PERILLA FRUTESCENS – A REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES, EXTRACTION PROCEDURE AND APPLICATIONS

VANITA K; MEGH T; SHIVAM D

doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2022.v15i8.44982

Authors

VANITA K Department of Pharmacology, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sector 2, Behind Sanpada Railway Station, Sanpada West, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
MEGH T Department of Pharmacology, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sector 2, Behind Sanpada Railway Station, Sanpada West, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
SHIVAM D Department of Pharmacology, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sector 2, Behind Sanpada Railway Station, Sanpada West, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2022.v15i8.44982

Keywords:

Perilla, Rosmarinic acid, α-Linolenic acid, Neuroprotective

Abstract

Perilla frutescens, a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, is a medicinal, aromatic, edible, and beautiful plant. The source of perilla lies into East Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, and India), in which it is been used as an important root of culinary and conventional medicinal uses. Perilla plant’s leaves, seeds, and stems are utilized in community medicine for a variety of ailments [1]. Recently, Perilla plant is gaining extra interest due to its medicinal advantages and phytochemical contents. The fundamental phytochemical compounds found in this species are phenolic compounds (Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid), flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin), Phytosterols, Tocopherols, Policosanols, and Fatty acid. Perilla seed oil too is a wealthy supply of vital fatty acid which includes α-linolenic acid (54–64%) and linoleic acid (14%) [2]. Perilla has shown different biologicalactions for example, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective actions. Perilla seed oil consists of omega-3-fatty acid, and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). In comparison to other plant oils, perilla seed oil has one of the highest percentages of omega-3 (ALA) fatty acids, at 54–64%. The omega-6 (linoleic acid) is around 14% and omega-9 (Oleic acid) too is found in perilla oil. These polyunsaturated fatty acids are very useful to human wellbeing and in prevention of various illnesses such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, inflammatory, and rheumatoid arthritis [3].

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmed HM. Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Molecules 2018;24:102. doi: 10.3390/molecules24010102, PMID 30597896, PMCID PMC6337106.

Dhyani A, Chopra R, Garg M. A review on nutritional value, functional properties and pharmacological application of Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.). Biomed Pharmacol J 2019;12:649-60. doi: 10.13005/ bpj/1685.

Asif M. Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils. Orient Pharm Exp Med 2011;11:51-9. doi: 10.1007/s13596-011-0002-x, PMID 21909287, PMCID PMC3167467.

Perilla frutescens. Wikipedia. Available from: https://www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilla_frutescens

Negi VS, Rawat LS, Phondani PC, Chandra A. Perilla frutescens in transition: A medicinal and oil yielding plant need instant conservation, a case study from central Himalaya, India. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2011;6:193-200.

Yu H, Qiu JF, Ma LJ, Hu YJ, Li P, Wan JB. Phytochemical and phytopharmacological review of Perilla frutescens L. (Labiatae), a traditional edible-medicinal herb in China. Food Chem Toxicol 2017;108:375-91. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.023. PMID 27890564.

Meng L, Lozano Y, Bombarda I, Gaydou EM, Li B. Polyphenol extraction from eight Perilla frutescens cultivars. C R Chim 2009;12:602-11. doi: 10.1016/j.crci.2008.04.011.

Kang NS, Lee JH. Characterisation of phenolic phytochemicals and quality changes related to the harvest times from the leaves of Korean purple Perilla (Perilla frutescens). Food Chem 2011;124:556-62. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.071.

Singh G. Perilla; N.d. Available from: http://www.flowersofindia.net/ catalog/slides/Perilla.html [Last accessed on 2018 Apr 07].

Li H, Zhang Z, He D, Xia Y, Liu Q, Li X. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from Perilla seeds and determination of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity. Food Sci Technol 2017;37:71-7. doi: 10.1590/1678- 457x.29116.

Peng Y, Ye J, Kong J. Determination of phenolic compounds in Perilla frutescens L. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:8141-7. doi: 10.1021/jf051360e, PMID 16218656.

Gu L, Wu T, Wang Z. TLC bioautography-guided isolation of antioxidants from fruit of Perilla frutescens var. acuta. LWT Food Sci Technol 2009;42:131-6. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.04.006.

Wang J, Xue S, Zhao GH. Comparative study on chemical components and in vitro antioxidant capacity of essential oil from different parts of Perilla frutescens. Food Sci 2013;34:86-91.

Tian J, Zeng X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang P, Lü A, et al. Regional variation in components and antioxidant and antifungal activities of Perilla frutescens essential oils in China. Ind Crops Prod 2014;59:69- 79. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.048.

Ito M, Toyoda M, Kamakura S, Honda G. A New type of essential oil from Perilla frutescens from Thailand. J Essent Oil Res 2002;14:416-9. doi: 10.1080/10412905.2002.9699907.

Zhang X, Wu W, Zheng Y, Chen L, Qianrong C. Essential oil variations in different Perilla L. accessions: Chemotaxonomic implications. Plant Syst Evol 2009;281:1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00606-009-0152-1.

Ghimire BK, Yoo JH, Yu CY, Chung IM. GC-MS analysis of volatile compounds of Perilla frutescens Britton var. japonica accessions: Morphological and seasonal variability. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2017;10:643-51. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.004, PMID 28870340.

Müller-Waldeck F, Sitzmann J, Schnitzler WH, Grassmann J. Determination of toxic Perilla ketone, secondary plant metabolites and antioxidative capacity in five Perilla frutescens L. varieties. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:264-70. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.009, PMID 19833165.

Chen JH, Xia ZH, Tan RX. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of bioactive triterpenes in Perilla frutescens. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003;32:1175-9. doi: 10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00160-2, PMID 12907261.

Ding Y. Characterization of fatty acid composition from five Perilla seed oils in China and its relationship to annual growth temperature. J Med Plants Res 2012;6:1645-51.

Longvah T, Deosthale YG, Kumar PU. Nutritional and short-term toxicological evaluation of Perilla seed oil. Food Chem 2000;70:13-6. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00263-0.

Schantz MM, Sander LC, Sharpless KE, Wise SA, Yen JH, Pho AN, et al. Development of botanical and fish oil standard reference materials for fatty acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013;405:4531-8. doi: 10.1007/ s00216-013-6747-y, PMID 23371533.

Adhikari P, Hwang KT, Park JN, Kim CK. Policosanol content and composition in Perilla seeds. J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:5359-62. doi: 10.1021/jf060688k, PMID 16848517.

Jung DM, Lee MJ, Yoon SH, Jung MY, Gas A. Chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometric analysis of policosanols in commercial vegetable oils. J Food Sci 2011;76:C891-9. doi: 10.1111/ j.1750-3841.2011.02232. x.

Saklani S, Chandra S, Gautam AK. Phytochemical investigation and contribution of Perilla frutescence as spices in traditional health care system. Int J Pharm Technol 2011;3:3543-54.

Zhang H, Tsao R. Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016;8:33-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.02.002.

Ren P, Jiang H, Li R, Wang J, Song N, Xu HM, et al. Rosmarinic acid inhibits 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity by anti-oxidation in MES23.5 cells. J Mol Neurosci 2009;39:220-5. doi: 10.1007/s12031- 009-9182-y, PMID 19219567.

Zhao G, Yao-Yue C, Qin GW, Guo LH. Luteolin from purple Perilla mitigates ROS insult particularly in primary neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2012;33:176-86. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.02.013, PMID 20382451.

Lee JH, Park KH, Lee MH, Kim HT, Seo WD, Kim JY, et al. Identification, characterisation, and quantification of phenolic compounds in the antioxidant activity-containing fraction from the seeds of Korean Perilla (Perilla frutescens) cultivars. Food Chem 2013;136:843-52. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.057, PMID 23122135.

Osakabe N, Yasuda A, Natsume M, Sanbongi C, Kato Y, Osawa T, et al. Rosmarinic acid, a major polyphenolic component of Perilla frutescens, reduces lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitized mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:798-806. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00970-x, PMID 12208367.

Ueda H, Yamazaki C, Yamazaki M. Luteolin as an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic constituent of Perilla frutescens. Biol Pharm Bull 2002;25:1197-202. doi: 10.1248/bpb.25.1197, PMID 12230117.

Makino T, Furuta Y, Wakushima H, Fujii H, Saito K, Kano Y. Anti-allergic effect of Perilla frutescens and its active constituents. Phytother Res 2003;17:240-3. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1115, PMID 12672153.

Heo JC, Nam DY, Seo MS, Lee SH. Alleviation of atopic dermatitis-related symptoms by Perilla frutescens Britton. Int J Mol Med 2011;28:733-7. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2011.763, PMID 21811759.

Asada M, Fukumori Y, Inoue M, Nakagomi K, Sugie M, Fujita Y, et al. Glycoprotein derived from the hot water extract of mint plant, Perilla frutescens Britton. J Agric Food Chem 1999;47:468-72. doi: 10.1021/jf9802777, PMID 10563918.

Available from: http://www.aor.ca/assets/Research/pdf/Perilla%20 An%20Allergy%20Fighting%20Herb.pdf

Kamalashiran C, Pattaraarchachai J, Muengtaweepongsa S. Feasibility and safety of Perilla seed oil as an additional antioxidative therapy in patients with mild to moderate dementia. J Aging Res 2018;2018:5302105. doi: 10.1155/2018/5302105, PMID 29973990.

Senavong P, Kongkham S, Saelim S, Suangkavathin V. Neuroprotective effect of Perilla extracts on PC12 cells. J Med Assoc Thai 2016;99:S256- 64. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1596545, PMID 29927179.

Hashimoto M, Yamashita K, Matsuzaki K, Kato S, Shido O. Beneficial effects of Perilla oil and brain training intervention on cognition in elderly Japanese. Innov Aging 2017;1:467. doi: 10.1093/geroni/ igx004.1665, PMCID PMC6245062.

Xu B, Li XX, He GR, Hu JJ, Mu X, Tian S, et al. Luteolin promotes long-term potentiation and improves cognitive functions in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010;627:99-105. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.038, PMID 19857483.

Zhao G, Qin GW, Wang J, Chu WJ, Guo LH. Functional activation of monoamine transporters by luteolin and apigenin isolated from the fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Neurochem Int 2010;56:168-76. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.09.015, PMID 19815045.

Lee HC, Ko HK, Huang BE, Chu YH, Huang SY. Antidepressant-like effects of Perilla frutescens seed oil during a forced swimming test. Food Funct 2014;5:990-6. doi: 10.1039/c3fo60717h, PMID 24651157.

Lee J, Park S, Lee JY, Yeo YK, Kim JS, Lim J. Improved spatial learning and memory by Perilla diet is correlated with immunoreactivities to neurofilament and α-synuclein in hilus of dentate gyrus. Proteome Sci 2012;10:72. doi: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-72, PMID 23216756.

Narisawa T, Fukaura Y, Yazawa K, Ishikawa C, Isoda Y, Nishizawa Y. Colon cancer prevention with a small amount of dietary Perilla oil high in alpha-linolenic acid in an animal model. Cancer 1994;73:2069-75. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940415)73:8<2069:aid-cncr2820730810>3.0.co;2-1, PMID 7908858.

Onogi N, Okuno M, Komaki C, Moriwaki H, Kawamori T, Tanaka T, et al. Suppressing effect of Perilla oil on azoxymethane-induced foci of colonic aberrant crypts in rats. Carcinogenesis 1996;17:1291-6.

doi: 10.1093/carcin/17.6.1291, PMID 8681445.

Yamamoto H, Ogawa T. Antimicrobial activity of Perilla seed polyphenols against oral pathogenic bacteria. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002;66:921-4. doi: 10.1271/bbb.66.921, PMID 12036078.

Lin CS, Kuo CL, Wang JP, Cheng JS, Huang ZW, Chen CF. Growth inhibitory and apoptosis inducing effect of Perilla frutescens extract on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;112:557-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.008, PMID 17574356.

Kwak CS, Yeo EJ, Moon SC, Kim YW, Ahn HJ, Park SC. Perilla leaf, Perilla frutescens, induces apoptosis and G1 phase arrest in human leukemia HL-60 cells through the combinations of death receptor-mediated, mitochondrial, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pathways. J Med Food 2009;12:508-17. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2008.1103, PMID 19627198.

Cho BO, Jin CH, Park YD, Ryu HW, Byun MW, Seo KI, et al. Isoegomaketone induces apoptosis through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways in human DLD1 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011;75:1306-11. doi: 10.1271/bbb.110088, PMID 21737934.

Omer EA, Khattab ME, Ibrahim ME. First cultivation trial of Perilla frutescens L. in Egypt. Flavour Fragr J 1998;13:221-5. doi: 10.1002/ (SICI)1099-1026(1998070)13:4<221:AID-FFJ716>3.0.CO;2-Z.

Arya E, Saha S, Saraf SA, Kaithwas G. Effect of Perilla frutescens fixed oil on experimental esophagitis in albino Wistar rats. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:981372. doi: 10.1155/2013/981372, PMID 24027769.

Yang EJ, Ku SK, Lee W, Lee S, Lee T, Song KS, et al. Barrier protective effects of rosmarinic acid on HMGB1-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Physiol 2013;228:975-82. doi: 10.1002/ jcp.24243, PMID 23042518.

Banno N, Akihisa T, Tokuda H, Yasukawa K, Higashihara H, Ukiya M, et al. Triterpene acids from the leaves of Perilla frutescens and their anti-inflammatory and antitumor-promoting effects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004;68:85-90. doi: 10.1271/bbb.68.85, PMID 14745168.

Kim EY, Choi HJ, Chung TW, Choi JY, Kim HS, Jung YS, et al. Water-extracted Perilla frutescens increases endometrial receptivity though leukemia inhibitory factor-dependent expression of integrins. J Pharmacol Sci 2016;131:259-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.07.004, PMID 27562703.

Seong J, Song YO. Perilla oil rich in α-linolenic acid inhibits neuronal apoptosis and the expression of inflammation-mediator protein in apoE KO mice. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2012;1:167-73. doi: 10.1016/j. bcab.2012.01.001.

Chung KH, Hwang HJ, Shin KO, Jeon WM, Choi KS. Effects of Perilla oil on plasma concentrations of cardioprotective (n-3) fatty acids and lipid profiles in mice. Nutr Res Pract 2013;7:256-61. doi: 10.4162/ nrp.2013.7.4.256, PMID 23964311.

Yamasaki K, Nakano M, Kawahata T, Mori H, Otake T, Ueba N, et al. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol Pharm Bull 1998;21:829- 33. doi: 10.1248/bpb.21.829, PMID 9743251.

Ryan E, Galvin K, O’Connor TP, Maguire AR, O’Brien NM. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2007;62:85-91. doi: 10.1007/s11130-007-0046-8, PMID 17594521.

Tiwari JK, Ballabha R, Tiwari P. Some promising wild edible plants of Srinagar and its adjacent area in Alaknanda valley of Garhwal Himalaya, India. J Am Sci 2010;6:167-74.

Brenner D. Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources; 1993. Available from: https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2- 322.html

Kumar S. The Economic Plants of Northeast India. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishing. India; 1999.

Longvah T, Deosthale YG. Chemical and nutritional studies on hanshi (Perilla frutescens), a traditional oilseed from Northeast India. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1991;68:781-4. doi: 10.1007/BF02662172.

Guenther E. The Essential Oils. Vol. 3. New York: D Van Nostrand Inc.; 1949.

Nago Y, Fujioka S, Takahashi T, Matsuoka T. Studies on the quality of the Chinese drug soyo and the cultivation of the original plant (in Japanese). Takeda Res Lab 1975;34:33-42.

Dhami N, Jha PK, Karmacharya SB. In: Jha PK, Karmacharya SB, Chettri MK, Thapa CB, Shrestha BB, editors. Medicinal Plants in Nepal: An Anthology of Contemporary Research. Vol. 189. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ecological Society; 2008. p. 164-76.

Prakash A. Uses of Some Threatened and Potential Ethnomedicinal Plants among the Tribals of Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand in India. Vol. 22. In: National Conference on Forest Biodiversity: Earth’s Living Treasure; 2011.

Bae JS, Han M, Shin HS, Kim MK, Shin CY, Lee DH, et al. Perilla frutescens leaves extract ameliorates ultraviolet radiation-induced extracellular matrix damage in human dermal fibroblasts and hairless mice skin. J Ethnopharmacol 2017;195:334-42. doi: 10.1016/j. jep.2016.11.039, PMID 27888134.

Chung MS, Bae WJ, Choi SW, Lee KW, Jeong HC, Bashraheel F, et al. An Asian traditional herbal complex containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Perilla frutescens Var. acuta and green tea stimulates hair growth in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17:515. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-2003-x, PMID 29197368.

Kerr LA, Johnson BJ, Burrows GE. Intoxication of cattle by Perilla frutescens (purple mint). Vet Hum Toxicol 1986;28:412-6. PMID 3776081.

Available from: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/ perilla.pdf

Jung S, Lee WY, Yong SJ, Shin KC, Kim CW, Lee J, et al. Occupational asthma caused by inhaling smoke from roasting Perilla seeds. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2013;1:90. doi: 10.4168/aard.2013.1.1.90.

Jeong YY, Park HS, Choi JH, Kim SH, Min KU. Two cases of anaphylaxis caused by Perilla seed. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117:1505-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.02.044, PMID 16751022.

Ciftci ON, Przybylski R, Rudzińska M. Lipid components of flax, Perilla, and chia seeds. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2012;114:794-800. doi: 10.1002/ejlt.201100207.

Lee JK, Ohnishi O. Geographic differentiation of morphological characters among Perilla crops and their weedy Types in East Asia. Breed Sci 2001;51:247-55. doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.51.247.

Sonntag NO. Fat splitting. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1979;56:729A-32A. doi: 10.1007/BF02667430.