THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL LASER AND REFLEXOLOGY ON ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS IN ELDERLY TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS
Abstract
Â
 Objective: Adhesive capsulitis is common in Type 2 diabetic patients. The painful nature of adhesive capsulitis and the lack of effective therapy for improving motion and diminishing pain demonstrate the demand for a new effective therapeutic intervention. The current study aimed to determine the efficacies of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and reflexology for improving range of motion (ROM) in diabetic patients with adhesive capsulitis.
Methods: Forty volunteer patients of both sexes with proven Type 2 diabetes and adhesive capsulitis were included in the current study. The patients were divided into two groups each comprising 20 patients as follows; Group I (LLLT): Patients received LLLT for 15 minutes and Group II (Reflexology): Patients received reflexology in the form of thumb walk for 15 minutes. Therapy was applied 3 times/week for 8 weeks with concurrent 15 minutes exercise.
Results: Patients received LLLT showed a significant increase in ROM of abduction, internal rotation, flexion, and external rotation at the end of 4 and 8 weeks. Reflexology induced a significant improvement in shoulder ROM at 8 weeks posttreatment, however, its effect on internal rotation ROM was non-significant at the end of 4 weeks period.
Conclusion: LLLT and reflexology significantly improved ROM and reduced pain severity in diabetic patients with adhesive capsulitis; LLLT seemed to be more effective. Thus, both therapies may be recommended in the treatment of frozen shoulder, pending further investigations to trace out their exact efficacies.
Keywords: Adhesive capsulitis, Diabetes complications, Laser, Reflexology.
Downloads
References
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2013;36(1):S67-74.
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27(5):1047-53.
World Health Organization. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycemia: Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2006.
Mahmoud AM, Ashour MB, Abdel-Moneim A, Ahmed OM. Hesperidin and naringin attenuate hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production in high fat fed/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 2012;26(6):483-90.
Kim RP, Edelman SV, Kim DD. Musculoskeletal complications of diabetes mellitus. Clin Diabetes 2001;19(3):132-5.
Tighe CB, Oakley WS Jr. The prevalence of a diabetic condition and adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. South Med J 2008;101(6):591-5.
Hannafin JA, Chiaia TA. Adhesive capsulitis. A treatment approach. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000;95-109.
Hand C, Clipsham K, Rees JL, Carr AJ. Long-term outcome of frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2008;17(2):231-6.
Ewald A. Adhesive capsulitis: a review. Am Fam Physician 2011;83(4):417-22.
Lo SF, Chen SY, Lin HC, Jim YF, Meng NH, Kao MJ. Arthrographic and clinical findings in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84(12):1786-91.
Kivimäki J, Pohjolainen T, Malmivaara A, Kannisto M, Guillaume J, Seitsalo S, et al. Manipulation under anesthesia with home exercises versus home exercises alone in the treatment of frozen shoulder: a randomized, controlled trial with 125 patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2007;16(6):722-6.
Wolf JM, Green A. Influence of comorbidity on self-assessment instrument scores of patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84-A(7):1167-73.
Modesto C, Crespo E, Villas C, Aquerreta D. Adhesive capsulitis. Is it possible in childhood? Scand J Rheumatol 1995;24(4):255-6.
Johnson AJ, Godges JJ, Zimmerman GJ, Ounanian LL. The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37(3):88-99.
Green S, Buchbinder R, Glazier R, Forbes A. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of interventions for painful shoulder: Selection criteria, outcome assessment, and efficacy. BMJ 1998;316(7128):354-60.
Szebenyi B, Dieppe P. Interventions to treat shoulder pain. Review was overly negative. BMJ 1998;316 (7145):1676.
van der Windt DA, Bouter LM. Physiotherapy or corticosteroid injection for shoulder pain? Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:385-7.
Bjordal JM, Johnson MI, Iversen V, Aimbire F, Lopes-Martins RA. Low-level laser therapy in acute pain: a systematic review of possible mechanisms of action and clinical effects in randomized placebo-controlled trials. Photomed Laser Surg 2006;24(2):158-68.
Lopes-Martins RA, Marcos RL, Leonardo PS, Prianti AC Jr, Muscará MN, Aimbire F, et al. Effect of low-level laser (Ga-Al-As 655 nm) on skeletal muscle fatigue induced by electrical stimulation in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006;101(1):283-8.
Stergioulas A. Effects of low-level laser and plyometric exercises in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Photomed Laser Surg 2007;25(3):205-13.
Bridgman JF. Periarthritis of the shoulder and diabetes mellitus. Ann Rheum Dis 1972;31(1):69-71.
Fisher L, Kurtz A, Shipley M. Association between cheiroarthropathy and frozen shoulder in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Br J Rheumatol 1986;25(2):141-6.
Arkkila PE, Kantola IM, Viikari JS, Rönnemaa T. Shoulder capsulitis in type I and II diabetic patients: association with diabetic complications and related diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55(12):907-14.
Thomas SJ, McDougall C, Brown ID, Jaberoo MC, Stearns A, Ashraf R, et al. Prevalence of symptoms and signs of shoulder problems in people with diabetes mellitus. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2007;16(6):748-51.
Brownlee M, Cerami A, Vlassara H. Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications. N Engl J Med 1988;318(20):1315-21.
Rodeo SA, Hannafin JA, Tom J, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL. Immunolocalization of cytokines and their receptors in adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Orthop Res 1997;15(3):427-36.
Ryu JD, Kirpalani PA, Kim JM, Nam KH, Han CW, Han SH. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in the diabetic frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006;15(6):679-85.
Stergioulas A. Low-power laser treatment in patients with frozen shoulder: preliminary results. Photomed Laser Surg 2008;26(2):99-105.
Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Iversen VV. A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitiswith microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations. Br J Sports Med 2006;40(1):76-80.
Albertini R, Villaverde AB, Aimbire F, Salgado MA, Bjordal JM, Alves LP, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with two different red wavelengths (660 nm and 684 nm) in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. J Photochem Photobiol B 2007;89(1):50-5.
Lubart R, Eichler M, Lavi R, Friedman H, Shainberg A. Low-energy laser irradiation promotes cellular redox activity. Photomed Laser Surg 2005;23(1):3-9.
Chow RT, Heller GZ, Barnsley L. The effect of 300 mW, 830 nm laser on chronic neck pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Pain 2006;124(1-2):201-10.
Reddy GK, Stehno-Bittel L, Enwemeka CS. Laser photostimulation of collagen production in healing rabbit Achilles tendons. Lasers Surg Med 1998;22(5):281-7.
Diercks RL, Stevens M. Gentle thawing of the frozen shoulder: a prospective study of supervised neglect versus intensive physical therapy in seventy-seven patients with frozen shoulder syndrome followed up for two years. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2004;13(5):499-502.
Saunders L. The efficacy of low-level laser therapy in supraspinatus tendonitis. Clin Rehabil 1995;9(2):126-34.
Vecchio P, Cave M, King V, Adebajo AO, Smith M, Hazleman BL. A double-blind study of the effectiveness of low level laser treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32(8):740-2.
Bliss J, Bliss G. Theories on how reflexology works. Reflect Assoc Reflexol J 1999.
Hughes CM, Krirsnakriengkrai S, Kumar S, McDonough SM. The effect of reflexology on the autonomic nervous system in healthy adults: a feasibility study. Altern Ther Health Med 2011;17(3):32-7.
Pitman V, Mackenzie K. Reflexology - A Practical Approach. Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes; 2002.
Stephenson NL, Weinrich SP, Tavakoli AS. The effects of foot reflexology on anxiety and pain in patients with breast and lung cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2000;27(1):67-72.
Tiran D, Chummun H. The physiological basis of reflexology and its use as a potential diagnostic tool. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2005;11(1):58-64.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.