INTRODUCTION TO HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND ITS TREATMENT: A REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i1.16616Keywords:
Hyperlipidemia, Coronary heart disease, lipoproteinsAbstract
Hyperlipidemia is a family of disorders that are characterised by abnormally high levels of lipida (fats) in the blood. While fats play a vital role in the body's metabolic processes, high blood levels of fats increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD), are epidemic in India. According to American Heart Association, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health and other government sources, cardiovascular disease is the leading global cause of death, accounting for more than 17.3 million deaths per year, a number that is expected to grow to more than 23.6 million by 2030. India has seen a rapid transition in its heart disease burden over the past couple of decades. Of the 30 million heart patients in India, 14 million reside in urban areas and 16 million in rural areas. If the current trend continues, by the year 2020, the burden of atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases in India will surpass that of any other country in the world. The Registrar General of India reported that CHD led to 17% of total deaths and 26% of adult deaths in 2001-2003, which increased to 23% of total and 32% of adult deaths in 2010-2013. The global increase in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia is due to unhealthy eating habits, obesity and physical inactivity. The emergencies, risk factors and remedies are described in the literature.
Hyperlipidemia, Coronary heart disease, lipoproteinsDownloads
References
Giorgio R, Francesco P, Rodalfo P, Duilio P. eds. Therapeutic selectivity and risk/benefit assessment of hypolipidemic drugs. Raven Press: New York; 1982.
Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM. Treating high blood cholesterol in older patient. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:48-52.
Jones PH. Lovastatin and simvastatin prevention studies. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:398-438.
Levy RI, Rifkind BM, Dennis BH, Ernst ND. Eds. Nutrition lipids and coronary heart disease, a global view. Raven Press: New York; 1979.
Goodman, Gilman. Eds. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York; 1970.
Smelt AH. Triglycerides and gallstone formation. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411:1625-31.
Ginsberg HN, Goldberg IJ. Disorders of intermediary metabolism (Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism). In: Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th edition; 2001.
Sundaram M, Yao Z. Recent progress in understanding protein and lipid factors affecting hepatic VLDL assembly and secretion. Nutr Metab 2010;27:35.
Ahmed SM, Clasen MD, Donnelly MD. Managment of dyslipidemia in adults. Am Family Physician 1998;57:1-16.
Costel P. Molecular pathways and agents for lowering LDL-cholesterol in addition to statins. Pharmol Ther 2010;126:263-78.
Ridker PM, Genest J, Boekholdt SM, Libby P, Gotto AM, Nordestgaard BG, et al. HDL cholesterol and residual risk of first cardiovascular events after treatment with potent statin therapy: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Lancet 2010;376:333-9.
Danesh J, Collins R, Thijs V. Lipoprotein (a) and stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Stroke 2007;38:1959-66.
Sharpe PC, Young IS, Evans AE. Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on lp (a) lipoprotein concentrations. The reduction is supported by other studies. Br Med J 1998;316:1675.
Schonfeld G. Inherited disorders of lipid transport. Endocrinol Matab Clin North Am 1990;19:229-57.
Fredrickson DS, Lees RS. A system for phenotyping hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulations 1965;31:321-7.
Jain K, Kathivarin MK, Rahul S, Chamanlal J. The biology and chemistry of hyperlipidemia. Bioorg Med Chem 2007;15:4674-99.
Chait A, Brunzell JD. Acquired hyperlipidemia (secondary dyslipoproteinemias). Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1990;19:259-78.
Stone NJ. Secondary causes of hyperlipidemia. Med Clin North Am 1994;78:117-41.
Fries ED. Hypertension and atherosclerosis. Am J Med 1969;46:735-40.
Brown DF, Kinch SH, Doyle JT. Serum triglycerides health and in ischemic heart disease. New Eng J Med 1965;273:947-527.
Gofman JW, Young W, Tandy R. Ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis and longevity. Circulation 1966;34:679-97.
Page IH, Stamler J. Diet and coronary heart disease. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 1968;37:119-30.
Auerbach O, Hammond EC, Garfinkel L. Thickening of walls of arterioles and small arteries in relation to age and smoking habits. New Eng J Med 1968;278:980-4.
Selzer CC. An evaluation of the effect of smoking on coronary heart disease. J Am Med Assoc 1968;203:1193-2001.
Keys A, Kimura NK, Kusukawa A, Bronte-Stewart B, Larson N, Keys MH. Lessons froum serum cholesterol studies in Japan, Hawaii and Los Angles. Ann Intern Med 1958;48:83-94.
Keys A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Vann B, Buzina R, Djordjevic BS, et al. Coronary heart disease, overweight and obesity as risk factors. Ann Intern Med 1972;77:15-27.
Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T, McNamara PM. Serum cholesterol, lipoprotein and the risk of coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 1971;74:1-12.
Carlson LA, Bittiger LE. Ischemic heart disease in relation to fasting values of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Lancet 1972;1:865-68.
Albrink MJ, Meiges WJ, Man EB. Serum lipids, hypertension and coronary artery disease. Am J Med 1961;31:4-23.
Avogaro P, Cazzolato G. Familial hyper-HDL-(α)-cholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1975;22:63-7.
Gorden T. High-density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. Am J Med 1977;62:707-14.
Heiss G. The epidemiology of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Circulation 1980;62:116-36.
Adams GH, Schumaker VN. The polydispersity of human low density lipoproteins. Ann NY Acad Sci 1969;164:130-46.
Shen MS, Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Forte TM. Heterogeneity of serum low-density lipoproteins in normal human subjects. J Lipid Res 1981;22:236-44.
The coronary drug project. Findings leading to discontinuation of the 2.5 mg/day estrogen group. J Am Med Assoc 1973;226:652-7.
Wouters K, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Van Gorp PJ, Van Bilsen M, Hofker MH. Understanding hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis: Lessons from genetically modified apoe and ldlr mice. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43:470-9.
Gao W, He HW, Zhao H, Xiao-Qing Lian XQ, Wang YS, Zhu J, et al. Plasama levels of lipometabolism related miR-122 and miR-370 are increased in patients with hyperlipidemia and associated with coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis 2012;11:55.
Nickolas TL, Radhakrishnan J, Appel GB. Hyperlipidemia and thrombotic complications in patients with membranous nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2003;23:406-11.
Amarenco P, Labreuche J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:453-63.
Gupta R, Mohan I, Narula J. Trends in coronary heart disease epidemomiology in India. Ann Global Health 2016;82:307-15.
Keane WF, Peter J, Kasiske BL. Is the aggressive management of hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome mandatory. Kidney Int 1992;38:134-41.
Bhatnagar D, Soran H, Durrington PN. Hypercholesterolaemia and its management. Br Med J 2008;337:993.
Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Circulation 1998;97:1876-7.
Scott J. Trends in the therapy of hyperlipidemia. Drugs Today 1991;27:223-8.
National cholesterol education program: Second report of the expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Circulation 1994;89:1333-445.
AAFP. Endocrine Society releases guidelines on diagnosis and management of hyperglyceridemia. Am Fam Physician 2013;88:142-4.
Adopted from Export panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: Summary reportâ€. Pediatrics 2011;128:1-72.
The coronary drug project.: Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. J Am Med Assoc 1975;231:360-81.
Tarabilda EF. Ayurveda revolutionised. Lotus Press: India; 1998.
Manjiri AN, Vyas SN, Baghel MS, Ravishanker B. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of mustadi ghanavati in hyperlipidemia. AYU 2010;31:287-93.
Singh BB, Vinjamury SP, Der-Martirosian C, Kubik E, Mishra LC, Shepard N, et al. Ayurvedic and collateral herbal treatments for hyperlipidemia: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials and quasiexperimental designs. Alternative Ther Health Med 2007;13:22-8.
Shantakumari N, Sequeira S, EL deeb R. Effects of a yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. Indian Heart J 2013;65:127-31.
Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol 2005;4:685-8.
Bauman AE. Updating the evidence that physical activity is good for health: an epidemiological review 2000-2003. J Sci Med Sport 2004;7:6-19.
Cunningliam AB. An investigation of the herbal medicine trade in Natal/Kwa Zulu. Investigational Report No: 29, Institute of Natural Resources, University Natal, Pietermaritzburg; 1988.
Muramatsu K, Fukuyo M. Effect of green Tea catechins on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol feed rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1986;56:509-20.
