A REVIEW ON ANTIOXIDANT METHODS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13092Abstract
ABSTRACT
To provide an outlook of the various available methods of antioxidant activity. Various available in vitro and in vivo methods are listed and the
procedure to perform the method, its mechanism is also explained in brief. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method was found to be used mostly for the
in vitro antioxidant activity evaluation purpose while lipid peroxidation was found as mostly used in vivo antioxidant assay. An ethanol was with the
highest frequency as a solvent for extraction purpose. Summarized information on the various methods available provides with reliable information
to confirm the benefits of antioxidant effects.
Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Reactive oxygen species, Free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, Flavonoid.
Downloads
References
REFERENCES
Tiwari AK. Antioxidants: New generation therapeutic base for treatment
of polygenic disorders. Curr Sci 2004;86(8):1092-102.
Velavan S. Free radicals in health and diseases. Pharmacol Online
;1(1):1062-77.
Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: A general introduction.
Nutr Rev 1997;55:S44-9.
Gomberg M. An incidence of trivalent carbon trimethylphenyl. J Am
Chem Soc 1900;22:757-71.
Inoue M, Sato EF, Nishikawa M, Park AM, Kira Y, Imada I, et al.
Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species and its role in
aerobic life. Curr Med Chem 2003;10(23):2495-505.
Cadenas E, Davies KJ. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative
stress, and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29(3-4):222-30.
Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes CJ, Telser J. Role of oxygen
radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Mol Cell Biochem
;266(1-2):37-56.
Lopaczynski W, Zeisel SH. Antioxidants, programmed cell death, and
cancer. Nutr Res 20011;21:295-307.
Glade MJ. The role of reactive oxygen species in health and disease
northeast regional environmental public health center university of
Massachusetts. Amerst Nutrition 2003;19(4):401-3.
Poli G, Leonarduzzi G, Biasi F, Chiarpotto E. Oxidative stress and cell
signalling. Curr Med Chem 2004;11(9):1163-82.
Duracková Z. Some current insights into oxidative stress. Physiol Res
;59(4):459-69.
Halliwell B. Uric acid: An example of antioxidant evaluation. In:
Cadenas E, Packer L, editors. Handbook of Antioxidants. New York:
Marcel Dekker; 1996. p. 243-56.
Rahman K. Garlic and a ging: New insights into an old remedy. Ageing
Res Rev 2003;2(1):39-56.
Halliwell B, Murcia MA, Chirico S, Aruoma OI. Free radicals and
antioxidants in food and in vivo: What they do and how they work. Crit
Rev Food Sci Nutr 1995;35(1-2):7-20.
Simon HU, Haj-Yehia A, Levi-Schaffer F. Role of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) in apoptosis induction. Apoptosis 2000;5(5):415-8.
Pierart ZC, Rozowsky NJ. Papel de la nutricion en la prevencion del
cancer gastrointestinal. Rev Chil Nutr 2006;33(1):8-13.
Pamplona-Roger GD. Encyclopedia of Foods and Their Healing Power:
A Guide to Food Science and Diet Therapy. Madrid, Spain: Editorial
Safeliz; 2006. p. 447.
EspÃn JC, GarcÃa-Conesa MT, Tomás-Barberán FA. Nutraceuticals:
Facts and fiction. Phytochemistry 2007;68(22-24):2986-3008.
Shetti A, Keluskar V, Aggarwal A. Antioxidants enhancing oral and
general health. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2009;21(1):1-6.
Reynoso-Camacho R, Ramos-Gomez M, Loarca-Pina G. Bioactive
components in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Adv Agric Food
Biotechnol 2006;217-36.
Duarte-Martino HC, Bigonha SM, De Morais CL, De Oliveira BR,
Brunoro CN, Ramirez CL, et al. Nutritional and bioactive compounds of
bean: Benefits to human health. In: Tunick MH, González DE, MejÃa E.
editors. Hispanic Foods: Chemistry and Bioactive Compounds (ACS
Symposium). USA: American Chemical Society; 2012. p. 233-58.
Salinas-Moreno Y, Perez-Alonso JJ, Vazquez-Carrillo G, AragonCuevas
F,
Velazquez-CarDelas
GA.
Antocianinas
y
actividad
antioxidante
en
maÃces
(Zea
mays
L.) Agrociencia
;46(7):693-706.
Achakittirungrod S, Okonogi S, Poonpohn SC. Study on antioxidant
activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of antioxidant action
of guava leaf extract. Food Chem 2007;103(2):381-8.
Chaturvedi S, Sharma PK, Gark VK, Bansal M. Role of nutraceuticals
in health promotion. Int J PharmTech Res 2011;3(1):442-8.
Kaisoon O, Siriamornpun S, Weerapreeyakul N, Meeso N. Phenolic
compounds and antioxidant activities of edible flowers from Thailand.
J Funct Foods 2011;3(2):88-99.
Chew YL, Chan EW, Tan PL, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Goh JK. Assessment
of phytochemical content, polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and
antibacterial activities of leguminosae medicinal plants in Peninsular
Malaysia. BMC Complement Altern Med 2011;11:12.
Bangalore DV, McGlynn W, Scott DD. Effect of beta-cyclodextrin in
improving the correlation between lycopene concentration and ORAC
values. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53(6):1878-83.
Calliste CA, Trouillas P, Allais DP, Duroux JL. Castanea sativa mill.
leaves as new sources of natural antioxidant: An electronic spin
resonance study. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53(2):282-8.
Cerda B, Espin JC. Metabolism of antioxidants and chemopreventive
ellagitanins from strawberries, raspberries, walnuts, and oak-aged wine
in humans had been reported and identification of biomarkers and
individual variability. J Med Food Chem 2005;68(8):1293.
Tachakittirungrod S, Okonogi S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Study on
antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of
antioxidant action of guava leaf extract. Food Chem 2007;103(2):381-8.
Chaturvedi S, Sharma PK, Garg VK, Bansal M. Role of nutraceuticals
in health promotion. Int J PharmTech Res 2011;3(1):442-8.
Chew YL, Chan EW, Tan PL, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Goh JK. Assessment
of phytochemical content, polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and
antibacterial activities of Leguminosae medicinal plants in Peninsular
Malaysia. BMC Complement Altern Med 2011;11(1):1-10..
Tuberoso CI, Boban M, Bifulco E, Budimir D, Pirisi FM. Antioxidant
capacity and vasodilatory properties of mediterranean food: The case of
Cannonau wine, myrtle berries liqueur and strawberry-tree honey. Food
Chem 2013;140(4):686-91.
Kontou N, Psaltopoulou T, Panagiotakos D, Dimopoulos MA, Linos A.
The mediterranean diet in cancer prevention: A review. J Med Food
;14(10):1065-78.
Fernandez-Mar MI, Mateos R, Garcia-Parrilla MC, Puertas B, CantosVillar
E. Bioactive compounds
in wine: Resveratrol, hydroxytyrosol
and
melatonin: A
review.
Food Chem 2012;130:797-813.
Balasundram N, Sundaram K, Samman S. Phenolic compounds in
plants and agri industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence,
and potential uses. Food Chem 2006;99:191-203.
Moure A, Cruz JM, Franco D, Dominguez JM, Sineiro J, Dominguez H,
et al. Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chem
;72(2):145-71.
Pérez-Bonilla M, Salido S, van Beek TA, Linares-Palomino PJ,
Altarejos J, Nogueras M, et al. Isolation and identification of radical
scavengers in olive tree (Olea europaea) wood. J Chromatogr A
;1112(1-2):311-8.
Brian DC, Adrian LK, Ryszard A, Ronald BP. Phenol-based antioxidants
and the in vitro methods used for their assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci
Food Saf 2012;11:148-73.
Winkel-Shirley B. Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for
genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology. Plant Physiol
;126(2):485-93.
Chouhan HS, Singh SK. Antibacterial activity of seed and flower parts
of Crotalaria juncea Linn. Am Eurasian J Sci Res 2010;5(3):212-5.
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Janming W. The determination of flavonoids
contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide
radicals. Food Chem 1999;64:555-9.
Rohman A, Riyanto S, Yuniarti N, Saputra WR, Utami R, Mulatsih W.
Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavaonoid of extracts
and fractions of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam). Int Food Res J
;17:97-106.
Deepshikha G. Methods for determination of antioxidant capacity:
A review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2015;6(2):546-66.
Burda S, Oleszek W. Antioxidant and antiradical activities of flavonoids.
J Agric Food Chem 2001;49(6):2774-9.
Inoue K, Murayarna S, Seshimo F, Takeba K, Yoshimura Y,
Nakazawa H. Identification of phenolic compound in manuka honey
as specific superoxide anion radical scavenger using Electron Spin
Resonance (ESR) and liquid chromatography with coulometric array
detection. J Sci Food Agric 2005;85:872-8.
Fahey JW, Stephenson KK. Pinostrobin from honey and Thai ginger
(Boesenbergia pandurata): A potent flavonoid inducer of mammalian
phase 2 chemoprotective and antioxidant enzymes. J Agric Food Chem
;50(25):7472-6.
Bondet V, Brand-Williams W, Berset C. Kinetics and mechanisms of
antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical method. Food Sci
Technol 1997;30:609-15.
Parejo I, Codina C, Petrakis C, Kefalas P. Evaluation of scavenging
activity assessed by Co(II)/EDTA-induced luminol chemiluminescence
and DPPH* (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical assay.
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2000;44(3):507-12.
Ferreira IC, Aires E, Barreira JC, Estevinho LM. Antioxidant activity of
Portuguese honey samples: Different contributions of the entire honey
and phenolic extract. Food Chem 2009;114:1438-43.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Suppl. 2, 2016, 14-32
Dontha
Piljac-Zegarac J, Stipcevic T, Belscak A. Antioxidant properties and
phenolic content of different floral origin honeys. J Api Prod Api Med
Sci 2009;1:43-50.
Lee BC, Lee SY, Lee HJ, Sim GS, Kim JH, Kim JH, et al. Antioxidative
and
photo-protective
effects
of
coumarins isolated
from
Fraxinus
chinensis.
Arch
Pharm Res 2007;30(10):1293-301.
Jain PK, Agrawal RK. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging
properties of developed mono-and polyherbal formulations. Asian J
Exp Sci 2008;22(3):213-20.
Lavhale MS, Mishra SH. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity
of Butea monosperma Lam. Indian J Exp Biol 2007;45(4):376-84.
Pandey M, Sonker K, Kanoujia J, Koshy MK, Saraf SA. Sida
veronicaefolia as a source of natural antioxidant. Int J Pharm Sci Drug
Res 2009;1(3):180-2.
Cuendet M, Hostettmann K, Potterat O. Iridoid glucosides with free
radical scavenging properties from Fagraea blumei. Helvetica Chimi
Acta 1997;80(8):1144-52.
Korycka-Dahl M, Richardson M. Photogeneration of superoxide anion
in serum of bovine milk and in model systems containing riboflavin and
aminoacids. J Dairy Sci 1978;61:400-7.
Pervaiz S, Clement MV. Superoxide anion: Oncogenic reactive oxygen
species? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39(7-8):1297-304.
Valentão P, Fernandes E, Carvalho F, Andrade PB, Seabra RM,
de Lourdes Basto M. Studies on the antioxidant activity of Lippia
citriodora infusion: Scavenging effect on superoxide radical, hydroxyl
radical and hypochlorous acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2002;25(10):1324-7.
Furuno K, Akasako T, Sugihara N. The contribution of the pyrogallol
moiety to the superoxide radical scavenging activity of flavonoids. Biol
Pharm Bull 2002;25(1):19-23.
Ghiselli A, Nardini M, Baldi A, Scaccini C. Antioxidant activity of
different phenolic fractions separated from an Italian red wine. J Agric
Food Chem 1998;46(2):361-367.
Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan J, Deemer EK, Prior RL,
Huang D. Novel fluorometric assay for hydroxyl radical prevention
capacity using fluorescein as the probe. J Agric Food Chem
;50(10):2772-7.
Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Prior RL. Development and validation of
an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein
as the fluorescent probe. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49(10):4619-26.
Beretta G, Granata P, Ferrero M, Orioli M, Facino, RM.
Standardization of antioxidant properties of honey by a combination of
spectrophotometric/fluorimetric assays and chemometrics. Anal Chim
Acta 2005;533:185-91.
Soares JR, Dinis TC, Cunha AP, Almeida LM. Antioxidant activities of
some extracts of Thymus zygis. Free Radic Res 1997;26(5):469-78.
Benzie IF, Strain JJ. Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: Direct
measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified
version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and
ascorbic acid concentration. Methods Enzymol 1999;299:15-27.
Jerkovic I, Marijanovic Z. Oak (Quercus frainetto Ten.) honeydew
honey--approach to screening of volatile organic composition
and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assay). Molecules
;15(5):3744-56.
Alvarez-Suarez JM, Tulipani S, Romandini S, Vidaland A, Battino M.
Methodological aspects about determination of phenolic compounds
and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant capacity in the honey. Curr Anal
Chem 2009;5:293-302.
Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity
assays. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53(6):184-56.
Apak R, Güçlü K, Demirata B, Ozyürek M, Celik SE, Bektasoglu B,
et al. Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity
assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay.
Molecules 2007;12(7):1496-547.
Schlesier K, Harwat M, Böhm V, Bitsch R. Assessment of antioxidant
activity by using different in vitro methods. Free Radic Res
;36(2):177-87.
Awika JM, Rooney LW, Wu X, Prior RL, Cisneros-Zevallos L. Screening
methods to measure antioxidant activity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
and sorghum products. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(23):6657-62.
Badarinath AV, Rao KM, Chetty CM, Ramkanth S, Rajan TV,
Gnanaprakash K. A review on in-vitro antioxidant methods:
Comparisions, correlations and considerations. Int J PharmTech Res
;2(2):1276-85.
Resat A, Kubilay G, Mustafa O, Esin CS. Mechanism of antioxidant
capacity assays and the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant
capacity) assay. Original Paper, Microchim Acta 2008;160:413-9.
Apak R, Güçlü K, Ozyürek M, Bektas Oglu B, Bener M. Cupric ion
reducing antioxidant capacity assay for food antioxidants: Vitamins,
polyphenolics, and flavonoids in food extracts. Methods Mol Biol
;477:163-93.
Apak R, Güçlü K, Ozyürek M, Karademir SE, Altun M. Total
antioxidant capacity assay of human serum using copper(II)neocuproine
as
chromogenic oxidant:
The
CUPRAC
method. Free
Radic
Res 2005;39(9):949-61.
Joana PN, Luis MM, Salette R, Jose LF, Marcela AS. High-throughput
total cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity of biological samples
determined using flow injection analysis and microplate-based
methods. Anal Sci 2011;27(5):483-8.
Apak R, Guçlu K, Birsen D, Mustafa O, Saliha EC, Burcu B.
Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays
applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay: Review.
Molecules 2007;12(7):1496-547.
Apak R, Güçlü K, Ozyürek M, Esin Karademir S, Erçag E. The cupric
ion reducing antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of some
herbal teas. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2006;57(5-6):292-304.
Lee G, Rossi MR, Coichev N, Moya HD. The reduction of Cu(II)/
neocuproine complexes by some polyphenols: Total polyphenols
determination in wine samples. Food Chem 2011;26:679-86.
Folin O, Ciocalteu V. On tyrosine and tryptophane determinations in
proteins. J Biol Chem 1927;73:627-50.
Singleton VL, Rudolf O, Lamuela-Raventos RM. Analysis of total
phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of
folin-ciocalteu reagent. Method Enzymol 1999;299:152-78.
Berker KI, Ozdemir Olgun FA, Ozyurt D, Demirata B, Apak R.
Modified Folin-Ciocalteu antioxidant capacity assay for measuring
lipophilic antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem 2013;61(20):4783-91.
Kumar CS, Loh WS, Ooi CW, Quah CK, Fun HK. Structural correlation
of some heterocyclic chalcone analogues and evaluation of their
antioxidant potential. Molecules 2013;18(10):11996-2011.
Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions-antioxidative
activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine.
Jpn J Nutr 1986;44:307-15.
Verde V, Fogliano V, Ritieni A, Maiani G, Morisco F, Caporaso N. Use
of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine to evaluate the oxidative status
of human plasma. Free Radic Res 2002;36(8):869-73.
Asghar MN, Khan IU, Arshad MN, Sherin L. Evaluation of antioxidant
activity using an improved DMPD radical cation decolourization assay.
Acta Chim Slov 2007;54(2):295.
Nathan CF, Hibbs JB. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage
antimicrobial activity. Curr Opin Immunol 1991;3(1):65-70.
Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in
health and disease. Physiol Rev 2007;87(1):315-424.
Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM. Antioxidant activities
of methanol extract of Sambucus ebulus L. flower. Pak J Biol Sci
;12:447-50.
Sreejayan N, Rao MN. Nitric oxide scavenging activity by curcuminoids.
J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;49(1):105-7.
Marcocci L, Maguire JJ, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L. The nitric oxide
scavenging property of Ginkgo biloba extract EGB 761. Biochim
Biophys Res Commun 1994;201(2):748-55.
Yagi K. Simple assay for the level of total lipid peroxides in serum or
plasma. Methods Mol Biol 1998;108:101-6.
Janero DR. Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as
diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury.
Free Radic Biol Med 1990;9(6):515-40.
Koracevic D, Koracevic G, Djordjevic V, Andrejevic S, Cosic V.
Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids.
J Clin Pathol 2001;54(5):356-61.
Benzie IF. Lipid peroxidation: A review of causes, consequences,
measurement and dietary influences. Int J Food Sci Nutr
;47(3):233-61.
Cao G, Alessio HM, Cutler RG. Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity
assay for antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 1993;14(3):303-11.
Rasmussen CN, Wang XH, Leung S, Andrae-Nightingale LM,
Schmidt SJ, Engeseth NJ. Selection and use of honey as an antioxidant in
a french salad dressing system. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56(18):8650-7.
Gheldof N, Wang XH, Engeseth NJ. Identification and quantification of
antioxidant components of honeys from various floral sources. J Agric
Food Chem 2002;50(21):5870-7.
SAS Institute Inc. SAS Procedures Guide, Version 8. Cary, NC: SAS
Institute Inc.; 1999.
Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ. Antioxidants-the case for fruit and
vegetables in the diet. Br Food J 1995;97:35-40.
Salah N, Miller NJ, Paganga G, Tijburg L, Bolwell GP, Rice-
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Suppl. 2, 2016, 14-32
Dontha
Evans C. Polyphenolic flavanols as scavengers of aqueous phase
radicals and as chain-breaking antioxidants. Arch Biochem Biophys
;322(2):339-46.
Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Bolwell GP, Bramley PM, Pridham JB. The
relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids.
Free Radic Res 1995;22(4):375-83.
Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G. Structure-antioxidant activity
relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic Biol Med
;20(7):933-56.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C.
Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation
decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26(9-10):1231-7.
Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Milner A.
A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application
to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin Sci
(Lond) 1993;84(4):407-12.
Rice-Evans C, Miller NJ. Total antioxidant status in plasma and body
fluids. Methods Enzymol 1994;234:279-93.
Piljac-Zegarac J, Stipcevic T, Belscak A. Antioxidant properties and
phenolic content of different floral origin honeys. J ApiProd ApiMed
Sci 2009;1:43-50.
Rajeshwar Y, Senthil Kumar GP, Malay AG, Mazumder UK. Studies
on in vitro antioxidant ativities of methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens
(Fabaceae) seeds. Eur Bull Drug Res 2005;13:131-8.
Gupta R, Sharma M, Lakshmy R, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS.
Improved method of total antioxidant assay. Indian J Biochem Biophys
;46(1):126-9.
Bors W, Michel C, Saran M. Inhibition of the bleaching of the
carotenoid crocin: A rapid test for quantifying antioxidant activity.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1984;796:312-9.
Alamdari DH, Ordoudi SA, Nenadis N, Tsimidou MZ, Koliakos G,
Parizadeh SM, et al. Comparison of prooxidant-antioxidant balance
method with crocin method for determination of total prooxidantantioxidant
capacity.
Iran J Basic Med Sci 2006;9(3, 31):158-66.
Manzocco L, Calligaris S, Nicoli MC. Assessment of pro-oxidant
activity of foods by kinetic analysis of crocin bleaching. J Agric Food
Chem 2002;50(10):2767-71
Bors W, Michel C, Saran M. Determination of rate constants for
antioxidant activity and use of the crocin assay. Biochem Clin Appl
;53-63.
Notas G, Miliaraki N, Kampa M, Dimoulios F, Matrella E, Hatzidakis A,
et al. Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis have increased serum total
antioxidant capacity measured with the crocin bleaching assay. World J
Gastroenterol 2005;11(27):4194-8.
Tubaro F, Micossi E, Ursini F. The antioxidant capacity of complex
mixtures by kinetic analysis of crocin bleaching inhibition. J Am Oil
Chem Soc 1996;73:173-9.
Pisoschi AM, Negulescu GP. Methods for total antioxidant activity
determination: A review. Biochem Anal Biochem 2011;1:1-10.
Kunchandy E, Rao MN. Oxygen radical scavenging activity of
curcumin. Int J Pharm 1990;58:237-40.
Esterbauer H, Cheeseman KH. Determination of aldehydic lipid
peroxidation products: Malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal.
Methods Enzymol 1990;186:407-21.
Okawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues
by thiobarbutiric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1999;95(2):351-8.
Zhang XY. Principles of Chemical Analysis. Beijing: Chine Science
Press; 2000.
Winston GW, Regoli F, Dugas AJ Jr, Fong JH, Blanchard KA. A rapid
gas chromatographic assay for determining oxyradical scavenging
capacity of antioxidants and biological fluids. Free Radic Biol Med
;24(3):480-93.
Regoli F, Winston GW. Quantification of total oxidant scavenging
capacity of antioxidants for peroxynitrite, peroxyl radicals, and
hydroxyl radicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999;156(2):96-105.
Lichtenthäler R, Marx F. Total oxidant scavenging capacities of
common European fruit and vegetable juices. J Agric Food Chem
;53(1):103-10.
Popov I, Lewin G. Antioxidative homeostasis: Characterization
by means of chemiluminescent technique. Methods Enzymol
;300:437-56.
Jimenez AM, Navas MJ. Chemiluminescence methods (present and
future). Grasas Aceites 2002;53:64-75.
Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK. Antioxidant activity of
grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation modls in vitro. Food
Chem 2001;73:288-90.
Miller HE. A simplified method for the evaluation of anti-oxidants. J
Am Oil Chem Soc 1971;18:439-52.
Lee HS, Coates GA. Measurement of total vitamin C activity in citrus
products by HPLC. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 1999;22:2367-87.
Gonzalez E, Vaillant F, Rojas G, Pérez A. Novel semiautomated
method for assessing in vitro cellular antioxidant activity using the
light scattering properties of human erythrocytes. J Agric Food Chem
;58(3):1455-61.
Gonzalez E, Vaillant F, Pérez AM, Rojas G. In vitro cell-mediated
antioxidant protection of human erythrocytes by some common tropical
fruits. J Nutr Food Sci 2012;2(139):1-8.
Harbour JR, Chow V, Bolton JR. An electron spin resonance study of
the spin adducts of OH and HO
radicals with nitrones in the ultraviolet
photolysis of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions. Can J Chem
;52:3549-53.
Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantification of
antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum
complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal
Biochem 1999;269(2):337-41.
Sudha G, Priya MS, Shree RI, Vadivukkarasi S. In vitro free radical
scavenging activity of raw pepino fruit (Solanum muricatum Aiton). Int
J Curr Pharm Res 2011;3(2):137-40.
Shi X, Dalal NS, Jain AC. Antioxidant behaviour of caffeine: Efficient
scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. Food Chem Toxicol 1991;29(1):1-6.
Weil JA, Bolton JR, Wertz JE. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance:
Elementary Theory and Practical Applications. New York: John Wiley
& Sons; 1994.
Duling DR. Simulation of multiple isotropic spin-trap EPR spectra.
J Magn Reson B 1994;104(2):105-10.
Mombourquette MJ, Weil JA. Fortran Program EPR NMR. Version
4. Saskatoon: Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan;
Noro T, Oda Y, Miyase T, Ueno A, Fukushima S. Inhibitors of xanthine
oxidase from the flowers and buds of Daphne genkwa. Chem Pharm
Bull (Tokyo) 1983;31(11):3984-7.
Soler-Rivas C, Espin JC, Wichers HJ. An easy and fast test to compare
total free radical scavenger capacity of foodstuffs. Phytochem Anal
;11(5):330-8.
Dinis TC, Maderia VM, Almeida LM. Action of phenolic derivatives
(acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of
membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Arch
Biochem Biophys 1994;315(1):161-9.
Jagtap UB, Panaskar SN, Bapat VA. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity
and phenol content in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) fruit
pulp. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2010;65(2):99-104.
Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as
a measure of antioxidant powerâ€: The FRAP assay. Anal Biochem
;239(1):70-6.
Sapakal VD, Shikalgar TS, Ghadge RV, Adnaik RS, Naikwade NS,
Magdum CS. In vivo screening of antioxidant profile: A review. J Herb
Med Toxicol 2008;2(2):1-8.
Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys
;82(1):70-7.
Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative
characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med
;70(1):158-69.
Yang GQ, Chen JS, Wen ZM, Ge KY, Zhu LZ, Chen XC, et al. The role
of selenium in keshan disease. Adv Nutr Res 1984;6:203-31.
Wood JL. In: Fishman WH. editor. Metabolic Conjugation and
Metabolic Hydrolysis. Vol. II. New York: Academic Press; 1970.
p. 61-299.
Jocelyn PC. Biochemistry of the SH Group. London: Academic Press;
p. 10.
McCord JM, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function
for erythrocuprin (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 1969;244(22):6049-55.
Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 1984;105:121-6.
Singhal PK, Kapur N, Dhillon KS, Beamish RE, Dhalla NS. Role of free
radicals in catecholamine cardiomyopathy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol
;60(11):1390-7.
Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified spectrophotometric assay
of superoxide dismutase. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1984;21(2):131-2.
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues
by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95(2):351-8.
Buege JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol
;52:302-10.
el-Saadani M, Esterbauer H, el-Sayed M, Goher M, Nassar AY,
Jürgens G. A spectrophotometric assay for lipid peroxides in serum
lipoproteins using a commercially available reagent. J Lipid Res
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 9, Suppl. 2, 2016, 14-32
Dontha
;30(4):627-30.
Liu RH, Finley J. Potential cell culture models for antioxidant research.
J Agric Food Chem 2005;53(10):4311-4.
Wolfe KL, Liu RH. Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay for
assessing antioxidants, foods, and dietary supplements. J Agric Food
Chem 2007;55(22):8896-907.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.