COMPONENTS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AS A RISK FACTOR FOR COVID-19 IN INDIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2024v17i11.45356Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Metabolic syndromeAbstract
Objective: Several patients with components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) like obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia is a risk factor for COVID-19 in India. Aims of our review to bring together current data about components of metabolic syndrome & COVID 19 infection. It specially looks the relation between components of MetS (Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and dyslipidemia) and COVID 19. At the time of writing the review is updated till time.
Methods: Search of literature was done by using google search & PubMed engines for prepare review related to my article.
Results: Patients with components of metabolic syndrome like obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia have increased evidence of incidence and severity of COVID-19. COVID-19 has effect on the pathophysiology of all these components of metabolic syndrome. The control of all these components of metabolic syndrome is important not only for patients who are infected with COVID-19, but also for those without the disease.
Conclusions: It is commonly known that the existence of comorbidities such as increase in BMI, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension is associated with additional severe course of COVID-19. So measurement of components of metabolic syndrome parameters is essential to better estimate the risk of COVID-19 and management and control of these components (BMI, blood glucose, blood pressure, lipid profile) of metabolic syndrome parameters will cause less possibility to occur COVID-19.
Downloads
References
Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia-a systematic review, metaanalysis, and meta-regression. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:395-403. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease Control and prevention. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323:1239-42. doi: 10.1001/ jama.2020.2648
WHO Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-133. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200601-covid-19-sitrep-133. pdf?sfvrsn=9a56f2ac_4 [Last accessed on 2020 Jun 01].
Singh AK, Gupta R, Misra A. Comorbidities in COVID-19: Outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:283-7. doi: 10.1016/j. ijid.2020.03.017
Bhargava A, Bhargava M. Obesity and COVID-19 outcomes: A risk factor that needs attention. Curr Sci. 2020;118:1-2.
Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza’ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y. Obesity and inflammation: The linking mechanism and the complications. Arch Med Sci. 2017 Jun;13(4):851-63.
Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission. Clin Inf Dis. 2020;71:896-7. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa415
Ruocco G, Feola M, Palazzuoli A. Hypertension prevalence in human coronavirus disease: The role of ACE system in infection spread and severity. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:373-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.058
Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:303-10. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.004
Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145-51.
Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020 Mar 23;323:1775-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4683
Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, Kim R, Jerome KR, Nalla AK, et al. Covid-19 in critically Ill patients in the Seattle Region-case series. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2012-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2004500
Marhl M, Grubelnik V, Magdic M, Markovic R. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome as risk factors for COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:671-77. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.013
Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367:1260-3. doi: 10.1126/ science.abb2507
Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12:8. doi: 10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x
Palmieri L, Andrianou X, Bella A, Bellino S, Boros S, Canevelli M, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients Dying in Italy. Report Based on Available Data on March 26th, 2020; 2020.
Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(3):193-9. doi: 10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4
Akbar DH. Bacterial pneumonia: Comparison between diabetics and non-diabetics. Acta Diabetol. 2001;38:77-82.
Yang JK, Feng Y, Yuan MY, Yuan SY, Fu HJ, Wu BY, et al. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabet Med. 2006;23(6):623-8.
Misumi I, Starmer J, Uchimura T, Beck MA, Magnuson T, Whitmire JK. Obesity expands a distinct population of T cells in adipose tissue and increases vulnerability to infection. Cell Rep. 2019;27:514 24.e5.
Bourgeois C, Gorwood J, Barrail Tran A, Lagathu C, Capeau J, Desjardins D, et al. Specific biological features of adipose tissue, and their impact on HIV persistence. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2837.
Ryan PM, Caplice NM. Is adipose tissue a reservoir for viral spread, immune activation, and cytokine amplification in coronavirus disease 2019? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Apr 21;28:1191-4.
Petrakis D, Margina D, Tsarouhas K, Tekos F, Stan M, Nikitovic D, et al. Obesity a risk factor for increased COVID 19 prevalence, severity and lethality. Mol Med Rep. 2020;22:9-19.
Liu M, He P, Liu HG, Wang XJ, Li FJ, Chen S, et al. Clinical characteristics of 30 medical workers infected with new coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020;43:E016.
Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, Leng L, Zhu RR, Wang BY, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019 nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2020;48:450-5.
Lippi G, Wong J, Henry B. Hypertension in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A pooled analysis. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2020;130(4):304-9. doi: 10.20452/pamw.15272
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;9:1054-62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):934-43. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
Kobayashi K, Chin K, Umezawa S, Ito S, Yamamoto H, Nakano S, et al. Influence of stress induced by the first announced state of emergency due to coronavirus disease 2019 on outpatient blood pressure management in Japan. Hypertens Res. 2022;45:675-85.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 gunjan kumar mandal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.