FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SEVERITY OF PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20043Keywords:
Factors, Severity of pain, Peripheral diabetic neuropathyAbstract
Â
 Objective: The principal aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the severity of peripheral diabetic neuropathy pain (PDNP), a symptom of the common neurological complication of diabetes mellitus, and peripheral diabetic neuropathy.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using two self-administered questionnaires among subjects recruited from outpatient clinics at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia. The Neuropathic Pain-4 tool was used to evaluate the presence of PDNP, and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was used to characterize and determine the severity of PDNP. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from the patients.
Results: The MPQ indicated that most patients reported experiencing mild pain for all sensory pain descriptors other than throbbing and aching (mostly reported to be moderate) and hot-burning (mostly reported to be no pain). The severity of pain was found to be significantly related to the length of time for which the patients had suffered from diabetes in those patients who had been diagnosed over 10 years previously (p=0.04). Indian patients reported a higher severity of pain overall (p=0.04). No significant relationship was found between pain severity and any of the following factors: Type of diabetes (I or II), gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption, obesity, medication taken, or presence of other diseases.
Conclusion: In this study, most patients with PDNP reported the severity of the pain to be mild.†The pain severity may be influenced by a patient's ethnicity and the length of time for which they have suffered from diabetes.
Downloads
References
Kalsi A, Singh S, Taneja N, Kukal S, Mani S. Current treatment for Type 2 diabetes, their side effects and possible complementary treatments. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7(3):13-8.
Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: Update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010;33(10):2285-93.
Tesfaye S, Selvarajah D. Advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28 Suppl 1:8-14.
Van Acker K, Bouhassira D, De Bacquer D, Weiss S, Matthys K, Raemen H, et al. Prevalence and impact on quality of life of peripheral neuropathy with or without neuropathic pain in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients attending hospital outpatients clinics. Diabetes Metab 2009;35(3):206-13.
Hussain M, Naqvi SB, Khan MA, Rizvi M, Alam S, Abbas A, et al. Direct cost of treatment of diabetes mellitus Type 2 in Pakistan. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6(11):261-4.
Davies M, Brophy S, Williams R, Taylor A. The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29(7):1518-22.
Gore M, Brandenburg NA, Dukes E, Hoffman DL, Tai KS, Stacey B. Pain severity in diabetic peripheral neuropathy is associated with patient functioning, symptom levels of anxiety and depression, and sleep. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005;30(4):374-85.
Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dickenson AH. Mechanisms and management of diabetic painful distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2013;36(9):2456-65.
AL-Mahmood SM, Abdullah ST, Ahmad NN, Mohamed AH, Razak TA. Analgesic synergism of gabapentin and carbamazepine in rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain. Trop J Pharm Res 2016;15(6):1191-5.
Jacovides A, Bogoshi M, Distiller LA, Mahgoub EY, Omar MK, Tarek IA, et al. An epidemiological study to assess the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain among adults with diabetes attending private and institutional outpatient clinics in South Africa. J Int Med Res 2014;42(4):1018-28.
Spallone V, Morganti R, D’Amato C, Greco C, Cacciotti L, Marfia GA. Validation of DN4 as a screening tool for neuropathic pain in painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 2012;29(5):578-85.
Melzack R. The short-form mcgill pain questionnaire. Pain 1987;30(2):191-7.
Droz J, Howard FM. Use of the short-form mcgill pain questionnaire as a diagnostic tool in women with chronic pelvic pain. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011;18(2):211-7.
Strand LI, Ljunggren AE, Bogen B, Ask T, Johnsen TB. The short-form mcgill pain questionnaire as an outcome measure: Test-retest reliability and responsiveness to change. Eur J Pain 2008;12(7):917-25.
Suresh K, Chandrashekara S. Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies. J Hum Reprod Sci 2012;5(1):7-13.
Fatimah A, Amaramalar S, Aznida F, Norlaila M. Risk determinants of peripheral neuropathy in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus attending follow-up clinics at University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC): A cross sectional study. Med Health 2010;5(1):34-40.
Mimi O, Teng CL, Chia YC. The prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in an outpatient setting. Med J Malaysia 2003;58(4):533-8.
Bansal D, Gudala K, Muthyala H, Esam HP, Nayakallu R, Bhansali A. Prevalence and risk factors of development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care setting. J Diabetes Investig 2014;5(6):714-21.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
