QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY STUDIES IN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZOLLA MICROPHYLLA
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective: The study was intended to analyze phytochemicals quantitatively, evaluate in vitro antioxidant properties and to determine the bioactive
compounds in the crude extract of Azolla microphylla (AM) available at the local farms of Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu.
Methods: The quantitative phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant analyses were performed using standard procedures. The bioactive compounds
were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument.
Results: The quantitative phytochemical analysis of AM revealed the presence of considerable amounts of phenols (90.2±2.85 mg gallic acid
equivalents/g), tannins (82.2±5.25 mg tannic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (58.5±1.87 mg quercetin equivalents/g), saponins (12.1±3.78 mg/g),
and alkaloids (2.2±0.55 mg/g) in decreasing order of concentrations. The in vitro antioxidant analyses suggested that the whole plant extract of AM
has prominent antioxidant prospective against various free radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothialozine-6sulphonicacid,
nitric oxide,
superoxide,
and ferric
ions
while
ascorbic
acid being the
standard
antioxidant
used.
The GC-MS analysis
displayed
the
presence
of
21 bioactive
compounds, each
belonging to
various
categories
of
phytochemicals
such
as chalcones, terpenoids,
fatty
acids,
coumarins,
and
steroids.
Conclusion: The results indicate that AM present in the local farms of Coimbatore is an effective scavenger of free radicals and has the potential to be
used as a natural antioxidant which is attributed to the rich presence of secondary metabolites.
Keywords: Azolla microphylla, Chalcones, Coumarins, Saponins.
Downloads
References
REFERENCES
Riaz M, Rasool N, Bukhari IH, Shahid M, Zubair M, Rizwan K, et al.
In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and GC-MS analysis of
Mazus goodenifolius. Molecules 2012;17(12):14275-87.
Kayarohana S, Kavimani S. Quantitative phytochemical and GC-MS
analysis of leaf and bark extract of Dolichandrone atrovirens. Int Res J
Pharm 2015;6(3):219-22.
PatricRaja D, Johnson M, Irudayaraj V, Janakiraman N. Antimicrobial
efficacy of selected ferns of Western Ghats, South India. Int J Curr
Pharm Res 2012;4(2):58-60.
Abraham G. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts
of Azolla microphylla. Vegetos Int J Plant Res 2013;26:200-4.
Kumar A, Kumari J, Kumar H, Nath A, Singh JK, Ali M, et al.
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Azolla filiculoides on
profenofos induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss Albino mice. Caribb J Sci
Technol 2014;2:372-7.
Sreenath KB, Anandan R, Sowmya S, Gopalakrishnan VK, Poornima K.
Effect of aqueous extract of Azolla filiculoides in gastric mucosa of
ulcerated rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7(7):355-8.
Shaltout KH, El-Komi TM, Eid EM. Seasonal variation in the
phytomass, chemical composition and nutritional value of Azolla
filiculoides Lam. Along the water courses in the Nile Delta Egypt.
Feddes Repert 2012;123:37-49.
Elgorashi EE, van Staden J. Pharmacological screening of six
Amaryllidaceae species. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90(1):27-32.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern
Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3
ed. New York: Chapman and Hall;
p. 1-150.
Trease G, Evans SM. Pharmacognosy. 15
rd
ed. London: Bailer-Tindal;
p. 23-67.
th
Obadoni BO, Ochuko PO. Phytochemical studies and comparative
efficacy of the crude extracts of some homeostatic plants in Edo and
Delta states of Nigeria. Glob J Pure Appl Sci 2001;8(2):203-8.
Siddhuraju P, Becker K. Antioxidant properties of various solvent
extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic
origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. J Agric Food
Chem 2003;51:2144-55.
Park YS, Jung ST, Kang SG, Heo BK, Arancibia AP, Toledo F, et al.
Antioxidants and proteins in ethylene treated kiwi fruits. Food Chem
;107:640-8.
Swain T. Tannins and lignins. In: Rosenthal GA, Janzen DH, editors.
Herbivores: Their Interactions with Plant Metabolites. New York, USA:
Academic Press; 1979. p. 657.
D’Mello PM, Jadhav MA, Jolly CI. Free radical scavenging activity
of Syzygium cumuni and Ficus bengalensis plants used for Diabetes
mellitus. Indian Drugs 2000;37:518-20.
Siddhuraju P, Manian S. The antioxidant activity and free radical
scavenging capacity of dietary phenolic extracts from horse gram
(Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam.) seeds. Food Chem 2007;105:950-8.
Sreejayan N, Rao MN. Nitric oxide scavenging activity by curcuminoids.
J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49(1):105-7.
Fontana M, Mosca L, Rosei MA. Interaction of enkephalins with
oxyradicals. Biochem Pharmacol 2001;61(10):1253-7.
Pulido R, Bravo L, Saura-Calixto F. Antioxidant activity of dietary
polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant
power assay. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48(8):3396-402.
Mc Lafferly FW. Registry of Mass Spectral Data. 5
ed. New York:
John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 1989.
th
Stein SE. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mass
Spectral Database and Software. Version 3.02. Gaithersburg, USA:
NIST; 1990.
Vasu K, Goud JV, Suryam A, Singara Charya MA. Biomolecular and
phytochemical analyses of three aquatic angiosperms. Afr J Microbiol
Res 2009;3(8):418-21.
Mithraja MJ, Antonisamy JM, Mahesh M, Paul ZM, Jeeva S.
Phytochemical studies on Azolla pinnata R. Br., Marsilea minuta L.
and Salvinia molesta Mitch. Asia Pac J Trop Biomed 2011;1:S26-9.
Aliyu AB, Ibrahim MA, Musa AM, Bulus T, Oyewale AO. Phenolics
content and antioxidant capacity of extracts and fractions of Vernonia
blumeoides (Asteraceae). Int J Biol Chem 2011;5:352-9.
Geetha TS, Geetha N. Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis
of primary and secondary metabolites of Cymbopogon citratus (DC)
stapf. Leaves from Kodaikanal hills, Tamil Nadu. Int J PharmTech Res
;6:521-9.
Pereira AL, Carrapiço F. Histochemistry of simple hairs from the foliar
cavities of Azolla filiculoides. Plant Biosyst Int Dealing All Aspects of
Plant Biology 2007;141:323-8.
Gracelin DH, De Britto AJ, Kumar PB. Qualitative and quantitative
analysis of phytochemicals in five Pteris species. Int J Pharm Pharm
Sci 2013;5:105-7.
Subashri B, Pillai YJ. A comparative study of antioxidant activity of
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Issue 2, 2016, 318-323
Bhaskaran et al.
Baccopamonnieri (L.) Pennell using various solvent extracts and its
GC-MS analysis. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:494-8.
Nawaz AS, Syed J, Dileep N, Rakesh KN, Kekuda TR. Antioxidant
activity of Azolla pinnata and Azolla rubra - A comparative study. Sch
Acad J Biosci 2014;2:719-23.
Ali M, Mehdi AT, Nooshim M, Reza GS. Antioxidant, antimicrobial
and antimutogenic potential of 4 Iranian medicinal plants. Life Sci J
;10:1085-91.
Malinski T. Nitric oxide and nitroxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease.
J Alzheimers Dis 2007;11(2):207-18.
Alves CQ, David JM, David JP, Bahia MV, Agular RM. Methods for
determination of in vitro antioxidant activity for extracts and organic
compounds. QuÃm Nova 2010;33:2202-10.
Yen GC, Chen HY. Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in
relation to their antimutagenicity. J Agric Food Chem 1995;43:27-32.
Sakthivel KM, Guruvayoorappan C. Acacia ferruginea inhibits tumor
progression by regulating inflammatory mediators-(TNF-a, iNOS,
COX-2, IL-1ß, IL-6, IFN-?, IL-2, GM-CSF) and pro-angiogenic growth
factor- VEGF. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013;14:3909-19.
Nowakowska Z. A review of anti-infective and anti-inflammatory
chalcones. Eur J Med Chem 2007;42(2):125-37.
Manonmani R, Catharin Sara S. GC-MS analysis of bioactive
components of an important medicinal fern Actiniopteris radiata
(Swartz) link. World J Pharm Res 2015;4:1860-9.
Vijisaral Elezabeth D, Arumugam S. Analysis of bioactive constituents
from organic crude ethanol extracts from the local medicinal plant
of Cassytha filiformis L (Lauraceae) by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2014;28:220-3.
Heilmann J, Mayr S, Brun R, Rali T, Sticher O. Antiprotozoal activity
and cytotoxicity of novel 1,7-Dioxadispiro[5.1.5.2]pentadeca-9,12dien-11-one
derivatives
from Amomum
aculeatum.
Helv Chim Acta
;83:2939-45.
Venkataraman B, Samuel LA, Saradhi MP, Narashimharao B,
Krishna AN, Sudhakar M, et al. Antibacterial, antioxidant activity and
GC-MS analysis of Eupatorium odoratum. Asian J Pharm Clin Res
;5:99-106.
Duangmano S, Sae-Lim P, Suksamrarn A, Domann FE, Patmasiriwat P.
Cucurbitacin B inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation through
disruption of microtubule polymerization and nucleophosmin/B23
translocation. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012;12:185.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.