ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS GARLIC EXTRACT ON BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCING ACINETOBACTER ISOLATES FROM SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.13960Abstract
Objective: The present study evaluates the antibacterial effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) on beta-lactamase producing Acinetobacter strains isolated from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs).
Methods: A total of 41 non-duplicate strains of Acinetobacter isolated from SSTIs specimens were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility pattern by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Ceftazidime-resistant Acinetobacter strains were screened for beta-lactamase production by Phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT) and E-test. Antibacterial activity of AGE was examined by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AGE and Cefotaxime was determined by the agar dilution technique. The combined activity of AGE and Cefotaxime was evaluated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index by the checkerboard method.
Results: 21 Acinetobacter strains were confirmed to be beta-lactamase producers, out of which 6 were Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producers, 3 were Ambler Class C (AmpC) and 12 were multiple beta-lactamase producers. AGE exhibited significant antibacterial activity as the observed zones of inhibition ranged from 18 - 31 mm against the test strains. The MIC of AGE was in the range of 0.5% - 2% (2.5 mg/ml – 10 mg/ml) with a mean of 0.86% (4.28 mg/ml). 11 test strains showed synergism, 5 strains exhibited additive and indifferent effect, each. By HPLC analysis the concentration of allicin was found to be 0.20, expressed as percentage w/w.
Conclusion: It can be stated that aqueous garlic extract might have therapeutic value against beta-lactamase producing Acinetobacter isolates from SSTIs.
Downloads
References
Bergogne-Berezin E, Towner KJ. Acinetobacter species as nosocomial pathogens: microbiological, clinical and epidemiological features. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996;9:148-65.
Maragakis L, Perl T. Antimicrobial Resistance: Acinetobacter baumannii: Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Treatment Options. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46(8):1254-63.
Kwon N, Kim J, Pai H. The resistance mechanisms of beta-lactam antimicrobials in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Korean J Intern Med 2002;17(2):94-9.
Fernandez-Cuenca F, Martinez-Martinez L, Conejo MC, Ayala JA, Perea EJ, Pascual A Relationship between β-lactamase production, outer membrane protein and penicillin-binding protein profiles on the activity of carbapenems against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:565-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg097
Thomson K. Extended-Spectrum- beta-Lactamase, AmpC, and Carbapenemase Issues. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48(4):1019-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00219-10
Sasirekha B, Shivakumar S. Occurrence of Plasmid-Mediated AmpC β-Lactamases Among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangalore. Indian J Microbiol 2011;52(2):174-9.
Walsh T. The emergence and implications of metallo-β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11:2-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01264.x
Singla P. Co-production of ESBL and AmpC β-Lactamases in Clinical Isolates of A. baumannii and A. lwoffii in a Tertiary Care Hospital from Northern India. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8(4):16-9.
Miyasaki Y, Nichols WS, Morgan MA, Kwan JA, Van Benschoten MM, Kittell PE, et al. screening of herbal extracts against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Phytother Res 2010;24(8):1202-6.
Nasim SA, Dhir B. Heavy metals alter the potency of medicinal plants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2010;203:139-49.
Chowdhury A, Ahsan M, Islam S, Ahmed Z. Efficacy of aqueous extract of garlic and allicin in experimental shigellosis in rabbits. Ind J Med Res 1991;93:33-6.
Cavallito C, Bailey J. Allicin, the Antibacterial Principle of Allium sativum. I. Isolation, Physical Properties and Antibacterial Action. J Am Chem Soc 1944;66(11):1950-1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01239a048
Borlinghaus J, Albrecht F, Gruhlke M, Nwachukwu I, Slusarenko A. Allicin: Chemistry and Biological Properties. Molecules 2014;19(8):12591-618.
Ankri S, Mirelman D. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect 1999;1(2):125-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(99)80003-3
Colle JG, Miles RS, Watt B. Test for the identification of bacteria. In: Collee JG, Faser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A, editors. Mackie and McCartney. Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. p. 131-45.
Clinical and laboratory standards institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests: approved standard-11th ed. CLSI document M02-A11. CLSI, Wayne PA; 2012.
Shah P, Williamson M. Antibacterial and synergistic activity of Calendula officinalis methanolic petal extract on Klebsiella pneumoniae Co-producing ESBL and AmpC Beta-Lactamase. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2015;4(4):107-17.
Shah P, Williamson M. Antibacterial activity of Honey against ESBL producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae from Burn wound infections. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2015;7(2):32-6.
Shah P, Williamson M, Rathod S. Antibacterial effect of methanolic neem leaf extract on ESBL, AmpC and MBL Producers from Skin and Soft tissue infections. Int J Pharm Res Bio-Sci 2016;5(3):117-28.
Eja M, Asikong B, Abriba C, Arikpo G, Anwan E. Enyi-Idoh K. A Comparative Assessment of the Antimicrobial Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Antibiotics on Diarrhoeagenic organisms. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007;38:343-8.
Nakamura A. Combined effects of meropenem and aminoglycosides on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46(6):901-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/46.6.901
Parandekar P, Peerapur, P. Non-Fermenters in Human Infections with Special Reference to Acinetobacter Species in a Tertiary Care Hospital from North Karnataka, India. J Krishna Inst Med Sci Univ 2012;1(1):84-8.
Mugnier P, Poirel L, Pitout M, Nordmann P. Carbapenem-resistant and OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in the United Arab Emirates Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;14(9):879-82.
Shanthi M, Sekar U. Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections among hospitalized patients: risk factors and outcomes. J Assoc Physicians India 2009;57:638-40.
Banerjee M, Chaudhary B, Shukla S. Prevalence of ESBL and MBL in Acinetobacter Species Isolated from Clinical Samples in Tertiary Care Hospital. Int J Sci Res 2016;4(6):1183-6.
Pai H, Kang C, Byeon J, Lee K, Park W, Kim H, Kim E, Choe, K. Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Bloodstream Infections caused by AmpC Type β –Lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(10):3720-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.10.3720-3728.2004
Shinde S, Nataraj G, Mehta P. Multiple Beta lactamase resistance mechanism in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bombay hospital Journal 2013;55(1):32-9.
Shayan S, Bokaeian M, Shahraki S, Saeidi, S. Prevalence of AmpC and ESBL producing E. coli and antibacterial effect of Allium sativum on clinical isolates collected from Zahedan Hospitals. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2014;16(4):6-10.
Modi K, Bhat A, Joshi P. Plasmid profiling of multidrug resistant isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas and antimicrobial potential of Allium sativum L. (garlic) against these isolates. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2015;2:163-71.
Badar VA, Navale SB. Study of Prescribing pattern of Antimicrobial agents in medicine intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in central India. J Assoc Physicians India 2012;60:20-3.
Cai Y, Wang R, Pei F, Liang B. Antibacterial activity of Allicin alone and in combination with beta-lactams against Staphylococcus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antibiot 2007;60(5):335-8.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
