EVALUATION OF LIPID AND THYROID STATUS IN PREGNANCY AND ITS EFFECT ON NEONATAL OUTCOME

gurpreet kaur gill; Diksha Kapila

doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2024.v17i1.48348

Authors

gurpreet kaur gill Department of Medical Lab Sciences, Khalsa College of Pharmacy and Technology, Amritsar, Punjab, India. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6412-8424
Diksha Kapila Department of Medical Lab Sciences, Khalsa College of Pharmacy and Technology, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2024.v17i1.48348

Keywords:

pregnancy, body mass index, cholesterol, triglycerides, birth weight

Abstract

Objective: Maternal nutritional status is essential for the achievement of maternal and fetal growth. Blood lipid concentrations have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and high birth weight. As blood lipids are not routinely measured during pregnancy, there is limited information on what is considered normal during pregnancy. In early pregnancy, there is an increase in fat buildup associated with increased fat concentration in blood, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein in plasma increased significantly during pregnancy. This study was aimed at the analysis of lipid profile and thyroid profile in second- and third-trimester pregnant women, with the incidence of hypertension and their possible effect on neonatal outcome.

Methods: Blood samples were collected from the Beri Maternity Hospital, Amritsar, and were analyzed for biochemical investigation, namely lipid profile and thyroid profile.

Results: The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very LDL have been significantly increased in third-trimester pregnant women as compared to second-trimester pregnant women. However, the level of HDL diminished in the third trimester as compared to the second trimester. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels increased in third-trimester pregnant women.

Conclusion: Our findings highlighted the importance of maternal lipid metabolism in preventing pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes as human gestation is associated with an “atherogenic” lipid profile which could act as a potential risk factor for pre-eclampsia and endothelial cell dysfunction if further enhanced than the normal limits. Increased blood lipid concentrations during pregnancy are altered by maternal body mass index. This study will help in understanding baseline lipid parameters in the second and third trimesters among pregnant women. Excessive dietary nutrition intake and inadequate physical activity during pregnancy may be important contributors of dyslipidemia which can lead to complications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Grimes SB, Wild R. Effect of pregnancy on lipid metabolism and lipoprotein levels. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dhatariya K, et al, editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth: Textcom, Inc.; 2000.

Pipe EA, Gobert CP, Capes SE, Darlington GA, Lampe JW, Duncan AM. Soy protein reduces serum LDL cholesterol and the LDL cholesterol: HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: Apolipoprotein A-I ratios in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Nutr 2009;139:1700-6. doi: 10.3945/ jn.109.109595, PMID 19605528

Enquobahrie DA, Williams MA, Butler CL, Frederick IO, Miller RS, Luthy DA. Maternal plasma Lipid concentrations in early pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:574-81. doi: 10.1016/j. amjhyper.2004.03.666, PMID 15233976

Mitanchez D, Yzydorczyk C, Simeoni U. What neonatal complications should the pediatrician be aware of in case of maternal gestational diabetes? World J Diabetes 2015;6:734-43. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i5.734, PMID 26069722

Gill GK, Kaur M, Singh P, Kataria J. Effect of high blood pressure on thyroid and lipid profile of pregnant women. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2019;8:3699-704. doi: 10.18203/2320-1770. ijrcog20193801

Brent GA. The debate over thyroid-function screening in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2012;366:562-3. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1112591, PMID 22316450

Zhu C, Xia Y. Biomimetics: Reconstitution of low-density lipoprotein for targeted drug delivery and related theranostic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017;46:7668-82. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00492c, PMID 29104991

Glueck CJ, Fallat RW, Millett F, Gartside P, Elston RC, Go RC. Familial hyper-alpha-lipoproteinaemia: Studies in eighteen kindreds. Metabolism 1975;24:1243-65. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(75)90063-3

Wakatsuki A, Ikenoue N, Okatani Y, Shinohara K, Fukaya T. Lipoprotein particles in preeclampsia: Susceptibility to oxidative motidification. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:55-9. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(00)00858-9, PMID 10862842

Lorentzen B, Henriksen T. Plasma lipids and vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1998;16:33-9. doi: 10.1055/s- 2007-1016250, PMID 9654605

Qiu C, Coughlin KB, Frederick IO, Sorensen TK, Williams MA. Dietary fiber intake in early pregnancy and risk of subsequent preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2008;21:903-9. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2008.209, PMID 18636070

Adegoke OA, Iyare EE, Gbenebitse SO. Fasting plasma glucose and cholesterol levels in pregnant Nigerian women. Niger Postgrad Med J 2003;10:32-6. doi: 10.4103/1117-1936.171627, PMID 12717462

van den Elzen HJ, Wladimiroff JW, Cohen-Overbeek TE. Serum lipids in early pregnancy and risk of pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103:117-22.

Herrera E. Lipid metabolism in pregnancy and its consequences in the fetus and newborn. Endocrine 2002;19:43-55. doi: 10.1385/ ENDO:19:1:43, PMID 12583601

Youmbissi TJ, Djoumessi S, Simo Moyo J, NouedouI C, Tchemy C, Zam Ngono EC. Profil lipidique général d’un groupe de malades insuffisants rénaux chroniques camerounais. Med Afr Noire 1994;41:44-7.

Butte NF, Hopkinson JM, Wong WW, Smith EO, Ellis KJ. Body composition during the first 2 years of life: An updated reference. Pediatr Res 2000;47:578-85. doi: 10.1203/00006450-200005000- 00004, PMID 10813580

Homko CJ, Sivan E, Reece EA, Boden G. Fuel metabolism during pregnancy. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1999;17:119-25. doi: 10.1055/s- 2007-1016219, PMID 10528363

Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2548-56. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0395, PMID 15181022

Piechota W, Staszewski A. Reference ranges of lipids and apolipoproteins in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1992;45:27-35. doi: 10.1016/0028-2243(92)90190-a, PMID 1618359

Brizzi P, Tonolo G, Esposito F, Puddu L, Dessole S, Maioli M,et al. Lipoprotein metabolism during normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:430-4. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70574-0, PMID 10454696

Bassi R, Kaur M, Sharma S. Study of changes in lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase during normal pregnancy. Ind J Fund App Life Sci 2011;1:249-54.

Napoli C, Palinski W. Maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy influences the later development of atherosclerosis: Clinical and pathogenic implications. Eur Heart J 2001;22:4-9. doi: 10.1053/ euhj.2000.2147, PMID 11133201

Casey BM, Dashe JS, Wells CE, McIntire DD, Byrd W, Leveno KJ, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:239-45. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000152345.99421.22, PMID 15684146