TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA OF TESTIS GERMINAL CELL IN GUINEA PIG (CAVIA PORCELLUS) AFTER EXPOSURE TO METHANOL EXTRACT OF THE SEEDS OF BITTER MELON (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA) AND DEPOT MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.27920Keywords:
Testis histology, MDA, Bitter melon, Guinea pigAbstract
Objective: The discovery of male contraceptive drugs continues to be pursued, due to the very small participation of men associated with the lack of contraceptiveÃptions for men. The combination of methanol extract of bitter melon seed and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) becomes the choice that currently being pursued to be applied to men.
Methods: The use of guinea pigs as experimental animals conducted research using experimental methods with complete randomized design. The study was divided into four control groups i.e K0; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 0 week (4 h),K1; Control group of DMSO for 4 weeks, K2; Control group of DMSO for 8 weeks, K3; Control group of DMSO for 12 weeks, and four treatment groups, i.e: group P0; bitter melon seed extract of 50 mg/100g body weight/day for 0 week (4 h), group P1; Bitter melon seed extract of 50 mg/100g BW/day for 4 weeks+DMPA, group P2; Bitter melon seed extract of 50 mg/100g BW/day for 8 weeks+DMPA, P3 group; Bitter melon seed extract of 50 mg/100g BW/day for 12 weeks+DMPA.
Results: There was a significant effect (p<0.05) methanol extract of bitter melon seed to increase the transforming growth factor expression -β expression.
Conclusion: The methanol extract of bitter melon seed was able to be candidate for herbal contraception.
Downloads
References
Ilyas S, Salomo H, Nursal A. Quantity and quality of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) spermatozoa after administration of methanol extract of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) seed and depot medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA) Quantity and quality of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). IOP Conf. Series: Earth Environ Sci 2018;130:1-7.
DHS (Bangladesh). Bangladesh and Family Planning: An overview. Bangladesh: DHS; 2011. p. 1-8.
Ahmad N, Peng TN, Kamarul P, Kamarul F. Unfpa-icomp regional consultation. Fam Plan 2010; 2010:1-30.
Mansor M, Oo SS, Abdullah KL. Prevalence of family planning practices among women influenced by husband ’ s socio demography and decision making. J Sains Kesihat Malay 2015;3:19-25.
Costantino A, Gava G, Berra M, Meriggiola Maria C. Advances in male hormonal contraception. Indian J Med Res 2014;140 Suppl: S58 62.
Kanakis GA, Goulis DG. Male contraception: A clinically-oriented review. Hormones (Athens) 2015;14:598-614.
MacQuarrie KL, Edmeades J, Steinhaus M, Head SK. Men and Contraception: Trends in Attitudes and Use. DHS Analytical Studies; 2015.
Rashmi T, Jhuma S, Bhattacharya S. Bitter melon: A bitter body with a sweet soul. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2011;2:443-7.
Uddin I, NS H. Bio-active compounds of bitter melon genotypes (Momordica charantia L.) in relation to their physiological functions. Funct Foods Heal Dis 2011;1:61-74.
Bakare R, Magbagbeola O, Akinwande AI, Okunowo O. Nutritional and chemical evaluation of Momordica charantia. J Med Plants Res 2010;4:2189-93.
Daniel P, Supe U, Roymon MG. A review on phytochemical analysis of Momordica charantia. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Chem 2014;3:214-20.
Bakare RL, Magbagbeola OA, Akinwande AI, Okunowo OW, Green M. Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous leaf extract of Momordica charantia in rats. J Pharm Phyther 2011;3:1-7.
Mishra AK, Gautam A, Pal S, Mishra S, Rawat A, Maurya AK, et al. Innovare academic sciences effect of Momordica charantia fruits on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Diabetic 2015;7:4-11.
Tumkiratiwong P, Ploypattarapinyo R, Pongchairerk U, Thong-Asa W. Reproductive toxicity of Momordica charantia ethanol seed extracts in male rats. Iran J Reprod Med 2014;12:695-704.
Tcheghebe OT, Timoléon M, Seukep AJ, Tatong FN. Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles, and cultural value of Momordica chlarantia Linn : An overview. Glob J Med Plant Res 2016;4:23-39.
Adewale OO, Oduyemi OI, Ayokunle O. Oral administration of leaf extracts of Momordica charantia affect reproductive hormones of adult female wistar rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014;4:S521-4.
Agarwal M, Kamal R. In vitro clonal propagation and phytochemical analysis of Momordica charantia. Linn. J Pharm Phytochem 2013;8192:2668735-5.
Alsultanee IR, Ewadh MJ, Mohammed MF. Novel natural anti gout medication extract from Momordica charantia. J Nat Sci Res 2014;4:16-24.
Ilyas S. Effect of methanolic Momordica charantia seed extract and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) to quantity and quality of rat sperm. Int J PharmTech Res 2014;6:1817-23.
Ilyas S, Lestari SW, Moeloek N, Asmarinah, Siregar NC. Induction of rat germ cell apoptosis by testosterone undecanoate and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and correlation of apoptotic cells with sperm concentration. Acta Med Indones 2013;45:32-7.
Arianto A, Bangun H, Harahap U, Ilyas S. Eefect of alginate chitosan ratio on the swelling, mucoadhesive, and release of ranitidine from spherical matrices of alginate-chitosan. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2015;8:653-65.
Krishnaveni M, Mirunalini S. Amla-the role of ayurvedic therapeutic herb in cancer. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2011;4:13-7.
Haque ME, Alam MB, Hossain MS. The efficacy of cucurbitane type triterpenoids, glycosides and phenolic compounds isolated from Momordica charantia: A review. Int J Phram Sci Res 2011;2:1135-46.
N N, Mohammed A, Shanbhag V, Ashfaque K, S AP. A comparative study of RIPASA score and ALVARADO score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:NC03-5.
Gu YQ, Tong JS, Ma DZ, Wang XH, Yuan D, Tang WH, et al. Male hormonal contraception: Effects of injections of testosterone undecanoate and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate at eight-week intervals in chinese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2254-62.
Pfizer Ltd. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA -SC): Application for Inclusion in the WHO Essential Medicines List. UK: Sayana ® Press; 2016. p. 1-56.
Hydrochloride B, Aid SC. Product Monograph; 2004. p. 1-19.
McLachlan RI. Effects of testosterone plus medroxyprogesterone acetate on semen quality, reproductive hormones, and germ cell populations in normal young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:546-56.
Ozgoli G, Sheikhan Z, Dolatian M, Simbar M, Bakhtyari M, Nasiri M, et al. Comparison of sexual dysfunction in women using depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and cyclofem. J Reprod Infertil 2015;16:102-8.
Sahu RK, Jain A, Nayak S. Momordica Charantia Linn: A mini review. Int J Biomed Res 2011;2:579-87.
Meyer WJ 3rd, Cole C, Emory E. Depo provera treatment for sex offending behavior: An evaluation of outcome. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1992;20:249-59.
Date R, Date PM, Report TA, June PC. Safety Assessment of Dialkyl Sulfosuccinate Salts as Used in Cosmetics Status: Release Date: Panel Meeting Date : Tentative Amended Report for Public Comment; 2013.
Goulis DG, Polychronou P, Mikos T, Grimbizis G, Gerou S, Pavlidou V, et al. Serum inhibin-B and follicle stimulating hormone as predictors of the presence of sperm in testicular fine needle aspirate in men with azoospermia. Hormones (Athens) 2008;7:140-7.
Mansouri E, Asadi-Samani M, Kootiwesamkooti W. Anti-fertility effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) seed in male Wistar rats. J Vet Res 2016;60:357-63.
Sharma RK, Goyal AK. Effect of nano molar concentration of methyl parathion on goat testis. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:200-2.
Graeff FG, Junior HZ. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in anxiety and panic. Psychol Neurosci 2010;3:3-8.
Tojo C. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dependent diabetes axis in wbn/kob. Diabetes Mellitus 1996;43:233-9.
Ferrari E, Cravello L, Muzzoni B, Casarotti D, Paltro M, Solerte SB, et al. Age-related changes of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Pathophysiological correlates. Eur J Endocrinol 2001;144:319-29.
Toorie AM, Cyr NE, Steger JS, Beckman R, Farah G, Nillni EA, et al. The nutrient and energy sensor sirt1 regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by altering the production of the prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) essential in the maturation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from its prohormone in male rats. J Biol Chem 2016;291:5844-59.
Leal AM, Moreira AC. Food and the circadian activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Braz J Med Biol Res 1997;30:1391-405.
Rao R. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis programming after recurrent hypoglycemia during development. J Clin Med 2015;4:1729 40.
Zhou Y, Spangler R, Maggos CE, Wang XM, Han JS, Ho A, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA levels in the hypothalamus and pituitary of the rat are differentially modulated by acute intermittent morphine with or without water restriction stress. J Endocrinol 1999;163:261-7.
Bachmann CG, Linthorst AC, Holsboer F, Reul JM. Effect of chronic administration of selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonists on the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:1056-67.
Kelberman D, Dattani MT. Hypothalamic and pituitary development: Novel insights into the aetiology. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;157 Suppl 1:S3 14.
Schmidt MV, Liebl C, Sterlemann V, Ganea K, Hartmann J, Harbich D, et al. Neuropeptide Y mediates the initial hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to maternal separation in the neonatal mouse. J Endocrinol 2008;197:421-7.
Coventry TL, Jessop DS, Finn DP, Crabb MD, Kinoshita H, Harbuz MS, et al. Endomorphins and activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Endocrinol 2001;169:185-93.
Beishuizen A, Thijs LG. Endotoxin and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. J Endotoxin Res 2003;9:3-24.
Anbu J, Nithya S, Kannadhasan R, Kishore G, Anjana A, Suganya S. Antioxidant and protective effect of aqueous extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens and Cyperus rotundus against cisplatin induced testicular toxicity in rodents. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012;4:1-5.
Ogbuewu IP, Unamba-Oparah IC, Odoemenam VU, Etuk IF, Okoli IC. The potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles in males. N Am J Med Sci 2011;3:255-63.
Oliveira JS, Silva AA, Silva VA Junior. Phytotherapy in reducing glycemic index and testicular oxidative stress resulting from induced diabetes: A review. Braz J Biol 2016;0:0.
Munell F, Suárez-Quian CA, Selva DM, Tirado OM, Reventós J. Androgen-binding protein and reproduction: Where do we stand? J Androl 2002;23:598-609.
Nicholson TM, Ricke WA. Androgens and estrogens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: Past, present and future. Differentiation 2011;82:184-99.
Ma Y, Yang HZ, Xu LM, Huang YR, Dai HL, Kang XN, et al. Testosterone regulates the autophagic clearance of androgen binding protein in rat sertoli cells. Sci Rep 2015;5:8894.
Morris ID, Bardin CW, Musto NA, Thau R, Gunsalus GL. Androgen binding protein in serum, testis and epididymis following treatment with the leydig cell cytotoxic agent, ethylene dimethanesulphonate. Int J Androl 1988;11:153-63.
Sinha RA, Khare P, Rai A, Maurya SK, Pathak A, Mohan V, et al. Anti-apoptotic role of omega-3-fatty acids in developing brain: Perinatal hypothyroid rat cerebellum as apoptotic model. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009;27:377-83.
Peper JS, van den Heuvel MP, Mandl RC, Hulshoff Pol HE, van Honk J. Sex steroids and connectivity in the human brain: A review of neuroimaging studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011;36:1101-13.
Zuo Q, Jin K, Zhang Y, Song J, Li B. Dynamic expression and regulatory mechanism of TGF-β signaling in chicken embryonic stem cells differentiating into spermatogonial stem cells. Biosci Rep 2017;37: pii: BSR20170179.
Memon MA, Anway MD, Covert TR, Uzumcu M, Skinner MK. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3) null-mutant phenotypes in embryonic gonadal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008;294:70-80.
Itman C, Mendis S, Barakat B, Loveland KL. All in the family: TGF-beta family action in testis development. Reproduction 2006;132:233 46.
Park KS. Tgf-beta family signaling in embryonic stem cells. Int J Stem Cells 2011;4:18-23.
Yang Y, Feng Y, Feng X, Liao S, Wang X, Gan H, et al. BMP4 cooperates with retinoic acid to induce the expression of differentiation markers in cultured mouse spermatogonia. Stem Cells Int 2016;2016:9536192.
Richards AJ, Enders GC, Resnick JL. Activin and TGFbeta limit murine primordial germ cell proliferation. Dev Biol 1999;207:470-5.
Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, van den Driesche S, Carvalho RL, Larsson J, Eggen B, Surani MA, et al. Altered primordial germ cell migration in the absence of transforming growth factor beta signaling via ALK5. Dev Biol 2005;284:194-203.
Publication A, Rep M. Page 1 of. Reproduction; 2009. p. 1-27.
Wang B, Harrison W, Overbeek PA, Zheng H. Transposon mutagenesis with coat color genotyping identifies an essential role for skor2 in sonic hedgehog signaling and cerebellum development. Development 2011;138:4487-97.
Henderson GI, Chen J, Schenker S. Ethanol, oxidative stress, reactive aldehydes, and the fetus. Front Biosc1999;1972:541-50.
Ad K, Mohite R, Aggrawal AS, Ur S. Hepatoprotective medicinal plants of ayurveda – a review. Asian J Pharm Clinical Res 2011;4:1-8.
Singh AB, Kaushal V, Megyesi JK, Shah SV, Kaushal GP. Cloning and expression of rat caspase-6 and its localization in renal ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2002;62:106-15.
Imosemi OI. The role of antioxidants in cerebellar development. A review of literature. Int J Morphol 2013;31:203-10.
Dean SL, Mccarthy MM. NIH public access. Energy 2009;7:38-47.
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. p. 1-74.
Bregano LC. Expression of pro-and-anti-apoptotic antigens in the cerebellum of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus. Medicina (B. Aires) 2010;3:80-5.
Ghoumari AM, Wehrle R, De Zeeuw CI, Sotelo C, Dusart I. Inhibition of protein kinase C prevents purkinje cell death but does not affect axonal regeneration. J Neurosci 2002;22:3531-42.
Taranukhin AG, Taranukhina EY, Saransaari P, Podkletnova IM, Pelto-Huikko M, Oja SS, et al. Neuroprotection by taurine in ethanol-induced apoptosis in the developing cerebellum. J Biomed Sci 2010;17 Suppl 1:S12.
Peng J, Wu Z, Wu Y, Hsu M, Stevenson FF, Boonplueang R, et al. Inhibition of caspases protects cerebellar granule cells of the weaver mouse from apoptosis and improves behavioral phenotype. J Biol Chem 2002;277:44285-91.
Paneerchelvan S, Lai1 HY, Kailasapathy K. Antioxidant, antibacterial and tyrosinase inhibiting activities of extracts from Myristica fragrans Houtt. Eur J Med Plants 2015;8:39-49.
Lossi L, Gambino G. Apoptosis of the cerebellar neurons. Histol Histopathol 2008;23:367-80.
Lotta LT, Conrad K, Cory-Slechta D, Schor NF. Cerebellar purkinje cell p75 neurotrophin receptor and autistic behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2014;4:e416.
Sharma RK, Goyal AK. Innovare academic sciences agro-pesticides and andrology. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:200-2.
Yuan J, Lipinski M, Degterev A. Diversity in the mechanisms of neuronal cell death. Neuron 2003;40:401-13.
Kumar A, LaVoie HA, DiPette DJ, Singh US. Ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing cerebellum: Underlying mechanisms and implications. Brain Sci 2013;3:941-63.
Kitagishi Y, Minami A, Nakanishi A, Ogura Y, Matsuda S. Neuron membrane trafficking and protein kinases involved in autism and ADHD. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:3095-115.
Hap MU, Nasution MP, Ilyas S. Cytotoxic activity, proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction of Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.F.) schott chloroform fraction to MCF-7 cell line. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2014;6:1327-33.
Oliveira SA, Chuffa LG, Fioruci-Fontanelli BA, Lizarte Neto FS, Novais PC, Tirapelli LF, et al. Apoptosis of purkinje and granular cells of the cerebellum following chronic ethanol intake. Cerebellum 2014;13:728-38.
Adeyi AO, Jinadu AM, Arojojoye AO, Alao OO, Ighodaro OM, Adeyi OE. In vivo and in vitro antibacterial activities of Momordica charantia on Salmonella typhi and its effect on liver function in typhoid-infected rats. J Pharmacogn Phyther 2011;5:183-8.
Akosman MS, Gocmen-Mas N, Karabekir HS. Estimation of purkinje cell quantification and volumetry in the cerebellum using a stereological technique. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2011;70:240-4.
Harahap MU, Nasution MP, Ilyas S. The activity of Rhaphidophora pinnta Lf. Schott leaf on MCF-7 cell line. Adv Biol Chem 2013;3:397 402.
BJ D, AO O. Histological alteration of the cerebellum of adult male wistar rat treated with the grapefruit extract (Citrus paradisi). Anat Physiol 2012;4:2-4.
Hadisahputra S, Ilyas S. Combinational effects of ethylacetate extract of Zanthoxyluma canthopodium DC. With doxorubicinon MCF7breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2015;7:651-3.
Duraisami R, Mohite VA, Kasbe AJ. Anti stress, adaptogenic activity of standardized dried fruit extract of Aegle marmelos against diverse stressors. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2010;3:1-3.
Pathak A, Shenoy S, Kiran S, Avinash A, Nayak D. Effect of ethanolic extract of Cyanotis cristata Leaves applied topically on wound healing in wistar rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:63.
Satria D, Nasution MP, Illyas S. Cytotoxcicity effect of sea horse (Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach.) extract and fractions on MCF-7 cell line. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2014;6:212-6.
Hasibuan R, Ilyas S, Hanum S. Effect of leaf extract haramonting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) to lower blood sugar levels in mice induced by alloxan. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2015;8:284-91.
Leake R, Barnes D, Pinder S, Ellis I, Anderson L, Anderson T, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of steroid receptors in breast cancer: A working protocol. UK receptor group, UK NEQAS, the scottish breast cancer pathology group, and the receptor and biomarker study group of the EORTC. J Clin Pathol 2000;53:634-5.
Bercu BB, Jackson IM. Response of adult male rats to LH-RH after neonatal immunization with antiserum to LH-RH. J Reprod Fert 1980;59:501-7.
Sanchez-Criado JE, Galiot F, Bellido C, Gonzalez D, Tebar M. Hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis in cyclic rats lacking progesterone actions. Biol Reprod 1993;48:916-925.
Beckett JL, Sakurai H, Adams BM, Adams TE. Moderate and severe nutrient restriction has divergent effects on gonadotroph function in orchidectomized sheep. Biol Reprod 1997;57:415-9.
Yu WH, Karanth S, Walczewska A, Sower SA, McCann SM. A hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing decapeptide in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:9499-503.
Schally AV, Kastin AJ, Arimura A. Hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-regulating hormone: Structure, physiology, and clinical studies. Fertil Steril 1971;22:703-21.
Ahmadi R, Gohari A, Hooshmand M. The effect of noise stress on serum levels of LH, FSH and testosterone in male rats. Feyz 2015;19:24-9.
Calogero AE, Burrello N, Ossino AM, Polosa P, D’Agata R. Activin-A stimulates hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release by the explanted male rat hypothalamus: Interaction with inhibin and androgens. J Endocrinol 1998;156:269-74.
Dhillo WS, Chaudhri OB, Patterson M, Thompson EL, Murphy KG, Badman MK, et al. Kisspeptin-54 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in human males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6609-15.
Tehrani FR, Noroozzadeh M, Zahediasl S, Piryaei A, Azizi F. Introducing a rat model of prenatal androgen-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood. Exp Physiol 2014;99:792-801.
Rebourcet D, O’Shaughnessy PJ, Monteiro A, Milne L, Cruickshanks L, Jeffrey N, et al. Sertoli cells maintain leydig cell number and peritubular myoid cell activity in the adult mouse testis. PLoS One 2014;9:e105687.
Rebourcet D, Darbey A, Monteiro A, Soffientini U, Tsai YT, Handel I, et al. Sertoli cell number defines and predicts germ and leydig cell population sizes in the adult mouse testis. Endocrinology 2017;158:2955-69.
Tanaka T, Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Lei Z, Rao CV, Shinohara T. The luteinizing hormone-testosterone pathway regulates mouse spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal by suppressing WNT5A expression in sertoli cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016;7:279-91.
Allan CM, Garcia A, Spaliviero J, Zhang FP, Jimenez M, Huhtaniemi I, et al. Complete sertoli cell proliferation induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) independently of luteinizing hormone activity: Evidence from genetic models of isolated FSH action. Endocrinology 2004;145:1587-93.
Abel MH, Baker PJ, Charlton HM, Monteiro A, Verhoeven G, De Gendt K, et al. Spermatogenesis and sertoli cell activity in mice lacking sertoli cell receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone and androgen. Endocrinology 2008;149:3279-85.
Walker WH, Cheng J. FSH and testosterone signaling in sertoli cells. Reproduction 2005;130:15-28.
Iliadou PK, Tsametis C, Kaprara A, Papadimas I, Goulis DG. The sertoli cell: Novel clinical potentiality. Hormones (Athens) 2015;14:504-14.
Ilkhanizadeh B, Taghizadieh M, Mahzad-sadaghiani M. Bilateral leydig cell tumor and male infertility: A case report. Iran J Reprod Med 2015;3:47-9.
Setchell BP, Pakarinen P, Huhtaniemi I. How much LH do the leydig cells see? J Endocrinol 2002;175:375-82.
Obiorah IE, Kyrillos A, Ozdemirli M. Case report synchronous leydig cell tumor and seminoma in the ipsilateral testis. Case Reports Urol 2018;2018(c):1-5.
Manna PR, Jo Y, Stocco DM. Regulation of leydig cell steroidogenesis by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2: Role of protein kinase A and protein kinase C signaling. J Endocrinol 2007;193:53-63.
Chung E, Yang Y, Kang H, Choi K, Jun J. Ultrastructure of germ cells and the functions of leydig cells and sertoli cells associated with spermatogenesis in. Zool Stud 2010;49:39-50.
Hibi H, Yamashita K, Sumitomo M, Asada Y. Leydig cell tumor of the testis, presenting with azoospermia. Reprod Med Biol 2017;16:392-5.
Opałka M, Kamińska B, Ciereszko R, Dusza L. Genistein affects testosterone secretion by leydig cells in roosters (Gallus gallus domesticus). Reprod Biol 2004;4:185-93.
To K, Oe Y, Ao O. Effect of Carica papaya bark extract on oxidative stress parameters in testes of male albino rats. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod 2012;4:1-6.
Okoro VM, Mbajiorgu CA, Mbajiorgu EF. Semen quality characteristics of koekoek breeder cocks influenced by supplemental inclusion levels of onion and garlic mixture at 35-41 weeks of age. Rev Bras Zootec 2016;45:433-40.
Yama OE, Duru FI, Oremosu AA, Noronha CC, Okanlawon A. Suppressive effects of Momordica charantia on pituitary-testicular axis and sperm production in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Int J Med Med Sci 2011;3:353-9.
Eboetse YO, Ikechukwu DF, Olugbenga OA, Ayodele OA, Caramel NC. Histomorphological alterations in the prostate gland and epithelium of seminiferous tubule of sprague-dawley rats treated with methanolic extract of Momordica charantia seeds. Iran J Med Sci 2011;36:266-72.
Eilam D, Golani I. Home base behavior in amphetamine-treated tame wild rats (Rattus norvegicus). Iran J Med Sci 1990;36:161-70.
Setiawan A, Sagi M, Asmara W. Analisis kuantitatif sel purkinje cerebellum mencit (Mus musculus L) setelah induksi ochratoksin a selama periode organogenesis quantitative analysis of the purkinje cell in mice cerebellum after induction of ochratoxin a during organogenesis period. J Biol Papua 2011;16:3.
Ju YH, Clausen LM, Allred KF, Almada AL, Helferich WG. Beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol glucoside, and a mixture of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol glucoside modulate the growth of estrogen-responsive breast cancer cells in vitro and in ovariectomized athymic mice. J Nutr 2004;134:1145-51.
Arora M, Kalia AN, Mishra R, Siddqui AA. Isolation and characterization of stigmasterol and β -sitosterol-D-glycoside from ethanolic extract of the stems of Salvadora persica Linn. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013;5 Suppl.1:245-9.
Peshin T, Kar H. Isolation and characterization of β-Sitosterol-3-O- β-D-glucoside from the extract of the flowers of Viola odorata. Br J Pharm Res 2017;16:1-8.
Saeidnia S. The story of beta-sitosterol- a review. Eur J Med Plants 2014;4:590-609.
Hossain MS, Khan NM. Scopoletin and β -sitosterol glucoside from roots of Ipomoea digitata. J Pharm Phytochem 2015;4:5-7.
Prakash O, Kumar A, Kumar P, Ajeet A. Anticancer potential of plants and natural products: A review. Am J Pharm Sci 2013;1:104-15.
Jawad A, Balayeshwanth RV, Rami A, Waleed R, Hatem S, Nathan WL. The influence of extraction solvents on the anticancer activities of Palestinian medicinal plants. J Med Plants Res 2014;8:408-15.
Manglani N, Vaishnava S, Dhamodaran P, Sawarkar H. In vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity of leaf extract of Barleria grandiflora. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:14-6.
Ghagane SC, Puranik SI, Kumbar VM, Nerli RB, Jalalpure SS, Hiremath MB, et al. In vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity of Leea indica leaf extracts on human prostate cancer cell lines. Integr Med Res 2017;6:79-87.
Solowey E, Lichtenstein M, Sallon S, Paavilainen H, Solowey E, Lorberboum-Galski H. Evaluating medicinal plants for anticancer activity. Sci World J 2014;2014:12.
Arianto A. Antiulcer effect of gastroretentive spherical matrices of alginate-chitosan containing ranitidine HCL. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2016;9:342-52.
Ashour AA, Raafat D, El-Gowelli HM, El-Kamel AH. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using cranberry powder aqueous extract: Characterization and antimicrobial properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2015;10:7207-21.
Sakthivel KM, Guruvayoorappan C. Acacia ferruginea inhibits inflammation by regulating inflammatory iNOS and COX-2. J Immunotoxicol 2016;13:127-35.
Meshram GG, Kumar A, Rizvi W, Tripathi CD, Khan RA. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2016;6:172-5.
Tatiya A, Saluja A, Kalaskar M, Surana S, Patil P. Phytochemical characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of Bridelia retusa bark spreng. In acute and chronic inflammatory conditions: A possible mechanism of action. Ejpmr 2017;4:686-96.
Tanaka K, Ohgo Y, Katayanagi Y, Yasui K, Hiramoto S, Ikemoto H, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of green soybean extract irradiated with visible light. Sci Rep 2014;4:4732.
Sarkhel S. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities of Quillaja saponaria mol. Saponin extract in mice. Toxicol Rep 2016;3:1 3.
Mohammadi-Motlagh HR, Mostafaie A, Mansouri K. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) extract. Arch Med Sci 2011;7:38-44.
de Oliveira RG, Mahon CP, Ascêncio PG, Ascêncio SD, Balogun SO, de Oliveira Martins DT, et al. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of hydroethanolic extract of dilodendron bipinnatum radlk. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;155:387-95.
Weng Y, Xie F, Xu L, Zagorevski D, Spink DC, Ding X, et al. Analysis of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in mouse tissues by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010;402:121-8.
Lee PW, Swerdloff RS. NIH public access. Biosystems 2009;73:1345 52.
Seidlova-Wuttke D, Hesse O, Jarry H, Christoffel V, Spengler B, Becker T, et al. Evidence for selective estrogen receptor modulator activity in a black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) extract: Comparison with estradiol-17beta. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;149:351-62.
Lee YM, Kim JB, Bae JH, Lee JS, Kim PS, Jang HH, et al. Estrogen-like activity of aqueous extract from Agrimonia pilosa ledeb. In MCF- 7 cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012;12:260.
Miyuki K, Nobuhiro S, Daimei S, Hidehiko S, Yoshimichi M, Kunimasa A, et al. Sex differences in the serum level of endogenous ligands for estrogen receptor β in the elderly population. Scie Rep 2016;6:25878.
Rich RL, Hoth LR, Geoghegan KF, Brown TA, LeMotte PK, Simons SP, et al. Kinetic analysis of estrogen receptor/ligand interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:8562-7.
Joshia SC, Sharmaa A, Chaturvedib A. Antifertility potential of some medicinal plants in males: An overview. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011;3:204-17.
Pakhira BP, Jana K, Ghosh A, Ghosh D. Antitesticular activity of hydro-methanol extract of Cuminum cyminum in adult rat: A dose dependent study. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:285-91.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
