OUTBREAK, EPIDEMIOLOGY, THERAPEUTICS AND PREVENTION OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019: A REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2020v12i5.39755Keywords:
WHO, Coronavirus, Polymerase chain reaction, COVID-19, Antiviral therapyAbstract
The outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause during December 2019 was reported from Wuhan City, Hubei province capital in China as its epicenter. Symptoms of pneumonia in several patients admitted to hospitals from Wuhan, China during December 2019. The sudden increase in the patients having the same symptoms, in due course the contributing means was isolated from the infected populace. In the present short report, we have summarized various public health measures, viz., early marking of the suspected patient, diagnosis, and supervision of the suspected cases that will help prevent Coronavirus disease in 2019. At the start, it was named as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and later it has been named Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recently. Within a few weeks of a short period, the virus affected the other of China after Wuhan and later in two to three months, it is present in more than 140 countries around the globe and adding. As of 03rd August 2020, there have been 17.6 million established cases worldwide, and 680, 894 deaths have been documented, with 11,460,074 recovered. Worldwide, multiple trails are going on with the hope to find the treatment and some have positive results. On the other hand, because no vaccine is offered, the precautionary methods are the best way to fight the virus.
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2. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, Groot RJ, Haagmans BL, Neuman BW, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020;5:536–44.
3. Chan J, Ng C, Chan Y, Mok T, Lee S, Chu S, et al. Short term outcome and risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in adults with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Thorax 2003;58:686–9.
4. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China. JAMA 2020;323:1239-42.
5. Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet Infectious Diseases 2003;3 :722-7.
6. Colson P, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55:105923.
7. World Health Organization. Prioritizing diseases for research and development in emergency contexts 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts [Last accessed on 02 Mar 2020]
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9. World Health Organization. Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report 195. Available from: https://https:// www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200802-covid-19-sitrep-195.pdf?sfvrsn=5e5da0c5_2 [Last accessed on 03 Aug 2020]
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11. Cai J, Xu J, Lin D, Yang Z, Xu L, Qu Z, et al. A case series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features. Clin Infectious Diseases 2020. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciaa198
12. Wei M, Yuan J, Liu Y, Fu T, Yu X, Zhang Z. Novel coronavirus infection in hospitalized infants under 1 y of age in China. JAMA 2020;323:1313-4.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Persons evaluated for 2019 novel coronavirus United States; 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6906e1.htm?s_cid=mm6906e1_x [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2020]
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16. Lippi G, Simundic AM, Plebani M. Potential preanalytical and analytical vulnerabilities in the laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:1070-6.
17. Lagier JC, Colson P, Tissot Dupont H, Salomon J, Doudier B, Aubry C, et al. Testing the repatriated for SARS-Cov2: should laboratory-based quarantine replace traditional quarantine? Travel Med Infect Dis 2020;34:101624.
18. Gennaro FD, Pizzol D, Marotta C. Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) current status and future perspectives: a narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:1-12.
19. Won J, Lee S, Park M, Kim TY, Park MG, Choi BY, et al. Development of a laboratory-safe and low-cost detection protocol for SARS-CoV-2 of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Exp Neurobiol 2020;29:107-19.
20. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical guidance/laboratory-guidance [Last accessed on 31 Mar 2020]
21. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends 2020;14:64–8.
22. Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan YS, Loh J. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in singapore. JAMA 2020;323:1488-94.
23. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends 2020;14:69–71.
24. National Institutes of Health (2020) Novel coronavirus structure reveals targets for vaccines and treatments. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nihresearch-matters/ novel-coronavirus-structure-reveals-targets-vaccines-treatments [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2020]
25. Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet 2020;395:473–5.
26. Arabi Y, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, Sindi AA, Almekhlafi GA, Hussein MA, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with middle east respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197:757–67.
27. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020;2600:1–7.
28. Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, Hess D, Hill NS, Nava S, et al. Official ERS/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 2017;50. DOI:10.1183/13993003.02426-2016
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-how to protect yourself 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention.html [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2020]
30. Lim J, Jeon S, Shin HY, Kim MJ, Seong YM, Lee WJ, et al. Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of COVID-19 infection in korea: the application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of covid-19 infected pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR. J Korean Med Sci 2020;35:e79.
31. Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;9:29.
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33. El Bcheraoui C, Mimche H, Miangotar Y, Krish VS, Ziegeweid F, Krohn KJ, et al. Burden of disease in francophone Africa, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8:e341–e351.
Published
15-09-2020
How to Cite
QADRIE, Z. L., S. U. D. WANI, S. P. GAUTAM, and M. K. A. KHAN. “OUTBREAK, EPIDEMIOLOGY, THERAPEUTICS AND PREVENTION OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019: A REVIEW”. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 12, no. 5, Sept. 2020, pp. 1-4, doi:10.22159/ijcpr.2020v12i5.39755.
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Review Article(s)
