band); Rf=0.58±0.02

Acid hydrolysis

HPLC

For sample preparation, 1 ml of standard stock solution (1000 µg/ml) was mixed with 1 ml of 1 N HCL in a 10 ml volumetric flask and the volume was made up with methanol. The solution was placed at room temperature for about 2 h. From this solution, 1 ml was taken and neutralized with 0.1 ml of 1N NaOH, and the volume was made up to 10 ml with mobile phase to obtain 10 μg/ml. The resulting solution was injected into the system.

HPTLC

From the standard stock solution (1000 μg/ml) 1 ml was mixed with 1 ml of 1N HCl and the volume was made up to 10 ml with methanol. The solution was kept for 2 h at room temperature. The resultant solution of 100 µg/ml was applied to the TLC plate and developed using an optimized mobile phase.

Alkali hydrolysis

HPLC

From the standard stock solution (1000µg/ml) 1 ml was mixed with 1 ml of 1 N NaOH in a 10 ml volumetric flask and the volume was made up with methanol. The solution was placed at room temperature for about 2 h. From this solution, 1 ml was taken and neutralized with 0.1 ml of 1N HCL, and the volume was made up to 10 ml with mobile phase to obtain 10 μg/ml. The resulting solution was injected into the system.

HPTLC

For sample preparation, 1 ml of the standard stock solution (1000 μg/ml) was mixed with 1 ml of 1 NaOH and the volume was made up to 10 ml with methanol. The solution was kept for 2 h at room temperature. The resultant solution of 100 µg/ml was applied to the TLC plate and developed using an optimized mobile phase.

Oxidative degradation

HPLC

For sample preparation, 1 ml of the standard solution (100 μg/ml) and 1 ml of 30% v/vH2O2 were transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask and the volume was made with the mobile phase to obtain 10 µg/ml. The solution was kept at room temperature for about 4 h. The resulting solution of 10 µg/ml was injected into the system.

HPTLC

From the standard stock solution (1000μg/ml) 1 ml was mixed with 1 ml of 30%v/vH2O2andthe volume was made up to 10 ml with methanol. The solution was kept at room temperature for 4h. The resultant solution of 100 µg/ml was applied to the TLC plate and developed using an optimized mobile phase.

Neutral degradation

HPLC

For sample preparation, 5 ml from the standard stock solution (1000 μg/ml) and 5 ml of water were transferred to a 50 ml volumetric flask and the volume was made with methanol and refluxed for 6 h at 80 °C and cooled at room temperature. From this taken 1 ml and diluted up to 10 ml with the mobile phase to obtain 10 µg/ml. The resulting solution of 10 µg/ml was injected into the system.

HPTLC

After refluxing the resultant solution of 100 µg/ml was applied to the TLC plate and developed using an optimized mobile phase.

Thermal degradation

HPLC

The thermal degradation was carried out by placing the drug in a solid state in an oven at 80 °C for 8 h. A sample was taken from the oven, cooled to room temperature, weighed, and diluted in the mobile phase to provide a final concentration of 10 μg/ml of Roxadustat, which was then injected into HPLC and evaluated under optimum chromatographic conditions. 

HPTLC

The drug exposed to thermal degradation was appropriately weighed and diluted in methanol to provide a final concentration of 100 μg/ml. The resultant solution of 100 µg/ml was applied to the TLC plate and developed using an optimized mobile phase.

Photolytic degradation

HPLC

Accurately weighed 50 mg drug and transferred into a clean petri dish and exposed to UV light till exposure 200-watt h/m2 and to white cool fluorescent light up to 1.2 million lux h. After completion of the required illumination, the sample was removed. Appropriately weighed and diluted in the mobile phase to obtain 10µg/ml. The resultant solution was injected into HPLC and analyzed under optimized chromatographic conditions.

HPTLC

The drug exposed to photolytic degradation was appropriately weighed and diluted in methanol to obtain 100µg/ml. The resultant solution was applied to the TLC plate and developed using an optimized mobile phase.

Method validation

The HPLC and HPTLC methods for Roxadustat were validated as per the ICH guidelines ICH Q2(R1) in terms of linearity, range, assay, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and robustness [16]. A literature methods were studied for procedural details of validation parameters [17, 18].

Linearity and range

HPLC

The dilutions were prepared from a standard stock solution of Roxadustat (1000 µg/ml). The linearity was observed over the range of 2.5-25 μg/ml. The calibration curve was made using six standard solutions of different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μg/ml). The standard solutions were prepared by diluting an appropriate volume of stock solution with the mobile phase. The procedure was repeated 5 times to get the linear regression equation. The values were plotted as concentration against peak area to obtain a calibration curve. The pattern of the residual plot was also evaluated to further validate the linearity.

HPTLC

The standard solutions were prepared by diluting an appropriate volume of stock solution with the methanol. The linearity was observed over the range of 500-2500 ng/band. The procedure was repeated 5 times to get the linear regression equation. The calibration curve was made using five standard solutions of different concentrations (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ng/band). The values were plotted as the amount of drug spotted (ng/band) against the peak area to obtain a calibration curve. The pattern of the residual plot was also evaluated to further validate the linearity.

Precision

HPLC

The precision was performed both for intraday (repeatability) and interday (intermediate) studies. For intraday, injecting 6 replicates of 2.5 µg/ml concentration within the same day, and for interday precision, the procedure was repeated on three consecutive days.

HPTLC

The precision study was performed as intraday (repeatability) precision and interday (intermediate) precision. Intraday precision was performed by analyzing 500 ng/band of Roxadustat, as six replicates on the same day at different intervals. For interday precision, the procedure was repeated on three consecutive days.

Assay

HPLC and HPTLC

The assay of Roxadustat was done on the spiked blend, due to the unavailability of its marketed preparation in the Indian market. For the preparation of the spiked blend, weighed 1000 mg starch and 1000 mg lactose was mixed in the mortar pestle. Then 500 mg of Roxadustat was mixed with the above excipients. From this spiked blend, 50 mg of the blend (equivalent to 10 mg of the drug) was accurately weighed and transferred in a 10 ml volumetric flask. Add 0.5 ml of DMSO and shake well till it gets dissolved and the test tube was filled with 5 ml methanol. Shake well and sonicated for 10 min. The solution was centrifuged and filtered through Whatman filter paper. This filtrate was transferred to a 10 ml volumetric flask and made up the volume to 10 ml with methanol. From this taken 1 ml was in a 10 ml volumetric flask and diluted up to 10 ml with methanol. From the resulting solution, 1 ml was transferred in a 10 ml volumetric flask and diluted up to 10 ml with the mobile phase to get 10 µg/ml of roxadustat. For HPLC the resulting solution of 10 µg/ml was injected into the system at room temperature. And for HPTLC the concentration of 100 µg/ml was applied to the TLC plate and developed using an optimized mobile phase. The amount of Roxadustat was calculated using the linearity regression equation.

Accuracy

HPLC and HPTLC

The accuracy was evaluated as a percentage of recovery from the spiked samples at three concentration levels. The recovery study was done by performing the standard addition method at 80%, 100%, and 120% levels. The standard drug has been added the to assay solution at three levels. For HPLC the basic concentration of the sample chosen was 10µg/ml and for HPTLC the basic concentration of the sample chosen was 1000 ng/band respectively. The percentage recovery was calculated by extrapolation from the linear equation.

Robustness

HPLC

The robustness was examined by evaluating the influence of small variations in different conditions such as mobile phase ratio2 ml v/v), flow rate (±0.05 ml/min), and pH of buffer (±0.2). The average value of % RSD for the determination of Roxadustat less than 2% confirmed the robustness of the method.

HPTLC

The robustness was examined by evaluating the influence of small variations in different conditions such as saturation time (±5 min), wavelength (±2 nm), mobile phase ratio (±0.2 ml v/v), time for an application to development and time for development to scanning. The average value of % RSD for the determination of Roxadustat less than 2% indicated the robustness of the method.

LOD and LOQ

The LOD and LOQ were calculated by using the equation LOD = 3.3 Х SD/S and LOQ = 10 Х SD/S; where, ‘SD’ is the standard deviation of response at the lowest concentration, and ‘S’ is the slope of the calibration curve.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Forced degradation studies

HPLC

The Roxadustat was found degraded under acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis, and oxidation conditions, and degradant peaks were observed under acid, and alkaline conditions. Degradation products were completely resolved from the parent compound. The summary of results is presented in table 1 and the chromatogram of roxadustat subjected to acid, and alkaline stress conditions is shown in fig. 9 and fig. 10, respectively.

In acidic hydrolysis, degradant peaks were obtained at an RT of 12.5 min, and in basic hydrolysis, degradant peaks were obtained at an RT of 3.7 and 4.2 min well resolved from the drug peak. Overall Roxadustat degradant peaks were observed at RT of 12.5, 3.7, and 4.2 min, respectively.

HPTLC

In acidic hydrolysis, the degradant peak was obtained at Rf of 0.70. The densitogram of acid hydrolysis is shown in fig. 5 and a spectral overlay for acid degradation product and the standard drug is shown in fig. 6 respectively. In basic hydrolysis, a degradant peak was obtained at Rf of 0.54. The densitogram of alkali hydrolysis is shown in fig. 7 and a spectral overlay for alkali degradation product and the standard drug is shown in fig. 8 respectively.

As per the literature survey for Roxadustat Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC–MS method and UV method were reported but no stability indicating HPLC and HPTLC method is reported [11, 13].

Degradation kinetic study

HPLC

The order of degradation reaction was established by different methods like substitution, graphical, and Half-life method for acid and base hydrolysis (1 N) by determining recovery at different time intervals from 0-5 h shown in table 2 [19].

The chromatograms of acid hydrolysis with drug product from 0-5 h are shown in fig. 9.

Fig. 5: Densitogram of acid hydrolysis after 2 h (Rf: 0.60 and degradation product Rf: 0.70)

Fig. 6: Spectral overlay for acid degradation product (Rf: 0.70) and standard drug (Rf: 0.60)

Fig. 7: Densitogram of alkali hydrolysis after 2 h with drug product (Rf: 0.54)

Fig. 8: Spectral overlay for alkali degradation product (Rf: 0.54) and standard drug (Rf: 0.58)

Table 1: Results of forced degradation studies

S. No. Stress type Stress condition HPLC % recovery HPTLC % recovery
1 Acidic hydrolytic 1N HCL at RT for 2 h 74.03 89.79
2 Alkali hydrolytic 1N NaOH at RT for 2 h 71.55 --
3 Oxidative 30% H2O2 for 4 h 83.15 78.31
4 Neutral 6 h reflux at 80 °C 93.92 97.04
5 Thermal 80 °C for 8 h 93.41 97.60
6 Photostability: 1) UV 200-watt h/m2 98.06 98.96
2)cool white Fluorescent light 1.2 million lux h 97.18 96.09


a

b

c

d

Fig. 9: Chromatograms showing Acidic degradation with drug product peak at RT 12.4 min: chromatogram in the time (a) 0 min(b) 1 h (c) 2 h (d) 3 h (e) 4 h (f) 5 h

The chromatograms of alkali hydrolysis with drug product from 0-5 h are shown in fig. 10.

a

b

c

d

e

f

Fig. 10: Chromatograms showing alkali degradation with drug product peak at RT 3.7, 4.3 min: chromatogram in the time (a) 0 min (b) 1 h (c) 2 h (d) 3 h (e) 4 h (f) 5 h

a) Substitution method

For the substitution method, the following formula was used to determine the rate constant K,

K=log

Where, K= rate constant, t= time in h, co= initial concentration, ct=concentration at time t

Since the value of K is fairly constant for both acid and base hydrolysis shown in table 2. Thus, acid and base follow first-order kinetics.

b) Graphical method

When the Log of remaining concentration was plotted against time, a straight line was obtained for both acid and base hydrolysis. A straight line confirms a first-order reaction. Thus, acid and base follow a first-order reaction. The Kinetic curves for the hydrolytic degradation reaction are shown in fig. 11.

c) Half-life method

The half-life is calculated by the following formula,

t1/2=

Where, K= rate constant, t1/2=half-life

The half-life is found to be independent of initial concentration for both acid and base hydrolysis, shown in table 2. Thus, hydrolysis under acidic and basic conditions follows a first-order reaction.

HPTLC

The order of degradation reaction was established by different methods, like substitution, graphical, and half-life methods, for acid hydrolysis (1 N) by determining recovery at different time intervals i.e. 2,4,8,16,32 h shown in table 2 and fig. 12, respectively.

Fig. 11: Kinetic curves for the hydrolytic degradation reaction

Fig. 12: 3D Densitogram of the order of Acid hydrolysis (Track 1 blank, track 2-6 standard linearity, track 7 acid blank, track 8 at 0 min, track 9 at 2 h, track 10 at 4 h, track 11 at 8 h, track 12 at 16 h, track 13 at 32 h)

a) Substitution method

For the substitution method, the following formula was used to determine the rate constant K,

K = log

Where, K= rate constant, t= time in h, co= initial concentration, ct= concentration at time t

Since the value of K is fairly constant for acid hydrolysis shown in table 2. Thus, acid follows a first-order reaction.

b) Graphical method

When the Log of remaining concentration was plotted against time, a straight line was obtained for acid hydrolysis. A straight line confirms a first-order reaction. Thus, acid follows a first-order reaction. The Kinetic curve for the hydrolytic degradation reaction is shown in fig. 13.

c) Half-life method

The half-life is calculated by the following formula,

t1/2=

Where, K= rate constant, t1/2=half-life

The half-life is found to be independent to initial concentration for acid hydrolysis shown in table 2. Thus, acid follows a first-order reaction.

Fig. 13: Kinetic curve for the hydrolytic degradation reaction

Table 2: Results of kinetic study data

System Stress type Time h % remaining Rate constant, K Regression equation R2 Half-life (t1/2)
HPLC Acid 0 100 - y=-0.0624x+1.9845 0.9980 -
1 83.20 0.1830 3.78
2 73.21 0.1555 4.45
3 62.65 0.1558 4.44
4 53.55 0.1560 4.44
5 47.43 0.1491 4.64
Alkali 0 100 - y=-0.0591x+1.9867 0.9981 -
1 84.38 0.1697 4.08
2 71.55 0.1670 4.14
3 65.5 0.1408 4.92
4 55.78 0.1458 4.75
5 49.04 0.1425 4.86
HPTLC Acid 0 100 - y=-0.027x+2.0225 0.9913 -
2 89.79 0.052 13.32
4 78.12 0.061 11.36
8 65.82 0.052 13.32
16 43.59 0.051 13.58
32 13.64 0.062 11.17

Linearity and range

The linearity of the proposed method was evaluated according to the ICH guidelines. For HPLC Roxadustat showed linearity in the concentration range of 2.5–25 μg/ml. The linearity equation obtained was y=85569x+98059, where y is the peak area and x is a concentration of Roxadustat (μg/ml), and R2= 0.9994, respectively. The residual plot of Roxadustat is shown in fig. 14. And for HPTLC, Roxadustat showed linearity in the concentration range of 500-2500 ng/band. The linearity equation obtained was y=5.0726x+5054.9, where y is the peak area and x is the amount spotted (ng/band), and R2= 0.9957, respectively. The residual plot of Roxadustat is shown in fig. 15.

Fig. 14: Residual plot of HPLC

Fig. 15: Residual plot of HPTLC

The plot of residuals without any trend proves the linearity of the working range [20].

The plot of residuals without any trend proves the linearity of the working range.

Assay

HPLC and HPTLC

The assay was carried out using a spiked blend. Assay procedure repeated twice (n=2). For HPLC, the chromatogram was recorded and the % drug content was found to be 101.10±1.11 (% RSD) and for HPTLC the densitogram was recorded and the % drug content was found to be 100.41±0.57 (% RSD), respectively.

Accuracy

HPLC

The percent recovery for Roxadustat was found to be in the range as shown in table 3.

HPTLC

The percent recovery for Roxadustat was found to be in the range as shown in table 4 and the densitogram of accuracy studies is shown in fig. 16, respectively.

Precision

HPLC and HPTLC

Intraday and interday precision were performed. For HPLC % RSD was found to be 0.67% and 0.79% respectively. In HPTLC % RSD was found to be 1.35% and 1.44%, respectively.

Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ)

HPLC and HPTLC

LOD and LOQ were calculated by the formula method. For HPLC the LOD and LOQ were found to be in the range i.e. 0.13 μg/ml and 0.39 μg/ml, respectively. And for HPTLC the LOD and LOQ were found to be in the range i.e.70.64 ng/band and 211.13 ng/band respectively.

Table 3: Accuracy (% recovery) studies

S. No. Amount from a spiked blend (μg/ml) Amount of standard added (μg/ml) Total amount of the drug (μg/ml) Mean % recovery % RSD
1 10 8 18 100.20 0.79
2 10 10 20 101.83 0.20
3 10 12 22 99.50 0.40

Table 4: Accuracy (% recovery) studies

S. No. Amount from a spiked blend (ng/band) Amount of standard added (ng/band) Total amount of the drug (ng/band) Mean % recovery % RSD
1 1000 800 1800 101.8 1.09
2 1000 1000 2000 101.52 0.72
3 1000 1200 2200 101.64 0.97

Fig. 16: 3D Densitogram of accuracy (% recovery) (Track 1,15 methanol blank; track 2-6 standard linearity; track 7,8 assay 1000ng/band; track 9-10 standard addition @80%, track 11-12 std. addition @100%, track 13-14 std. addition @120% respectively)

Table 5: HPLC robustness studies

S. No. Parameter Conditions % RSD
1

Mobile phase ratio

Methanol: Phosphate buffer (70:30 v/v) (±2 ml)

 68:32 1.69
72:28 1.71
2 Flow rate (1 ml/min) (±0.05 ml/min) 0.95 1.52
1.05 1.82
3 Phosphate Buffer (pH 5) (±0.2) 4.8 1.41
5.2 1.63

Table 6: HPTLC robustness studies

S. No. Parameters Conditions %RSD
1

Mobile Phase ratio(±0.2 ml)

(Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Glacial acetic acid)

 (4.8:5.2:0.5v/v/v) 1.60
(5.2:4.8:0.5v/v/v) 1.68
2 Effect of time from spotting to development Immediately after spotting 1.70
After2h 1.52
3 Effect of time from development to scanning Immediately after development 0.82
After2h 0.79
4

Saturation time

(±5 min)

 10 min 1.75
20 min 1.40
5

Wavelength

(±2 nm)

 260 nm 0.87
264 nm 1.02

Robustness

For HPLC and HPTLC in robustness, one factor at a time was changed. It was observed that the %RSD for peak area was found less than 2 %, which confirmed that the methods developed were robust. The results of the robustness study are shown in tables 5 and 6, respectively.

Statistical analysis

By applying paired t-test, a comparison of stress degradation by using HPLC and HPTLC methods has been done. As calculated t value (0.66) was found to be less than the table t value (2.45) [21]. We can conclude that the null hypothesis is accepted and there is no statistically significant difference in stress degradation monitored by HPLC and HPTLC methods.

CONCLUSION

In the current work, simple, rapid RP-HPLC and HPTLC analytical methods for the determination of Roxadustat in the presence of its degradation products have been developed. Roxadustat was found to be sensitive to acid, alkali, and oxidative degradation conditions and relatively stable in neutral, thermal, UV, and fluro degradation conditions. The degradation product peaks were found in acid and alkali degradation. Kinetic studies show that acid hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis showed first-order kinetics. The developed methods were found to be precise, robust, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible for the stability study as per ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. The information presented herein could be very useful while developing formulation procedures to prevent hydrolytic degradation. It can be used as a routine quality control test.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are thankful to the principal and the management of the AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, India for providing the required facilities for research work.

FUNDING

Nil

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS

MCD designed the work. JAS contributed for the analysis and data collection parts of the work. MCD and JAS contributed to the interpretation of the results.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

Declared none

REFERENCES

  1. Provenzano R, Besarab A, Sun CH, Diamond SA, Durham JH, Cangiano JL. Oral hypoxia–inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat (FG-4592) for the treatment of anemia in patients with CKD. CJASN. 2016;11(6):982-91. doi: 10.2215/CJN.06890615.

  2. Chen N, Hao C, Peng X, Lin H, Yin A, Hao L. Roxadustat for anemia in patients with kidney disease not receiving dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 12;381(11):1001-10. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813599, PMID 31340089.

  3. Dhillon S. Roxadustat: first global approval. Drugs. 2019;79(5):563-72. doi: 10.1007/s40265-019-01077-1. PMID 30805897.

  4. Becker K, Saad M. A new approach to the management of anemia in CKD patients: a review on roxadustat. Adv Ther. 2017 Apr 13;34(4):848-53. doi: 10.1007/s12325-017-0508-9, PMID 28290095.

  5. Kovesdy CP. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int Suppl. 2022 Apr;12(1):7-11. doi: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.003. PMID 35529086.

  6. Thomas R, Kanso A, Sedor JR. Chronic kidney disease and its complications. Prim Care. 2008 Jun;35(2):329-44. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.008. PMID 18486718.

  7. Portoles J, Martin L, Broseta JJ, Cases A. Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathophysiology and Current Treatments, to Future Agents. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Mar 26;8:642296. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642296, PMID 33842503.

  8. Yan Z, Xu G. A novel choice to correct inflammation-induced anemia in CKD: oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020 Aug 6;7:393. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00393, PMID 32850902.

  9. Chen N, Hao C, Liu BC, Lin H, Wang C, Xing C. Roxadustat treatment for anemia in patients undergoing long-term dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 12;381(11):1011-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901713, PMID 31340116.

  10. Zheng X, Chen X, Liu T, Jiang J, Cui X, Zhao Q. LC-MS methods for quantification of Roxadustat (FG-4592) in human plasma and urine and the applications in two clinical pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B. 2022 Jul;1203:123274. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123274. PMID 35662878.

  11. Meloun M, Pilarova L, Javurek M, Pekarek T. Multiwavelength UV-metric and pH-metric determination of the dissociation constants of the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat. J Mol Liq. 2018 Oct;268:386-402. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.076.

  12. Mazzarino M, Perretti I, Stacchini C, Comunita F, de la Torre X, Botre F. UPLC–MS-based procedures to detect prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors of HIF in urine. J Anal Toxicol. 2021 Feb 13;45(2):184-94. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa055, PMID 32435795.

  13. ICH guidelines for stability testing of new drug substances and products. Vol. Q1A (R2). Switzerland: Geneva; 2004. p. 1-24.

  14. Katolkar P, Jaiswal S. Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of cyamemazine tartrate in formulation by RP-HPLC with stability indicating. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2022 Jun;15(9):28-32. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2022.v15i9.45154.

  15. Nethra K, Mohammed SZ, Kavitha J, Seetharaman R, Kokilambigai KS, Lakshmi KS. Development and validation of stability indicating HPTLC method for the simultaneous estimation of tinidazole and fluconazole and its applicability in marketed dosage form. Int J App Pharm. 2022 Jun;14(5):153-60. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2022v14i5.44460.

  16. ICH guidelines for validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology. Geneva, Switzerland. Vol. Q2(R1); 2005. p. 1-17.

  17. Kothawade SN, V Pande V. Development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for deferiprone estimation in the pharmaceutical dosage form. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2023;16(4)100-3. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2023.v16i4.47000.

  18. Jayashree AH, Kumar H. A novel RP-HPLC method development and validation for the quantification of a potential antidiabetic drug metformin hydrochloride in tablet dosage form. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2022 Jul;14(5):20-4. doi: 10.22159/ijcpr.2022v14i5.2017.

  19. Patrick JS, Yashoveer S. Martin’s physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 6th ed; 2011. p. 318-55.

  20. Ferenczi Fodor K, Renger B, Vegh Z. The frustrated reviewer-recurrent failures in manuscripts describing validation of quantitative TLC/HPTLC procedures for analysis of pharmaceuticals. Journal of Planar Chromatography–Modern TLC. 2010;23(3):173-9. doi: 10.1556/JPC.23.2010.3.1.

  21. Gupta SC. Fundamentals of statistics. Himalaya publishing house. 7th ed; 2019. p. 19.16-7.