CURRENT UPDATES ON COVID-19 VACCINES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i5.41061Keywords:
COVID-19, Vaccine, Viral vector, SARS-CoV-2, Synthetic peptideAbstract
Background: COVID-19 caused the world to shut down and made us to critically look out at our advanced healthcare systems that are well prepared for heart diseases, cancers, organ transplantation but not for attack of a tiny virus. WHO and other authorized bodies are continuously issuing advisory on preventive measurements, tracking the outbreak and distributing vital medical kits. Scientific community and vaccine experts have developed and started to distribute safe and effective immunization worldwide.
Objective: The paper outlines several developed and developing immunization vehicles for the management of COVID -19 that will hit global market in year 2021.
Method: Non clinical and clinical data are collected from authentic sources of World Health Organization portal and press release provided by COVID-19 vaccine developers.
Result: Different platforms including mRNA, DNA, Viral vectors, Synthetic peptides etc. have been conversed that are globally involved for elimination of SARS-CoV-2, a causative virus of COVID-19.
Conclusion: Numerous academic institutions and companies of worldwide have developed and evaluated their inoculums after extremely compressed clinical trial agendas. Worldwide eminent developers such as Pfizer and BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZenaca and Bharat Biotech are ready with their esteemed products for the management of pandemic COVID-19. They explored pharmaceutical technologies reliant on genetics, nanoengineering and biotechnology for successful development of these anti SARS-CoV-2 inoculums. Taking account on conditions of more vulnerable community including immunocompromised, geriatrics and comorbidities patients the safety and efficacy of vaccine are yet to be monitored..
Downloads
References
Sempowski GD, Saunders KO, Acharya P, Wiehe KJ, Haynes BF. Pandemic preparedness: Developing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19. Cell 2020;181:1458-63.
Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, Yuan YD, Yang YB, Yan YQ, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy 2020;75:1730-41.
Corey L, Mascola JR, Fauci AS, Collins FS. A strategic approach to COVID-19 vaccine R&D. Science 2020;368:948-50.
Le TT, Cramer JP, Chen R, Mayhew S. Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020;19:667-8.
Dai L, Zheng T, Xu K, Han Y, Xu L, Huang E, et al. A universal design of betacoronavirus vaccines against COVID-19, MERS, and SARS. Cell 2020;182:722-33.
Zhang J, Zeng H, Gu J, Li H, Zheng L, Zou Q. Progress and prospects on vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2020;8:153.
Walls A, Park Y, Tortorici M, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 2020;181(2):281-92.
To KK, Tsang OT, Leung WS, Tam AR, Wu TC, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: An observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20:565-74.
Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol 2020;5:562-9.
Yuksel A, Karadogan D, Gurkan CG, Akyil FT, Toreyin ZN, et al. Unclear issues regarding COVID-19. Eurasian J Med 2020;52:191-6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Symptoms. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Mar 14].
Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer MU, Khan K. Potential for global spread of a novel coronavirus from China. J Travel Med 2020;27:taaa011.
Toraih EA, Elshazli RM, Hussein MH, Elgaml A, Amin M, El- Mowafy M, et al. Association of cardiac biomarkers and comorbidities with increased mortality, severity, and cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients: A meta-regression and decision tree analysis. J Med Virol 2020;92:2473-88.
WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): How is it Transmitted? Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/ coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted. [Last accessed on 2020 Dec 11]
World Health Organization. Rational Use of Personal Protective Equipment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available from: https://www.apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331215/ WHO-2019-nCov-IPCPPE_use-2020.1-eng.pdf. [Last accessed on 2020 Mar 14].
Vashist SK. In vitro diagnostic assays for COVID-19: Recent advances and emerging trends. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10:202.
Sharpe HR, Gilbride C, Allen E, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bissett C, Ewer K, et al. The early landscape of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world. Immunology 2020;160:223-32.
Wang N, Shang J, Jiang S, Du L. Subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020;11:298.
Roper RL, Rehm KE. SARS vaccines: Where are we? Expert Rev Vaccines 2009;8:887-98.
Sinopharm Says Second COVID Vaccine Found to Be Safe; 2020. Available from: http://www.sinopharm-says-2nd-covid-vaccine-found-to-be-safe-in-testing. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 10].
Bar-Zeev N, Kochhar S. Expecting the unexpected with COVID-19 vaccines. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21:150-1.
Wang H, Zhang Y, Huang B. Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with potent protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell 2020;182:713-21.
Xia S, Duan K, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Zhang H, Xie Z, et al. Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and immunogenicity outcomes: Interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials. JAMA 2020;324:951-60.
Zeng F, Chow KY, Hon CC, Law KM, Yip CW, Chan KH, et al. Characterization of humoral responses in mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding SARS-CoV spike gene fragments, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;315:1134-9.
Silveira MM, Moreira GM, Mendonça M. DNA vaccines against COVID-19: Perspectives and challenges. Life Sci 2021;267:118919.
Nascimento IP, Leite LC. Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012;45:1102-11.
Seo YB, Suh YS, Ryu JI, Jhang H, Oh H, Koo BS, et al. Soluble Spike DNA Vaccine Provides Long-term Protective Immunity against SAR-CoV-2 in Mice and Nonhuman Primates. New York: BioRxiv; 2020.
Dong Y, Dai T, Wei Y, Zhang L, Zheng M, Zhou F. A systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020;5:237.
Armbruster N, Jasny E, Petsch B. Advances in RNA vaccines for preventive indications: A case study of a vaccine against rabies. Vaccines (Basel) 2019;7:132.
Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler RN, et al. An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 - preliminary report. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1920-31.
Pfizer Press Release. Pfizer and BioNTech Choose Lead mRNA Vaccine Candidate against COVID-19 and Commence Pivotal Phase 2/3 Global Study. Available from: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-choose-lead-mrna-vaccine-candidate-0. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 27].
Erasmus JH, Khandhar AP, Megan A, Walls AC, Hemann EA, Murapa P, et al. An Alphavirus-derived replicon RNA vaccine induces SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in mice and nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2020;12:eabc9396.
Lu B, Huang Y, Huang L, Li B, Zheng Z, Chen Z, et al. Effect of mucosal and systemic immunization with virus-like particles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mice. Immunology 2010;130:254-61.
Afrough B, Dowall S, Hewson R. Emerging viruses and current strategies for vaccine intervention. Clin Exp Immunol 2019;196:157-66.
Lipstich M, Dean NE. Understanding COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. Science 2020;370:763-5.
Minor PD. Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges. Virology 2015;479-480:379-92.
Amanat F, Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Status report. Immunity 2020;52:583-9.
Sharma O, Sultan AA, Ding H, Triggle CR. A review of the progress and challenges of developing a vaccine for COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020;11:585354.
Li W, Joshi MD, Singhania S, Ramsey KH, Murthy AK. Peptide vaccine: Progress and challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2014;2:515-36.
Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Peptide-based synthetic vaccines. Chem Sci 2016;7:842-54.
Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A. Recent developments in recombinant protein-based dengue vaccines. Front Immunol 2018;9:1919.
Pollet J, Chen WH, Strych U. Recombinant protein vaccines, a proven approach against coronavirus pandemics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021;170:71-82.
Li YD, Chi WY, Su JH, Ferrall L, Hung CF, Wu TC. Coronavirus vaccine development: From SARS and MERS to COVID-19. J Biomed Sci 2020;27:104.
Zhou LK, Zhou Z, Jiang XM, Fu Z, Xiao G, Zhang CY, et al. Absorbed plant MIR2911 in honeysuckle decoction inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and accelerates the negative conversion of infected patients. Cell Discov 2020;6:54.
Wang J, Zand MS. The potential for antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Translational implications for vaccine development. J Clin Transl Sci 2020;5:1-4.
Jiang S. Don’t rush to deploy COVID-19 vaccines and drugs without sufficient safety guarantees. Nature 2020;579:321.
Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutierrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Pena R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, et al. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020;34:101623.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 Shashi Kiran Misra, Kamla Pathak, Devender Pathak, Ramakant Yadav
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.