ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA LINN.: EXTRACTION AND PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF LEAVES AND FLOWERS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2016v8i4.15272Keywords:
Antifungal activity, Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Steroid, Polar and non-polar solvents, Disc diffusion assay, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Minimum fungicidal concentration, Total activityAbstract
Objective: Extraction and evaluation of the antifungal activity of extracts from leaves and flowers of Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae) Linn.
Methods: Leaves and flowers of A. cathartica were collected, dried and extracted by using well-established methods for alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and crude extracts in polar and non-polar solvents. Extracts were screened for antifungal activity using ‘Disc Diffusion Assay' against Candida albicans (Yeast), Aspergillus flavus and Tricophyton mentagrophyte (fungi). Inhibition zone (IZ), Activity index (AI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and Total activity (TA) were studied. Mean and standard deviation has also been calculated.
Results: C. albicans found to be the most susceptible organism while T. mentagrophyte found to be resistant. Alkaloid of leaf (IZ= 22 mm, AI= 0.65±0.02, MIC= 0.156 mg/ml, MFC= 0.078 mg/ml, TA= 278.85 ml/g) showed the best activity against C. albicans. Pet ether extract (IZ= 12 mm, AI= 0.40±0.02, MIC= 0.312 mg/ml, MFC= 0.156 mg/ml, TA= 57.24 ml/g) and water extract (IZ= 13 mm, AI= 0.43±0.02, MIC= 0.312 mg/ml, MFC= 0.156 mg/ml, TA= 49.68 ml/g) of flower also showed very good activities against C. albicans. The range of MIC and MFC found to be 1.25-0.156 mg/ml and 0.625-0.078 mg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: Results indicate the good antifungal potency of extracts against tested microorganisms. Hence, may be explored for the formation of new antifungal drugs.Downloads
References
Stockwell C. Nature’s pharmacy. London: Century Hutchinson Ltd; 1988.
Thomson WA. editor. Medicines from the Earth. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1978.
Olowosulu AK, Ibrahim YK. Studies on the antimicrobial screening of aqueous extracts of five plants used in Folk medicine in Nigeria, West Africa. J Biol Sci 2006;3:21-6.
Ibekwe VI, Ubochi KC, Anyanwu BN. Prevalence of penicillia resistance in organisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Int J Environ Health Res 2000;10:251-5.
Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564-82.
Okunade AL, Elwin-Lewis MPF, Lewis WH. Natural antimycobacterial metabolites: current status. Phytochemistry 2000;65:1017-32.
Scio E, Mendes RF, Motta EVS, Bellozi PMQ. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some plant extract. Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals-Global Approaches to their Role in Nutrition and Health; 2012.
Del-Rio A, Obdulio BG, Castillo J, Marin RR, Ortuno A. Uses and properties of citrus flavonoids. J Agric Food Chem 1997;45:4505-15.
Blumenthal M. The ABC clinical guide to herbs. Austin: American botanical council; 2003. p. 239.
Joselin J, Sarasabai T, Brintha S, Florence AR. Screening of select ornamental flowers of the family Apocynaceae for phytochemical constituents. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012;2:260-4.
Britto AJD, Sebastian SR, Sujin RM. Phytochemical and antibacterial screening of seven Apocynaceae species against human pathogens. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011;3:278-81.
Rajamanickam K, Sudha S. In vitro antimicrobial activity and in vivo toxicity of Moringa oleifera and Allamanda cathartica against multiple drug resistant clinical pathogens. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2013;4:768–75.
Md Chowdhury AN, Ashrafuzzaman M, Md Ali H, Liza LN. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. Adv Biosci Bioeng 2013;1:1-24.
Singha IM, Unni BG, Kakoty Y, Das J. Evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity of medicinal plants against phytopathogenic fungi. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 2011;44:1033–40.
Ramawat KG, Merillon JM. Biotechnology: secondary metabolites. Science Pub Inc.; 2000.
Subramanian SS, Nagarjan S. Flavonoids of the seeds of Crotolaria retusa and Crotolaria striata. Curr Sci 1969;38:65.
Tomita Y, Uomori A, Minato H. Steroidal sapogenins and sterols in tissue cultures of Dioscorea tokora. Phytochemistry 1970;9:111-4.
Enfert C, Hube B. editors. Candida: comparative and functional genomics. Caister Academic Press; 2007.
Pappas PG. Invasive candidiasis. Infectious Disease Clinics North Am 2006;20:485-506.
Ryan KJ, Ray CG. Sherris medical microbiology. 4th ed. Mc Graw Hill; 2004.
Hedayati MT, Pasqualotto AC, Warn PA, Bowyer P. Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiology 2007;153:1677-92.
Denning DW, Venkateswarlu K, Oakley KL, Anderson MJ. Itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:1364-8.
Sanchez-Castellanos ME, Mayrga-Rodrigues JA, Sandoval-Tress C, Hernandz-Torres M. Tinea incognito due to Tricophyton mentagrophyte. Mycoses 2007;50:85-7.
Van Rooij P, Detandt M, Nolard N. Tricophyton mentagrophyte of rabbit origin causing the family incidence of kerion: an environmental study. Mycoses 2006;49:426-30.
Ajello L, Cheng S. The perfect state of T. mentagrophyte. Sabouraudia 1967;5:230-4.
George LK, Roberts CS, Menges RW, Kalpan W. Tricophyton mentagrophyte infection on dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1957;130:427-32.
Houck HE, Cooley JE, Lowitt MH, Kao GF. Tinea caput medusa; an unusual presentation of Tricophyton mentagrophyte on the scalp. Cutis 1996;58:48-52.
Andrews JM. BSAC standardized disc susceptibility testing method. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;4:43-57.
Basri DF, Fan SH. The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of gall of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents. Indian J Pharmacol 2005;37:26-9.
Eloff JN. Quantifying the bioactivity of the plant extracts during screening and bioassay-guided fractionation. Phytomedicine 2004;11:370-1.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
