PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION AND TABLET FORMULATION PROPERTIES OF SHEA TREE GUM
Abstract
Â
 Objective: This study focused on evaluating the physicochemical and tablet formulation properties of shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) gum, using paracetamol as a model drug.
Methods: Crude shea gum was purified and the physicochemical properties, namely: Moisture content, insoluble matter, solubility, swelling capacity, viscosity, hydration capacity, flow properties, and metallic ion content evaluated. The binding properties of shea gum (5-20% w/v) were investigated, using acacia gum as a standard binder. The physical properties, in vitro dissolution and dissolution efficiency (DE) of the tablets, were determined. The dissolution data were statistically evaluated using the T-test and the similarity factor (f2).
Results: The physicochemical properties of the gum evaluated were found to be satisfactory and within official specifications. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of the gums showed that the crude gum had higher metallic ion content than the purified gum. The gum purification process caused a substantial reduction (17-74%) in the mineral ion content of shea gum. Granules prepared with shea gum exhibited good flow properties evidenced by their optimal Hausner ratio, angle of repose and Carr's index values. The granule flow properties, as well as the physical properties of shea gum tablets, were similar to that prepared with acacia gum. The DE of both shea gum and acacia gum tablets decreased with increase in binder concentration. Comparative studies on the tablets using DE, T-test and similarity factor (f2), showed that the binding effect of shea gum was comparable to that of acacia gum (p>0.05; f2 ≥50) at the same concentration.
Conclusion: Shea tree gum has potential as a binder in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Keywords: Vitellaria paradoxa, Viscosity, Wet granulation, Tablet binder, Dissolution efficiency, Similarity factor
Â
Downloads
References
Jani GK, Shah DP, Prajapati VD, Jain VC. Gums and muscilagesVersatile excipients for pharmaceutical formulations. Asian J Pharm Sci 2009;4(5):308-22.
Tekade BW, Chaudhari YA. Gums and mucilages: Excipients for modified drug delivery system. J Adv Pharm Educ Res 2013;3(4):359-67.
Reddy K, Mohan GK, Satla S, Gaikwad S. Natural polysaccharides: Versatile excipients for controlled drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm Sci 2011;6(6):275-86.
Kuntz LA. Special effects with gums. Food product design. Boardr J 1999;2.
Al-Assaf S, Phillips GO. Hydrocolloids: Structure-function relationships. A review on the factors influencing the functionality of acacia gum and other hydrocolloids of interest to the food industry. J Inst Food Sci Technol 2009;23(4):17-20.
Whistler RL. Introduction to industrial gums. In: BeMiller JN, Whistler RL, editors. Industrial Gums, Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives. 3rd ed. New York: Academic Press; 1993. p. 8-10.
Mantell CL. The Water Soluble Gums. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp.; 1947. p. 80-90.
Bhardwaj TR, Kanwar M, Lal R, Gupta A. Natural gums and modified natural gums as sustained-release carriers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000;26(10):1025-38.
Frimpong EB, Adomako D. Vegetative Propagation of Shea, Kola and Pentadesma. Annual Report 1987/88. Ghana: Cocoa Research Institute; 1989. p. 98-100.
FAO. Appendix 5, Forest Genetic Resource Priorities 10, Africa. Report of Sixth Session of the FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources, Held in Rome, Italy, December 8-11, 1988. Rome: FAO; 1985. p. 86-9.
Coull GC. Distribution and yields of Shea butter nut trees in the Northern territories. Gold Coast: Yearbook of Department of Agriculture; 1928. p. 130-7.
Jain A, Gupta Y, Jain SK. Perspectives of biodegradable natural polysaccharides for site-specific drug delivery to the colon. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2007;10(1):86-128.
Wallace-Bruce S, Appleton H. Shea butter extraction in Ghana. In: Appleton H, editor. Do it Herself: Women and Technical Innovation. London: Intermediate Technology Publications; 1995. p. 157-61.
Hall JB, Aebischer DP, Tomlinson HF, Osei-Amaning E, Hindle JR. Vitellaria paradoxa: A Monograph, No. 8. Bangor, UK: School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication, University of Wales; 1996. p. 105.
Diarrassouba N, Fofana IJ, Issali AE, Bup Nde D, Sangare A. Typology of shea trees (Vitellaria paradoxa) using qualitative morphological traits in Cote d’Ivoire. Gene Conserve 2009;8(33):752-80.
Ofori Kwakye K, Asantewaa Y, Kipo SL. Physicochemical and binding properties of cashew tree gum in metronidazole tablet formulations. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2010;2(4):105-9.
Onwukaeme DN, Ikuegbvweha TB, Asonye CC. Evaluation of phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activities and effect of exudate of Pycanthus angolensis Weld Warb (Myristicaceae) on the corneal ulcers in rabbits. Trop J Pharm Res 2007;6(2):725-30.
Evans WC. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy. 13th ed. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1989.
Mahmud HS, Oyi AR, Allagh TS. Studies on some physicochemical properties of khaya senegalensis gum. Nig J Pharm Sci 2008;7(1):146-52.
British Pharmacopoeia Commission. British Pharmacopoeia. London, UK: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 2009.
Mahmud HS, Oyi AR, Allagh TS, Gwarzo MS. Evaluation of the suspending property of Khaya snegalensis gum in co-trimoxazole suspensions. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol 2010;2(1):50-5.
Pendyala V, Baburao C, Chandrasekhar KB. Studies on some physicochemical properties of leucaena leucocephala bark gum. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2010;1(2):253-9.
Nep EI, Conway BR. Characterisation of grewia gum, a potential pharmaceutical excipient. J Excip Food Chem 2010;1(1):30-40.
United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary. Rockville: U.S.P Convention Inc.; 2008.
Ofori-Kwakye K, Amekyeh H, El-Duah M, Kipo SL. Mechanical and tablet coating properties of cashew tree (Anacardium ocidentale L) gum-based films. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2012;5 Suppl 4:62-8.
Dash S, Murthy PN, Nath L, Chowdhury P. Kinetic modeling on drug release from controlled drug delivery systems. Acta Pol Pharm 2010;67(3):217-23.
Dror Y, Cohen Y, Yerushalmi-Rozen R. Structure of gum arabic in aqueous solution. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 2006;4(22):3265-71.
Jena K, Das M, Das M, De A, Mitra D, Samanta A. Determination of efficacy of a natural tablet binder: Characterization and in-vitro release study. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2014;7(3):184-68.
Aulton ME. Pharmaceutics - The Science of Dosage Form Design. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995.
Wang Q, Cui SW. Understanding the physical properties of food polysaccharides. In: Cui SW, editor. Food Carbohydrates; Chemistry, Physical Properties and Applications. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group; 2005. p. 161-262.
Anderson NH, Bauer M, Boussac N, Khan-Malek R, Munden P, Sardaro M. An evaluation of fit factors and dissolution efficiency for the comparison of in vitro dissolution profiles. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998;17(4-5):811-22.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.