ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE ENVIRONMENT OF INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OF WAD MEDANI EMERGENCY HOSPITAL, GEZIRA STATE, SUDAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2020v12i5.39772Keywords:
Hospital acquired infections, Intensive Care Unit, Contamination, EnvironmentAbstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was primarily to identify the sources and types of bacterial contamination associated with hospital-acquired infections in the intensive care unit and to investigate the sensitivity pattern of isolated bacteria to prescribed antibiotics of Wad Medani Emergency Hospital, Gezira State, Sudan.
Methods: A total of 50 swab samples were obtained from 14 different sites, including inanimate objects as well as nurses’ hands in the ICU. Identification of the bacterial isolates was performed utilizing Gram’s staining test and standard biochemical tests; likewise, the respective antimicrobial sensitivity was determined based on the guidelines recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
Results: Showed the prevalence of Gram-positive isolates as Coagulase-negative staphylococci (30%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), Bacillus spp (15%), and Streptococcus spp (4%). On the other hand, the Gram negative isolates were: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%), \Kliebsiella pneumoniae (7%), Proteus mirabilis (5%), and Enterobacter spp.(5%). Floor, Monitors, Patients’ oxygen masks and infusion-stands as well as nurses’ hands, were the most contaminated sites. Staphylococci showed a reasonable sensitivity response to Gentamicin and Vancomycin and high resistance to Erythromycin and Co-trimoxazole; whereas Gram-negative isolates showed high resistance to first and second-generation Cephalosporins and demonstrated good sensitivity pattern to Gentamicin and Meropenem. Pseudomonas aeruginosa also showed reasonable sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: Findings of the study demonstrated high bacterial contamination levels in ICU.
Downloads
References
2. Ducel G, J Fabry, L Nicolle. Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: a practical guide. World Health Organization; 2002.
3. Berriel Cass D. Eliminating nosocomial infections at Ascension Health. Joint Commission J Quality Patient Safety 2006;32:612-20.
4. Lestari T, S Ryll, A Kramer. Microbial contamination of manually reprocessed, ready to use ECG lead wire in intensive care units. GMS Hygiene Infection Control 2013;8:1-7.
5. Ducel G, J Fabry, LE Nicolle. Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: a practical guide. 2nd edition. World Health Organization; 2002.
6. Jroundi I. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infection in a moroccan university hospital. Am J Infection Control 2007;35:412-6.
7. Cornejo Juarez P. The impact of hospital-acquired infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria in an oncology intensive care unit. Int J Infectious Diseases, 2015;31:31-4.
8. Hammuel C, ED Jatau, CMZ Whong. Prevalence and antibiogram pattern of some nosocomial pathogens isolated from the hospital environment in zaria, Nigeria. Aceh Int J Sci Technol 2014;3:131-9.
9. Kramer A, I Schwebke, G Kampf. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases 2006;6:130-7.
10. Dancer S. How do we assess hospital cleaning? A proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals. J Hospital Infection 2004;56:10-5.
11. Teng SO. Bacterial contamination of patients' medical charts in a surgical ward and the intensive care unit: impact on nosocomial infections. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2009;42:86-91.
12. Keerasuntonpong A. Colonization of nosocomial pathogens on computer keyboards in patient care areas. Siriraj Med J 2005;57:380-1.
13. Whittington AM. Bacterial contamination of stethoscopes on the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia 2009;64:620-4.
14. Nasser NE, AT Abbas, SL Hamed. Bacterial contamination in intensive care unit at Al-Imam Al-hussein hospital in the thi-qar province in Iraq. Glob J Health Sci 2013;5:143-9.
15. Sharma D, PK Sharma, A Malik. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of drug-resistant staphylococcus aureus in raw milk of dairy cattle. Int Res J Microbiol 2011;2:466-70.
16. Elmanama AA, NEA Tayyem, SAN Allah. The bacterial etiology of otitis media and their antibiogram among children in gaza strip, palestine. Egyptian J Ear Nose Throat Allied Sci 2014;15:87-91.
17. Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. london: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 434.
18. Ekrami A. Isolation of common aerobic bacterial pathogens from the environment of seven hospitals, Ahvaz, Iran. JJM 2011;4:75-82.
19. Shiferaw T. Bacterial contamination, bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from stethoscopes at Jimma University Specialized Hospital. Annals Clin Microbiol Antimicrobials 2013;12:39-47.
20. Inweregbu K, J Dave, A Pittard. Nosocomial infections. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain 2005;5:14-7.
21. Abubakar AS. Spectrum of bacterial isolates among intensive care unit patients in a tertiary hospital in northern Nigeria. Ind J Sci Res Tech 2014;2:42-7.
22. Cimiotti JP. Prevalence and clinical relevance of staphylococcus warneri in the neonatal intensive care unit. Infection Control 2007;28:326-30.
23. Kheder SI, NA Ali, AI Fathelrahman. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistance staphylococcus in a sudanese surgical ward. Pharmacol Pharm 2012;3:103-8.
24. Sava? L. Prevalence of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant staphylococci in intensive care units in a University Hospital. Eur J Gen Med 2005;2:20-6.
25. Yahya F. Microbiological screening of the environments of two hospitals in Nablus. An-Najah J Res 1995;3:100-7.
26. Greenwood D. Medical microbiology: a guide to microbial infections: pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnosis and control. With Student Consult 18th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2012. p. 777.
27. Boyce JM. Environmental contamination makes an important contribution to hospital infection. J Hospital Infection 2007;65:50-4.
28. Damaceno QS, R Iquiapaza, AC Oliveira. Comparing resistant microorganisms isolated from patients and the environment in an intensive care unit. Adv Inf Diseases 2014;4:30-5.
29. Slack RC. Hospital infection, in medical microbiology: a guide to microbial infections: pathogenesis, immunity, laboratory diagnosis and control. With student consult. D Greenwood. Editors. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier: Edinburgh; 2012. p. 718-26.
30. Abubakar ASB, MM Balla, HJ Tanimu, YS Waru, GB Dibal J. Spectrum of bacterial isolates among intensive care unit patients in a tertiary hospital in northern Nigeria. Ind J Sci Res. Tech 2014;2:42-7.
31. Hammuel C, ED Jatau, CM Whong. Prevalence and antibiogram pattern of some nosocomial pathogens isolated from hospital environment in Zaria, Nigeria. Aceh Int J Sci Technol 2014;3:131-9.
32. Teshale Worku, Dejene Derseh, Abera Kumalo. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates from stethoscope, thermometer, and inanimate surfaces of mizan-tepi university teaching hospital. Southwest Ethiopia Int J Microbiol 2018;2:1-7.
33. Sneha S Savanur, Hemamalini Gururaj. Indian study of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern of bacterial isolates in intensive care unit setup of a tertiary care hospital. J Crit Care Med 2019;23:547–55.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
