ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT CONTAINING 2.9% TANNIN AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM
##semicolon##
Grape seed extract##common.commaListSeparator## Biofilm##common.commaListSeparator## Enterococcus faecalis##article.abstract##
Objective: The aim of this study was to observe the antibacterial efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.
Methods: A biofilm of E. faecalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29212 strain was prepared using sterile cellulose nitrate filter membrane
incubated on brain heart infusion agar at 37°C for 72 h under aerobic condition. Each membrane containing E. faecalis biofilm was added to three
tubes of phosphate-buffered saline (control), three tubes of GSE, and three tubes of 2% clorhexidine. The number of viable DNA cells was measured
using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The data were statistically analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U-test.
Results: GSE had antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis biofilm. The difference in the amount of E. faecalis DNA between all groups was statistically
significant (p=0.05).
Conclusion: GSE has antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis biofilm.
##submission.citations##
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Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm to antibiotics and
calcium hydroxide. J Oral Sci 2007;49:161-6.
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hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis by using real-time polymerase
chain reaction: In vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2013;16:194-8.
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live and dead cells in multi-species oral biofilm by real-time PCR with
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applications in food safety and quality. Food Res Int 2011;44:827-39.
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properties of grape seed extract, nisin and EDTA incorporated soy
protein edible biofilm. Food Res Int 2008;41:781-5.
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from grapes. Int J Mol Sci 2010;11:622-46.
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proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Food Chem Toxicol
2002;40:599-607.
infections. In: Hargreaves K, Cohen S, editors. Cohen’s: Pathways of
the Pulp. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2011. p. 559-68.
2. Peters O, Peters C. Cleaning and shaping of root canal system. In:
Hargreaves K, editor. Cohen’s: Pathways of the Pulp. St. Louis: Mosby
Elsevier; 2011. p. 311-2.
3. Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Qian W, Gao Y. Irrigation in endodontics. Dent
Clin North Am 2010;54:291-312.
4. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effect of surgical exposure
of dental pulps in germ free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg
1965;20:340-9.
5. Siqueira J, Rocas I. Primary Endodontic Infections. In: Siqueira JF,
editor. Treatment of Endodontic Infections. Berlin: Quintessence
Publishing; 2011. p. 115-7.
6. Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB. Enterococcus
faecalis: Its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in
retreatment. J Endod 2006;32:93-8.
7. Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N. Root canal irrigants. J Conserv
Dent 2010;13:256-64.
8. Ferraz CC, Gomes BP, Zaia AA, Teixeira FB, Souza-Filho FJ.
Comparative study of the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine gel,
chlorhexidine solution and sodium hypochlorite as endodontic irrigants.
Braz Dent J 2007;18:294-8.
9. Gernhardt CR, Eppendorf K, Kozlowski A, Brandt M. Toxicity of
concentrated sodium hypochlorite used as an endodontic irrigant. Int
Endod J 2004;37:272-80.
10. Onça? O, Ho?gör M, Hilmio?lu S, Zekio?lu O, Eronat C, Burhano?lu D,
et al. Comparison of antibacterial and toxic effects of various root canal
irrigants. Int Endod J 2003;36:423-32.
11. de la Iglesia R, Milagro FI, Campión J, Boqué N, Martínez JA. Healthy
properties of proanthocyanidins. Biofactors 2010;36:159-68.
12. La VD, Howell AB, Grenier D. Cranberry proanthocyanidins inhibit
MMP production and activity. J Dent Res 2009;88:627-32.
13. Mageshwaran T, Ebenezar AR, Madhanamadhubala M,
Kavitha S, Mahalaxmi S. Counteraction of reactive oxygen species
and determination of antibacterial efficacy of proanthocyanidin and
lycopene when mixed with calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine
mixture: An in vitro comparative study. J Conserv Dent 2012;15:337?41.
14. Ranjitha CY, Priyanka S, Deepika R, Rani GP. Antimicrobial activity of
grape seed extract. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;3:1483-8.
15. Angellina AN. Potential of Grape Seed Extract as Root Canal Irrigation
Solution in Cleaning the Smear Layer. Thesis. Jakarta: Universitas
Indonesia; 2013.
16. Ryan S. Chlorhexidine as a canal irrigant: A review. Compend Contin
Educ Dent 2010;31:338-42.
17. Chai WL, Hamimah H, Cheng SC, Sallam AA, Abdullah M.
Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm to antibiotics and
calcium hydroxide. J Oral Sci 2007;49:161-6.
19. Life Technologies. Real-Time PCR Handbook. Life Technologies; 2012.
20. Eswar K, Venkateshbabu N, Rajeswari K, Kandaswamy D. Dentinal
tubule disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine, garlic extract, and calcium
hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis by using real-time polymerase
chain reaction: In vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2013;16:194-8.
21. Alvarez G, González M, Isabal S, Blanc V, León R. Method to quantify
live and dead cells in multi-species oral biofilm by real-time PCR with
propidium monoazide. AMB Express 2013;3:1.
22. Perumalla A, Hettiarachchy N. Green tea and grape seed extracts potential
applications in food safety and quality. Food Res Int 2011;44:827-39.
23. Sivarooban T, Hettiarachchy N, Johnson M. Physical and antimicrobial
properties of grape seed extract, nisin and EDTA incorporated soy
protein edible biofilm. Food Res Int 2008;41:781-5.
24. Xia EQ, Deng GF, Guo YJ, Li HB. Biological activities of polyphenols
from grapes. Int J Mol Sci 2010;11:622-46.
24. Yamakoshi J, Saito M, Kataoka S, Kikuchi M. Safety evaluation of
proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Food Chem Toxicol
2002;40:599-607.
##submissions.published##
05-04-2019
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Original Article(s)