ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE

Shobha Kl; Amita Shobha Rao; Pai Ksr; Sujatha Bhat

doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.29073

Authors

Shobha Kl Department of Microbiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Amita Shobha Rao Department of Microbiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Pai Ksr Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Sujatha Bhat Department of Microbiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.29073

Keywords:

Leaves of Anacardium occidentale, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Multidrug-resistant bacteria

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of leaves of Anacardium occidentale (A. occidentale) against microorganisms including multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.

Methods: Agar well diffusion method was employed to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of leaves A. occidentale. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves were used against microorganisms, which included American type culture collection strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans, MDR Escherichia coli, and MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Results: The ethanolic extract of leaves of A. occidentale showed significant antimicrobial activity. Aqueous extract had mild antifungal activity.

Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of leaves of A. occidentale could be a good source for the antibacterials to combat MDR bacterial infections. Further studies are necessary for these potent plant extracts to evaluate the in vivo efficacy and toxicity.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ratnam VK, Md LB, Padma Y, Venkata RR. Studies on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of leaf extracts of Syzygium alternifolium (wt.) Walp. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;7:139-43.

Grundmann H, Aires-de-Sousa M, Boyce J, Tiemersma E. Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat. Lancet 2006;368:874-85.

Ariza RR, Cohen SP, Bachhawat N, Levy SB, Demple B. Repressor mutations in the mar RAB operon that activate oxidative stress genes and multiple antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1994;176:143-8.

Kidd TJ, Mills G, Sa Pessoa J, Dumigan A, Frank CG, Insua JL, et al. A Klebsiella pneumoniae antibiotic resistance mechanism that subdues host defenses and promotes virulence. EMBO Mol Med 2017;9:430-47.

Davin-Regli A, PagÃ¨s JM. Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; Versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Front Microbiol 2015;6:1-10.

Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, Bartlett JG, Edwards JE, Gilbert DN, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: No ESKAPE! An update from the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1-12.

Parasa LS, Tumati SR, Kumar LC, Chigurupati SP, Rao GS. In vitro-antimicrobial activity of cashew (Annacardium occidentale, L.) nut shell liquid against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011;3:436-40.

Goncalves JL, Lopes RC, Oliveira DB, Costa SS, Miranda MM, Romanos MT, et al. In vitro antirotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in Brazil against diarrhea. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;99:403-7.

Obaineh OM, Shadrach A. Phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of different extracts of Anacardium occidentale and Psidium guajava. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci 2013;3:20-3.

Aracelli de SL, Md Torequl I, Antonio LG, Sousa JM, de Alencar MV, Paz MF, et al. Review on pharmacological properties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Afr J Biotechnol 2016;15:1855-63.

Rao AS, Nayanatara AK, Kaup SR, Sharma A, Kumar BA, Bhavesh D, et al. Potential antibacterial and antifungal activity of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2011;2:2889-93.

Onasanwo SA, Fabiyi TD, Oluwole FS, Olaleye SB. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the leaf extracts of Anacardium occidentale in the laboratory rodents. Niger J Physiol Sci 2012;27:65-71.

GonÃ§alves GM, Gobbo J. Antimicrobial effect of Anacardium occidentale extract and cosmetic formulation development. Braz Arch Biol Technol 2012;55:843-50.

Dahake AP, Joshi VD, Joshi AB. Antimicrobial screening of different extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn. Leaves. Int J Chem Tech Res 2009;1:856-8.

Onuh JO, Idoko G, Yusufu P, Onuh F. Comparative studies of the phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of cashew leaf, bark and fruits extracts. Am J Food Nutr 2017;5:115-20.

Shakya VK, Saxena S, Shakya A. Effect of ethanolic extract of Allium sativum bulbs on streptozotocinet induced diabetic rats. J Chem Pharm Res 2010;2:171-5.

Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken HR. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 6th ed. Washington DC: ASM Press; 1995. p. 15-8.

Sekyere JO, Asante J. Emerging mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and fungi: Advances in the era of genomics. Future Microbiol 2018;13:241-62.

Venkatadri B, Arunagirinathan N, Rameshkumar MR, Latha R, Dhanasezhian A, Agastian P. In vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Aristolochia indica and Toddalia asiatica against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Indian J Pharm Sci 2015;77:788-91.

Girish HV, Satish S. Antibacterial activity of important medicinal plants on human pathogenic bacteria-a comparative analysis. World Appl Sci J 2008;5:267-71.

Cowan M. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564-82.

Santos FO, AngÃ©lico EC, da Costa JG, Rodrigues FF, Rodrigues OG, Severo de Medeiros R. Antibacterial evaluation of Anacardium occidentale (Linn) (Anacardiaceae) in semiarid Brazil. Afr J Biotechnol 2013;12:4836-40.

Belonwu DC, Ibegbulem CO, Chikezie PC. Systemic evaluation of antibacterial activity of Anacardium occidentale. J Phytopharmacology 2014;3:193-9.

Krishnananda KK, Ramakrishna SA. Comparison of antibacterial activity of leaves extracts of Tectona grandis, Mangifera indica, and Anacardium occidentale. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2017;9:36-9.

Klafke GB, Moreira GM, Monte LG, Pereira JL, Brandolt TM, Xavier MO. Assessment of plant lectin antifungal potential against yeasts of major importance in medical mycology. Mycopathologia 2013;175:147-51.

Kannan VR, Sumathi CS, Balasubramanian V, Ramesh N. Elementary chemical profiling and antifungal properties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Bot Res Int 2009;2:253-7.