CARDIOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF PLANTS AND PLANT-DERIVED PRINCIPLES – A REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i3.31011Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseases, Myocardial infarction, Medicinal plants, Phytoconstituents, Alkaloids, Saponins, Sulfur-containing compounds, Carotenoids, Flavanoids, Essential oils, PolyphenolsAbstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of diseases involving heart or blood vessels. Coronary artery diseases include angina, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias. CVDs are the leading cause of death globally. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, poor diet, blood cholesterol, and lack of exercise. It is approximated that 90% of CVDs is preventable. High blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths, whereas tobacco outcomes in 9%, diabetes and lack of exercise in around 6%, and obesity in 5%. Due to certain medications such as anticancer drugs like doxorubicin, adverse effects result in MI. Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been widely used in the treatment of diseases. This information may serve as a primer in identifying novel prophylactic as well as therapeutic studies of plant-derived principles. The parts of the plants such as seeds, leaves, flowers, roots, and bark contain these phytoconstituents which are obtained through different extraction processes. Phytoconstituents are broadly classified into alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, essential oils, carotenoids, glycosides, omega fatty acids, and flavonoids. Each class is responsible for its own pharmacological effects. The underlying mechanism in which they exert the action is different. This review presents an overview of the MI and therapeutic strategies of plant-derived principles that are available to mitigate the effect of MI.
Downloads
References
Kore KJ, Shete RV, Desai NV. Antiarthritic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia innermis. Int J Drug Dev Res 2011;3:217-24.
Shahana AA, Karale RS, Kamath JV. Cardioprotective effect of Mentha longifolia against cyclophosphamide induced cardiotoxicity in rats: A biochemical, electrocardiographic and histopathological study. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2016;8:214-7.
Kinattingal NK. Mruthunjaya A, Mahalakshmi M, Manjula SN. Cardioprotective effect of Tamarindus indica Linn against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2016;8:254-60.
Hegstad AC, Ytrehus K, Myklebust R, Jørgensen L. Ultrastructural changes in the myocardial myocytic mitochondria: Crucial step in the development of oxygen radical-induced damage in isolated rat hearts? Basic Res Cardiol 1994;89:128-38.
Reddy KS. India wakes up to the threat of cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1370-2.
Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1279-90.
Bhatt L, Sebastian B, Joshi V. Mangiferin protects rat myocardial tissue against cyclophosphamide induced cardiotoxicity. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017;8:62-7.
Bradley JM, Organ CL, Lefer DJ. Garlic-derived organic polysulfides and myocardial protection. J Nutr 2016;146:403S-409S.
Pramod K, Ansari SH, Ali J. Eugenol: A natural compound with versatile pharmacological actions. Nat Prod Commun 2010;5:1999-2006.
Chennuru A, Saleem MT. Antioxidant, lipid lowering, and membrane stabilization effect of sesamol against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in experimental rats. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:934239.
Yesodharan K, Sujana KA. Ethnomedicinal knowledge among Malamalasar tribe of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2007;6:481-5.
Srivastava KC, Bordia A, Verma SK. Curcumin, a major component of food spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits aggregation and alters eicosanoid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995;52:223-7.
Agrawal YO, Sharma PK, Shrivastava B, Ojha S, Upadhya HM, Arya DS, et al. Hesperidin produces cardioprotective activity via PPAR-γ pathway in ischemic heart disease model in diabetic rats. PLoS One 2014;9:e111212.
Johnson WD, Morrissey RL, Usborne AL, Kapetanovic I, Crowell JA, Muzzio M, et al. Subchronic oral toxicity and cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies of resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol with cancer preventive activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2011;49:3319-27.
Swaminathan JK, Khan M, Mohan IK, Selvendiran K, Devaraj SN, Rivera BK, et al. Cardioprotective properties of Crataegus oxycantha extract against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Phytomedicine 2010;17:744-52.
Zanwar AA, Hegde MV, Bodhankar SL. Cardioprotective activity of flax lignan concentrate extracted from seeds of Linum usitatissimum in isoprenalin induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011;4:90-7.
Miceli C, Santin Y, Manzella N, Coppini R, Berti A, Stefani M, et al. Oleuropein aglycone protects against MAO-A-induced autophagy impairment and cardiomyocyte death through activation of TFEB. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018;2018:8067592.
Kim JH, Yi YS, Kim MY, Cho JY. Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases. J Ginseng Res 2017;41:435-43.
Mattera R, Benvenuto M, Giganti MG, Tresoldi I, Pluchinotta FR, Bergante S, et al. Effects of polyphenols on oxidative stress-mediated injury in cardiomyocytes. Nutrients 2017;9:e523.
de Souza CG, de Andrade DM, Jordão JB, de Ávila RI, Borges LL, Vaz BG, et al. Radical scavenger capacity of jabuticaba fruit (Myrciaria cauliflora) and its biological effects in hypertensive rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017;2017:2383157.
Shafiq H, Ahmad A, Masud T, Kaleem M. Cardio-protective and anti-cancer therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2014;17:967-79.
Jacques PF, Lyass A, Massaro JM, Vasan RS, D’Agostino RB Sr. Relationship of lycopene intake and consumption of tomato products to incident CVD. Br J Nutr 2013;110:545-51.
Rao PR, Viswanath RK. Cardioprotective activity of silymarin in ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. Exp Clin Cardiol 2007;12:179-87.
Kabera JN, Edmond S, Ally MR, Xin HE. Plant secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis, classification, function and pharmacological properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014;2:377-92.
Achan J, Talisuna AO, Erhart A, Yeka A, Tibenderana JK, Baliraine FN, et al. Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: Role in the treatment of malaria. Malar J 2011;10:144.
Adeneyeab AA, Crooks PA. Weight losing, antihyperlipidemic and cardioprotective effects of the alkaloid fraction of Hunteria umbellata seed extract on normal and triton-induced hyperlipidemic rat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015;1691:30374-9.
Croaker A, King GJ, Pyne JH, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Liu L. Sanguinaria canadensis: Traditional medicine, phytochemical composition, biological activities and current uses. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:e1414.
Geleta B, Makonnen E, Debella A, Abebe A, Fekadu N. In vitro vasodilatory activity and possible mechanisms of the crude extracts and fractions of Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. Leaves in isolated thoracic aorta of guinea pigs. J Exp Pharmacol 2016;8:35-42.
Turabekova MA, Rasulev BF, Levkovich MG, Abdullaev ND, Leszczynski J. Aconitum and delphinium sp. Alkaloids as antagonist modulators of voltage-gated na+ channels. AM1/DFT electronic structure investigations and QSAR studies. Comput Biol Chem 2008;32:88-101.
Shoaib M, Shah SW, Ali N, Shah I, Ullah S, Ghias M, et al. Scientific investigation of crude alkaloids from medicinal plants for the management of pain. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016;16:178.
Kavitha D, Shilpa PN, Devaraj SN. Antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal effects of alkaloids of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. Indian J Exp Biol 2004;42:589-94.
Gushiken LF, Beserra FP, Rozza AL, Bérgamo PL, Bérgamo DA, Pellizzon CH, et al. Chemical and biological aspects of extracts from medicinal plants with antidiabetic effects. Rev Diabet Stud 2016;13:96-112.
Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Anc Sci Life 2012;31:151-9.
Upadhyay AK, Kumar K, Kumar A, Mishra HS. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) hook. F. And Thoms. (Guduchi) validation of the ayurvedic pharmacology through experimental and clinical studies. Int J Ayurveda Res 2010;1:112-21.
Kesarwani N, Lubnaazmi A. Evaluation of cardioprotective effect of Tinospora cordifolia against isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction in rats. 2014;3:543-55.
Panda S, Kar A, Ramamurthy V. Cardioprotective effect of vincristine on isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014;723:451-8.
Chatterjee K, Zhang J, Tao R, Honbo N, Karliner JS. Vincristine attenuates doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;373:555-60.
Song F, Li H, Sun J, Wang S. Protective effects of cinnamic acid and cinnamic aldehyde on isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial ischemia in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;150:125-30.
Sostaric T, Boyce MC, Spickett EE. Analysis of the volatile components in vanilla extracts and flavorings by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:5802-7.
Zhao X, Zhang J, Tong N, Liao X, Wang E, Li Z, et al. Berberine attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. J Int Med Res 2011;39:1720-7.
Wang Y, Liu J, Ma A, Chen Y. Cardioprotective effect of berberine against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8:14513-9.
Lv X, Yu X, Wang Y, Wang F, Li H, Wang Y, et al. Berberine inhibits doxorubicin-triggered cardiomyocyte apoptosis via attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and increasing bcl-2 expression. PLoS One 2012;7:e47351.
Moses T, Papadopoulou KK, Osbourn A. Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014;49:439-62.
Jurisić R, Debeljak Z, Vladimir-Knezević S, Vuković J. Determination of aucubin and catalpol in Plantago species by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Z Naturforsch C 2004;59:27-31.
Singh D, Chaudhuri PK. Structural characteristics, bioavailability and cardioprotective potential of saponins. Integr Med Res 2018;7:33-43.
Karakida F, Ikeya Y, Tsunakawa M, Yamaguchi T, Ikarashi Y, Takeda S, et al. Cerebral protective and cognition-improving effects of sinapic acid in rodents. Biol Pharm Bull 2007;30:514-9.
Kar S, Palit S, Ball WB, Das PK. Carnosic acid modulates akt/IKK/NF-κB signaling by PP2A and induces intrinsic and extrinsic pathway mediated apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. Apoptosis 2012;17:735-47.
Haleagrahara N, Varkkey J, Chakravarthi S. Cardioprotective effects of glycyrrhizic acid against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12:7100-13.
Lawson LD, Hunsaker SM. Allicin bioavailability and bioequivalence from garlic supplements and garlic foods. Nutrients 2018;10:e812.
Louis XL, Murphy R, Thandapilly SJ, Yu L, Netticadan T. Garlic extracts prevent oxidative stress, hypertrophy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes: A role for nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012;12:140.
Jaradat NA, Zaid AN, Abuzant A, Shawahna R. Investigation the efficiency of various methods of volatile oil extraction from Trichodesma africanum and their impact on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2016;5:250-6.
Ziaee M, Khorrami A, Ebrahimi M, Nourafcan H, Amiraslanzadeh M, Rameshrad M, et al. Cardioprotective effects of essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia on isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial infarction in rat. Iran J Pharm Res 2015;14:279-89.
Hui L, He L, Huan L, Lan LX, AiGuo Z. Chemical composition of lavender essential oil and its antioxidant activity and inhibition against rhinitis related bacteria. Afr J Microbiol Res 2010;4:309-13.
Verma RS, Rahman LU, Chanotiya CS, Verma RK, Chauhan A, Yadav A. Essential oil composition of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Cultivated in the mid hills of Uttarakhand, India. J Serb Chem Soc 2010;75:343-8.
Hassiotis CN, Lazari DM, Vlachonasios KE. The effects of habitat type and diurnal harvest on essential oil yield and composition of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Fresenius Environ Bul 2010;19:1491-8.
Wakade AS, Shah AS, Kulkarni MP, Juvekar AR. Protective effect of Piper longum L. On oxidative stress induced injury and cellular abnormality in Adriamycin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2008;46:528-33.
Ramadan FM, Amer MM, Awad A, El-Sayed S. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed oil improves plasma lipid profile in rats fed a diet containing cholesterol. Eur Food Res Technol 2008;21:319-28.
Pirali-Kheirabadi K, Teixeira da Silva JA. Lavandula angustifolia essential oil as a novel and promising natural candidate for tick (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus) control. Exp Parasitol 2010;126:184-6.
Suneetha JW, Krishnakantha TP. Antiplatelet activity of coriander and curry leaf spices. Pharm Biol 2005;43:230-3.
Afzal M, Al-Hadidi D, Menon M, Pesek J, Dhami MS. Ginger: An ethnomedical, chemical and pharmacological review. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 2001;18:159-90.
Peter S, Chopra S, Jacob JJ. A fish a day, keeps the cardiologist away! A review of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids in the cardiovascular system. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013;17:422-9.
Bäck M. Omega-3 fatty acids in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Future Sci OA 2017;3:FSO236.
Mehdizadeh R, Parizadeh MR, Khooei AR, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. Cardioprotective effect of saffron extract and safranal in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2013;16:56-63.
Biondo PD, Brindley DN, Sawyer MB, Field CJ. The potential for treatment with dietary long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids during chemotherapy. J Nutr Biochem 2008;19:787-96.
Stillwell W, Jenski LJ, Crump FT, Ehringer W. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on mouse mitochondrial membrane properties. Lipids 1997;32:497-506.
Sansbury BE, Spite M. Resolution of acute inflammation and the role of resolvins in immunity, thrombosis, and vascular biology. Circ Res 2016;119:113-30.
Wu B, Mottola G, Schaller M, Upchurch GR Jr., Conte MS. Resolution of vascular injury: Specialized lipid mediators and their evolving therapeutic implications. Mol Aspects Med 2017;58:72-82.
Adkins Y, Kelley DS. Mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2010;21:781-92.
Milani A, Basirnejad M, Shahbazi S, Bolhassani A. Carotenoids: Biochemistry, pharmacology and treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2017;174:1290-324.
Mashmoul M, Azlan A, Khaza’ai H, Yusof BN, Noor SM. Saffron: A Natural potent antioxidant as a promising anti-obesity drug. Antioxidants (Basel) 2013;2:293-308.
Aman U, Vaibhav P, Balaraman R. Tomato lycopene attenuates myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol: Electrocardiographic, biochemical and anti-apoptotic study. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:345-51.
Li AN, Li S, Zhang YJ, Xu XR, Chen YM, Li HB, et al. Resources and biological activities of natural polyphenols. Nutrients 2014;6:6020-47.
Kumaran KS, Prince PS. Caffeic acid protects rat heart mitochondria against isoproterenol-induced oxidative damage. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010;15:791-806.
Burns J, Yokota T, Ashihara H, Lean ME, Crozier A. Plant foods and herbal sources of resveratrol. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:3337-40.
Vauzour D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Corona G, Oruna-Concha MJ, Spencer JP. Polyphenols and human health: Prevention of disease and mechanisms of action. Nutrients 2010;2:1106-31.
Lirdprapamongkol K, Sakurai H, Kawasaki N, Choo MK, Saitoh Y, Aozuka Y, et al. Vanillin suppresses in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis of mouse breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005;25:57-65.
Chou TH, Ding HY, Hung WJ, Liang CH. Antioxidative characteristics and inhibition of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated melanogenesis of vanillin and vanillic acid from Origanum vulgare. Exp Dermatol 2010;19:742-50.
Sato M, Maulik G, Ray PS, Bagchi D, Das DK. Cardioprotective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin against ischemic reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999;31:1289-97.
Bagchi D, Sen CK, Ray SD, Das DK, Bagchi M, Preuss HG, et al. Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Mutat Res 2003;523-524:87-97.
Lirdprapamongkol K, Kramb JP, Suthiphongchai T, Surarit R, Srisomsap C, Dannhardt G, et al. Vanillin suppresses metastatic potential of human cancer cells through PI3K inhibition and decreases angiogenesis in vivo. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:3055-63.
Hegab MM, Ghareib HR. Antioxidative effects of acetone fraction and vanillic acid from Chenopodium murale L on tomato plant. Weed Biol Manag 2010;10:64-72.
Radmanesh E, Dianat M, Badavi M, Goudarzi G, Mard SA. The cardioprotective effect of vanillic acid on hemodynamic parameters, malondialdehyde, and infarct size in ischemia-reperfusion isolated rat heart exposed to PM10. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2017;20:760-8.
Galleano M, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG. Cocoa, chocolate, and cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009;54:483-90.
Keen CL, Holt RR, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:298S-303S.
Tilak-Jain JA, Devasagayam TP. Cardioprotective and other beneficial effects of some Indian medicinal Plants. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2006;38:9-18.
Qu D, Han J, Ren H, Yang W, Zhang X, Zheng Q, et al. Cardioprotective effects of astragalin against myocardial ischemia/Reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:8194690.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
