FUTURISTIC SCPOPE OF BIOMARKERS IN TUBERCULOSIS
Abstract
ABSTRACT
One of the major causes of the mortality from single infectious agent, tuberculosis (TB) is prevalent worldwide. India has the highest number of TB
cases in the world. It is the leading cause of death, because of its high mortality and morbidity because of the disease. Reason lies in the emergence
of multidrug-resistant TB strains, and the HIV infection, which reactivates the latent TB making it more severe. Moreover, failure to diagnose TB
early remains one of the primary hurdles in controlling of the disease. TB is a potentially hazardous infectious disease attacks various organs, mainly
affecting lungs. The bacteria causing TB are spread from one person to another. Tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes lead to the
passage of infection. The disease is generally diagnosed by its symptoms, radiographic methods, and sputum smear microscopy and by cultivation of
the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is considered as gold standard. Current advances in molecular biology and molecular epidemiology and a better
understanding of drug resistance in TB have given a new horizon to its rapid diagnosis. However, the cost-effective techniques, and their requirement
for sophisticated equipment and skilled personals have excluded their implementation on a routine basis, especially in low-income countries.
Keywords: Biochemical markers, Tuberculosis, Microbiological tuberculosis.
Downloads
References
REFERENCES
Andersen P, Munk ME, Pollock JM, Doherty TM. Specific immune-based diagnosis of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2000;356(9235):1099-104.
Dockrell HM, Weir RE. Whole blood cytokine assays-A new generation of diagnostic tests for tuberculosis? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2(6):441-2.
Lalvani A. Spotting latent infection: the path to better tuberculosis control. Thorax 2003;58(11):916-8.
Pai M, Riley LW, Colford JM Jr. Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4(12):761-76.
Brock I, Munk ME, Kok- Jensen A, Andersen P. Performance of the whole blood interferon- Gama test for TB diagnosis based on PPD or the specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001;5(5):462-7.
Gupta S, Bhatia R, Datta KK. Serological diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis by estimation of mycobacterial antigen 60-specific immunoglobulins in the serum. Tuber Lung Dis 1997;78(1):21-7.
Radin RC, Zeiss CR, Phair JP. Antibodies to purified protein derivative in different immunoglobulin classes in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in man. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1983;70(1):25-9.
Bhatia AS, Kumar S, Harinath BC. Immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: An update. Indian J Clin Biochem 2003;18(2):1-5.
Mathur PC, Tiwari KK, Tiwari T. Diagnostic value of ADA activity in tubercular serosities. Indian J Tuberc 2006;53:92-5.
Gupta DK, Suri JC, Goel A. Efficacy of ADA in diagnosis of pleural effusions. Indian J Chest Dis 1990;32(4):205-8.
Bhargava DK, Gupta M, Nijhawan S, Dasarathy S, Kushwaha AK. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) in peritoneal tuberculosis: diagnostic value in ascitic fluid and serum. Tubercle 1990;71(2):121-6.
Piras MA, Gakis C, Budroni M, Andreoni G. Adenosine deaminase activity in pleural effusions: an aid to differential diagnosis. Br Med J 1978;2(6154):1751-2.
Baganha MF, Pêgo A, Lima MA, Gaspar EV, Cordeiro AR. Serum and pleural adenosine deaminase. Correlation with lymphocytic populations. Chest 1990;97(3):605-10.
Malan C, Donald PR, Golden M, Taljaard JJ. Adenosine deaminase levels in cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Trop Med Hyg 1984;87(1):33-40.
Zaric B, Kuruc V, Markovic M, Canak V, Milovancev A, Jovanovic S, Sarcev T. Diagnostic tools for tuberculous pleurisy: Where is the place of adenosine deaminase (ADA?). Chest 2007;132(4):463s.
Rohani MY, Cheong YM, Rani JM. The use ADA as biochemical marker for the diagnosis of tubercular meningitis. Malay J Pathol 1995;17(2):67-71.
Mishra OP, Loiwal V, Ali Z, Nath G, Chandra L, Das BK. Cerebrospinal fluidadenosine deaminase activity and C-reactive protein in tuberculous and partially treated bacterial meningitis. Indian Pediatr 1995;32(8):886-9.
Prasad R, Kumar A, Khanna BK. CSF-ADA for the diagnosis of TBM. Indian J Tuberc 1991;38:99-102.
Batra HS, Parduman S, Somani BL, Gupth A, Sampat S, Ambade V. Serum ferroxidase albumin ratio as a marker in pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2007;22(2):106-8.
Raju KS, Alessandri G, Ziche M, Gullino PM. Ceruloplasmin, copper ion and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;69(5):183-8.
Walzl G, Ronacher K, Hanekom W, Scriba TJ, Zumla A. Immunological biomarkers of tuberculosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11(5):343-54.
Anderson P, Munk ME, Pullock JM, Doherthy TM. Specefic immune-based diagnosis of tuberculosis. Lancet 2003;356(9235):1099-104.
Dockrell HM, Weir RE. Whole blood cytokine assay- A new generation of diagnostic test for tuberculosis? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;6(6):441-2.
Awan IN, Ali-Rizvi SK, Nadeem MA, Imran SM, Khattak AA, Tahseen S, et al. Expression and purification of mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens for use in immunoassays for serodetection of M. tuberculosis infection in TB patients. Pak J Zool 2012l;44(1):217-26.
Foulds J, O’Brien R. New tools for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: The perspective of developing countries. Int J Tuber Lung Dis 1998;2:778-83.
Perkins MD. New diagnostic tools for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4:S182-8.
Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Condos R, Ring Erickson GA, Greenberg J, La Bombardi V, et al. Volatile biomarkers of pulmonary tuberculosis in the breath. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007;87(1):44-52.
Perkins MD, Small PM. Partnering for better microbial diagnostics. Nat Biotechnol 2006;24:919-21.
WHO. Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) and Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Diagnostics for tuberculosis. Global demand and market potential. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
Vitoria M, Granich R, Gilks CF, Gunneberg C, Hosseini M, Were W, et al. The global fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: current status and future perspectives. Am J Clin Pathol 2009;131:844-8.
Helb D, Jones M, Story E, Gunneberg C, Hosseini M, Were W, et al. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistance using on-demand, near patient technology. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48(6):229-37.
Reid A, Scano F, Getahun H, Williams B, Dye C, Nunn P, et al. Towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support: the role of tuberculosis/HIV collaboration. Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6(8):483-95.
Hopewell PC, Pai M, Maher D, Uplekar M, Raviglione MC. International standards for tuberculosis care. Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6:710-25.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.