VITEX NEGUNDO EXTRACTS PROTECT HUMAN CORNEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM ULTRAVIOLET C-INDUCED PHOTOTOXICITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i3.30792Keywords:
Ultraviolet rays, Antioxidant, Corneal epithelium, Vitex negundoAbstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the protective effects of Vitex negundo (VN) extracts against ultraviolet (UV) light C-induced oxidative stress in human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) in vitro.
Methods: The VN extracts were checked for their antioxidant activities by biochemical tests. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was done to check the presence of secondary metabolites. To trigger oxidative stress, the HCEC were exposed to UVC irradiation (200 J/m2). Then, different concentration of VN extracts was administered after 1 h of UVC irradiation. The effects of UVC irradiation and the extracts on the HCEC viability, morphology, cell migration by scratch assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by dichlorofluorescein diacetate method were measured.
Results: VN ethanol (VNE) extract showed the highest antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract. Phytochemical screening shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics, and tannins. The extracts showed no cytotoxicity on the HCEC and also the VNE extract did not alter the morphology of the cells. Results suggest that the VNE extract enhanced the proliferation and migration of HCEC. The VNE extract significantly decreased UVC-induced oxidative toxicity by inhibiting the intracellular ROS production and maintained cell viability.
Conclusion: VN extracts with its strong antioxidant potential protects HCEC from UVC-induced oxidative stress. The results suggest that these extracts can be used as prophylactic agents or as a therapeutic agent in overcoming UV light-induced damage in various ocular surface diseases such as pterygium and photokeratitis.
Downloads
References
Zigman S. Ocular light damage. Photochem Photobiol 1993;57:1060-8.
Tenkate TD. Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation: A health risk assessment. Rev Environ Health 1999;14:187-209.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free radicals, other reactive species, and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;3:617-783.
Young S, Sands J. Sun and the eye: Prevention and detection of light-induced disease. Clin Dermatol 1998;16:477-85.
Le Belle JE, Orozco NM, Paucar AA, Saxe JP, Mottahedeh J, Pyle AD, et al. Proliferative neural stem cells have high endogenous ROS levels that regulate self-renewal and neurogenesis in a PI3K/Akt-dependant manner. Cell Stem Cell 2011;8:59-71.
Limoli CL, Giedzinski E. Induction of chromosomal instability by chronic oxidative stress. Neoplasia 2003;5:339-46.
Kryston TB, Georgiev AB, Pissis P, Georgakilas AG. Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M 2011;711:193-201.
Carubelli R, Nordquist RE, Rowsey JJ. Role of reactive oxygen species in corneal ulceration. Effect of hydrogen peroxide generated in situ. Cornea 1990;9:161-9.
Aqil F, Ahmed I, Mehmood Z. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of twelve traditionally used Indian medicinal plants. Turk J Biol 2006;30:177-83.
Acharya D, Shrivastava A. Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers Distributor; 2008. p. 440.
Singh P, Mishra G, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Sangeeta S, Jha KK, et al. Phytopharmacological review of Vitex negundo (Sambhalu). Pharmacogyonline 2011;2:1355-85.
Badgujar N, Mistry K, Patel J. V. negundo L. camara and B. variegata plants leaf extract exhibit considerable in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2017;9:227-32.
Prasad EM, Mopuri R, Islam MS, Kodidhela LD. Cardioprotective effect of Vitex negundo on isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in Wistar rats: A dual approach study. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;85:601 10.
Kumar M, Dandapat S, Sinha MP. Hepatoprotective activity of Adhatoda vasica and Vitex negundo leaf extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Adv Biol Res 2015;9:242 6.
Siddiqui S, Saify ZS, Jamali KS, Tufail P, Kanwal A, Kamal A, Khan F. Neuroprotective capabilities of Vitex negundo in primary hippocampal neurons. Pak J Pharm Sci 2018;2018:31.
Meena AK, Singh U, Yadav AK, Singh B, Rao MM. Pharmacological and phytochemical evidences for the extracts from plants of the genus Vitex – A review. Int J Pharm Clin Res 2010;2:1-9.
Sushruta SS. Dalhana Comm. Nibandhasangraha. Varanasi: Chowkhambha Orientalia; 2002.
Nighantu BB. In: Pandey SG, editor. Hindi Comm - Krishna Chandra Chunekar. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 1990. p. 99-100.
Nighantu KK. Pathyapathya Vibodhakah. Oushadihi varga. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 1979. p. 128.
Parekh J, Chanda SV. In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal plants. Turk J Biol 2007;31:53-8.
Sakat S, Juvekar AR, Gambhire MN. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata Linn. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2010;2:146-55.
Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of Vitamin E. Anal Biochem 1999;4:269.
Rajan S, Gokila M, Jency P, Brindha P, Sujatha RK. Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2011;3:65-70.
Kumar G, Karthik L, Bhaskara RKV. Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea leaves-an in vitro study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2010;4:141-4.
Kumaran A, Karakumaran J, In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2007;40:344-52.
Gunatillake S. Nika in Osuturu Visituru 3. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Department of Ayurveda, Sri Lanka; 1994. p. 144-9.
Chitra V, Sharma S, Kayande N. Evaluation of anticancer activity of Vitex negundo in experimental animals: An in vitro and in vivo study. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2009;1:1485-9.
Saklani S, Mishra AP, Chandra H, Atanassova MS, Stankovic M, Sati B, et al. Comparative evaluation of polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities between ethanol extracts of Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia L. leaves by different methods. Plants 2017;6:45.
Lazaro ML. Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid Luteolin. Mini Rev Med Chem 2009;9:31-59.
Sastri BN. The Wealth of India, A Dictionary of Raw material and Industrial Products. New Delhi, India: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 1950. P. 285-93.
Prasanna K, Karthikeyan V. Preliminary phytochemical, total phenolics and flavonoid content analysis of Vitex negundo and Calatropis gigantea leaf ethanolic extracts. J Chem Pharm Res 2015;7:282-5.
Talekar YP, Das B, Paul T, Talekar DY, Apte KG, Parab PB. Wound healing potential of Vitex negundo Linn in experimental animals. Int J Pharm Sci 2012;4:543-6.
Kolozsvári L, Nógrádi A, Hopp B, Bor Z. UV absorbance of the human cornea in the 240- to 400-nm range. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:2165-8.
Lennikov A, Kitaichi N, Fukase R, Murata M, Noda K, Ando R, et al. Amelioration of ultraviolet-induced photokeratitis in mice treated with astaxanthin eye drops. Mol Vis 2012;18:455-64.
Chang SW, Chou SF, Chuang JL. Mitomycin C potentiates ultraviolet-related cytotoxicity in corneal fibroblasts. Cornea 2008;27:686-92.
Lee JB, Kim SH, Lee SC, Kim HG, Ahn HG, Li Z, et al. Blue light-induced oxidative stress in human corneal epithelial cells: Protective effects of ethanol extracts of various medicinal plant mixtures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55:4119-27.
Gill BS, Mehra R, Kumar S. Vitex negundo and its medicinal value. Mol Biol Rep 2018;11:1-10.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
