ACNE PROTECTION: MEASURES AND MISERIES
Measures & Miseries
Keywords:
Acne, Skin care, Comedones, Pustules, Acne scars, Sebum, Propionibacterium acnesAbstract
Acne, also known as acne vulgaris (AV), is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin. It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possible scarring. An intact stratum corneum and barrier, normal natural moisturizing factor and hyaluronic acid levels, normal Aquaporin-3 expression (localized at the basal lateral membranes of collecting duct cells in the kidney), and balanced sebum secretion are qualities of the skin that fall in the middle of the oily-dry spectrum. Patients rarely, if ever, complain about reduced sebum production, but elevated sebum production, yielding oily skin that can be a precursor to acne, is a common complaint. Several factors are known to influence sebum production. AV is mostly triggered by Propionibacterium acnes in adolescence, under the influence of normal circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It is a very common skin disorder which can present with inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions chiefly on the face but can also occur on the upper arms, trunk, and back. Age, in particular, has a significant and well-known impact, as sebum levels are usually low in childhood, rise in the middle to late teen years, and remain stable into the seventh and eighth decades until endogenous androgen synthesis dwindles. Sebum, the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands containing wax esters, sterol esters, cholesterol, di- and triglycerides, and squalene, imparts an oily quality to the skin and is well known to play an important role in acne development. Acne cannot be prevented or cured, but it can be treated effectively. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go away, others seem to crop up. Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin. Acne may cause scarring of the skin but generally causes no long-term health problems. In the self-body image, some parts of the body including face play an important role. The existence of even a minor lesion in this part may be unpleasant for the patient and seems large. This image can cause mental disorders including depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, and decrease in social relationships. However, high levels of anxiety and depression in patients with facial acne are not related to oxidative stress, according to a study published online in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.
References
Valente Duarte De Sousa IC. New and emerging drugs for the treatment of acne vulgaris in adolescents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019;20:1009-24.
Bellew S, Thiboutot D, Del Rosso JQ. Pathogenesis of acne vulgaris: What’s new, what’s interesting and what may be clinically relevant. J Drugs Dermatol 2011;10:582-5.
Aydemir EH. Acne vulgaris. Turk Pediatri Ars 2014;49:13-6.
Gollnick HP. From new findings in acne pathogenesis to new approaches in treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29 Suppl 5:1-7.
Cong TX, Hao D, Wen X, Li XH, He G, Jiang X. From pathogenesis of acne vulgaris to anti-acne agents. Arch Dermatol Res 2019;311:337 49.
Yang JH, Yoon JY, Kwon HH, Min S, Moon J, Suh DH. Seeking new acne treatment from natural products, devices and synthetic drug discovery. Dermatoendocrinol 2017;9:e1356520.
Beylot C. Mechanisms and causes of acne. Rev Prat 2002;52:828-30.
Eichenfield LF, Del Rosso JQ, Mancini AJ, Cook-Bolden F, Stein Gold L, Desai S, et al. Evolving perspectives on the etiology and pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol 2015;14:263-72.
Kucharska A, Szmurło A, Sińska B. Significance of diet in treated and untreated acne vulgaris. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016;33:81-6.
Reynolds RC, Lee S, Choi JY, Atkinson FS, Stockmann KS, Petocz P, et al. Effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris. Nutrients 2010;2:1060-72.
Pappas A. The relationship of diet and acne: A review. Dermatoendocrinol 2009;1:262-7.
Nguyen QG, Markus R, Katta R. Diet and acne: An exploratory survey study of patient beliefs. Dermatol Pract Concept 2016;6:21-7.
Romańska-Gocka K, Woźniak M, Kaczmarek-Skamira E, Zegarska B. The possible role of diet in the pathogenesis of adult female acne. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016;33:416-20.
Emiroğlu N, Cengiz FP, Kemeriz F. Insulin resistance in severe acne vulgaris. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2015;32:281-5.
Mishra JS, More AS, Kumar S. Elevated androgen levels induce hyperinsulinemia through increase in Ins1 transcription in pancreatic beta cells in female rats. Biol Reprod 2018;98:520-31.
Assaf HA, Abdel-Maged WM, Elsadek BE, Hassan MH, Adly MA, Ali SA. Survivin as a novel biomarker in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris and its correlation to insulin-like growth Factor-I. Dis Markers 2016;2016:7040312.
Çerman AA, Aktaş E, Altunay İK, Arıcı JE, Tulunay A, Ozturk FY. Dietary glycemic factors, insulin resistance, and adiponectin levels in acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;75:155-62.
Rahaman SM, De D, Handa S, Pal A, Sachdeva N, Ghosh T, et al.Association of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 gene polymorphisms with plasma levels of IGF-1 and acne severity. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;75:768-73.
Melnik BC. Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: An update. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015;8:371-88.
Juhl CR, Bergholdt HK, Miller IM, Jemec GB, Kanters JK, Ellervik C. Dairy intake and acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 78,529 children, adolescents, and young adults. Nutrients 2018;10:E1049.
Danby FW. Acne: Diet and acnegenesis. Indian Dermatol Online J 2011;2:2-5.
Kim H, Moon SY, Sohn MY, Lee WJ. Insulin-like growth Factor-1 increases the expression of inflammatory biomarkers and sebum production in cultured sebocytes. Ann Dermatol 2017;29:20-5.
Cappel M, Mauger D, Thiboutot D. Correlation between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and dihydrotestosterone and acne lesion counts in adult women. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:333-8.
Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, Danby FW, Rockett HH, Colditz GA, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:787-93.
Keri JE, Rosenblatt AE. In process citation. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2008;1:22-6.
Sutaria AH, Schlessinger J. Acne Vulgaris. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Stoll S, Shalita AR, Webster GF, Kaplan R, Danesh S, Penstein A. The effect of the menstrual cycle on acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:957 60.
Geller L, Rosen J, Frankel A, Goldenberg G. Perimenstrual flare of adult acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2014;7:30-4.
Elsaie ML. Hormonal treatment of acne vulgaris: An update. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016;9:241-8.
Zeichner JA, Baldwin HE, Cook-Bolden FE, Eichenfield LF, Fallon-Friedlander S, Rodriguez DA. Emerging issues in adult female acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2017;10:37-46.
Raghunath RS, Venables ZC, Millington GW. The menstrual cycle and the skin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015;40:111-5.
Sardana K, Sharma RC, Sarkar R. Seasonal variation in acne vulgaris myth or reality. J Dermatol 2002;29:484-8.
Tanghetti EA, Kawata AK, Daniels SR, Yeomans K, Burk CT, Callender VD. Understanding the burden of adult female acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2014;7:22-30.
Zari S, Alrahmani D. The association between stress and acne among female medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017;10:503-6.
Bagatin E, Freitas TH, Rivitti-Machado MC, Machado MC, Ribeiro BM, Nunes S, et al. Adult female acne: A guide to clinical practice. An Bras Dermatol 2019;94:62-75.
Bondade S, Hosthota A, Basavaraju V. Stressful life events and psychiatric comorbidity in acne-a case control study. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2019;11:e12340.
Uhlenhake E, Yentzer BA, Feldman SR. Acne vulgaris and depression: A retrospective examination. J Cosmet Dermatol 2010;9:59-63.
Özçelik S, Kulaç İ, Yazıcı M, Öcal E. Distribution of childhood skin diseases according to age and gender, a single institution experience. Turk Pediatri Ars 2018;53:105-12.
Minh PP, Bich DD, Hai VN, Van TN, Cam VT, Khang TH, et al. Microneedling therapy for atrophic acne scar: Effectiveness and safety in Vietnamese patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019;7:293-7.
Tasoula E, Gregoriou S, Chalikias J, Lazarou D, Danopoulou I, Katsambas A, et al. The impact of acne vulgaris on quality of life and psychic health in young adolescents in Greece. Results of a population survey. An Bras Dermatol 2012;87:862-9.
Gollnick HP, Zouboulis CC. Not all acne is acne vulgaris. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2014;111:301-12.
Taylor M, Gonzalez M, Porter R. Pathways to inflammation: Acne pathophysiology. Eur J Dermatol 2011;21:323-33.
Purdy S, de Berker D. Acne. BMJ 2006;333:949-53.
Goodman G. Cleansing and moisturizing in acne patients. Am J Clin Dermatol 2009;10 Suppl 1:1-6.
Tasoula E, Gregoriou S, Chalikias J, Lazarou D, Danopoulou I, Katsambas A, et al. The impact of acne vulgaris on quality of life and psychic health in young adolescents in Greece. Results of a population survey. An Bras Dermatol 2012;87:862-9.
Sparavigna A, Tenconi B, De Ponti I, La Penna L. An innovative approach to the topical treatment of acne. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015;8:179-85.
Purdy S, de Berker D. Acne vulgaris. BMJ Clin Evid 2011;2011:1714.
Purdy S, Langston J, Tait L. Presentation and management of acne in primary care: A retrospective cohort study. Br J Gen Pract 2003;53:525 9.
Costa CS, Bagatin E, Martimbianco AL, da Silva EM, Lúcio MM, Magin P, et al. Oral isotretinoin for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;11:CD009435.
Ettel DL, Lamanno LR, Neyra SA, Ettel WJ, Ettel GL 3rd, Mitchell MK. Teens and technology transforming acne treatment. Perm J 2017;21:16-92.
Snast I, Dalal A, Twig G, Astman N, Kedem R, Levin D, et al. Acne and obesity: A nationwide study of 600,404 adolescents. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019;81:723-9.
Halvorsen JA, Vleugels RA, Bjertness E, Lien L. A population-based study of acne and body mass index in adolescents. Arch Dermatol 2012;148:131-2.
Stewart TJ, Bazergy C. Hormonal and dietary factors in acne vulgaris versus controls. Dermatoendocrinol 2018;10:e1442160.
Melnik B. Dietary intervention in acne: Attenuation of increased mTORC1 signaling promoted by Western diet. Dermatoendocrinol 2012;4:20-32.
Wang YY, Li SW, Luo S, Qin L, Zeng X, Li L, et al. How to Evaluate Acne in Reproductive-Age Women: An Epidemiological Study in Chinese Communities. Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:6126808.
Acne during Pregnancy. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/acne-during-pregnancy-treatments-causes#1.
Perera MP, Peiris WM, Pathmanathan D, Mallawaarachchi S, Karunathilake IM. Relationship between acne vulgaris and cosmetic usage in Sri Lankan urban adolescent females. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018;17:431-6.
Taylor KW, Baird DD, Herring AH, Engel LS, Nichols HB, Sandler DP, et al. Associations among personal care product use patterns and exogenous hormone use in the NIEHS sister study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2017;27:458-64.
Nair PA, Salazar FJ. Acneiform Eruptions. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Bhate K, Williams HC. Epidemiology of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:474-85.
George RM, Sridharan R. Factors aggravating or precipitating acne in Indian adults: A hospital-based study of 110 cases. Indian J Dermatol 2018;63:328-31.
Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycaemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2009;18:833-41.
Cong TX, Hao D, Wen X, Li XH, He G, Jiang X. From pathogenesis of acne vulgaris to anti-acne agents. Arch Dermatol Res 2019;311:337 49.
Dréno B. What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017;31 Suppl 5:8-12.
Alexeyev OA, Dekio I, Layton AM, Li H, Hughes H, Morris T, et al. Why we continue to use the name Propionibacterium acnes. Br J Dermatol 2018;179:1227.
Bergfeld WF. The pathophysiology of acne vulgaris in children and adolescents, Part 1. Cutis 2004;74:92-7.
Jiang H, Li C. Common pathogenesis of acne vulgaris and atherosclerosis. Inflammation 2019;42:1-5.
Hanamatsu H, Ohnishi S, Sakai S, Yuyama K, Mitsutake S, Takeda H, et al. Altered levels of serum sphingomyelin and ceramide containing distinct acyl chains in young obese adults. Nutr Diabetes 2014;4:e141.
Futerman AH, Hannun YA. The complex life of simple sphingolipids. EMBO Rep 2004;5:777-82.
Borodzicz S, Rudnicka L, Mirowska-Guzel D, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. The role of epidermal sphingolipids in dermatologic diseases. Lipids Health Dis 2016;15:13.
Kaya S, Aslan İ, Kıraç E, Karaarslan T, Aslan M. Serum sphingolipidomic analysis in acne vulgaris patients. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2019;49:242-8. Kolar SL, Tsai CM, Torres J, Fan X, Li H, Liu GY. Propionibacterium acnes-induced immunopathology correlates with health and disease association. JCI Insight 2019;4:124687.
Webster GF. The pathophysiology of acne. Cutis 2005;76:4-7.
Knor T. The pathogenesis of acne. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2005;13:44-9.
Liu PF, Hsieh YD, Lin YC, Two A, Shu CW, Huang CM. Propionibacterium acnes in the pathogenesis and immunotherapy of acne vulgaris. Curr Drug Metab 2015;16:245-54.
Li C, Chen J, Wang W, Ai M, Zhang Q, Kuang L. Use of isotretinoin and risk of depression in patients with acne: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019;9:e021549.
Xiao Y, Chen L, Jing D, Deng Y, Chen X, Su J, et al. Willingness-to-pay and benefit-cost analysis of chemical peels for acne treatment in China. Patient Prefer Adherence 2019;13:363-70.
Zhang M, Silverberg JI, Kaffenberger BH. Prescription patterns and costs of acne/rosacea medications in Medicare patients vary by prescriber specialty. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;77:448-5500.
Czilli T, Tan J, Knezevic S, Peters C. Cost of medications recommended by Canadian acne clinical practice guidelines. J Cutan Med Surg 2016;20:542-5.
Tassavor M, Payette MJ. Estimated cost efficacy of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for acne. Dermatol Ther 2019;32:e12765.
Saadawi AN, Esawy AM, Kandeel AH, El-Sayed W. Microneedling by dermapen and glycolic acid peel for the treatment of acne scars: Comparative study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019;18:107-14.
Castillo DE, Keri JE. Chemical peels in the treatment of acne: Patient selection and perspectives. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018;11:365-72.
Kraft J, Freiman A. Management of acne. CMAJ 2011;183:E430-5.
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Acne: Overview. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care; 2006.
Huang X, Zhang J, Li J, Zhao S, Xiao Y, Huang Y, et al. Daily intake of soft drinks and moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris in Chinese adolescents. J Pediatr 2019;204:256-62000.
Coyner T. Insights into the management of acne vulgaris: Clinical considerations for acne treatment. J Dermatol Nurses Assoc 2018;10:S1.
Titus S, Hodge J. Diagnosis and treatment of acne. Am Fam Physician 2012;86:734-40.
Freiman A, Barankin B. Five things to know about: Acne. CMAJ 2012;184:1497.
Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, Zouboulis C. An update on the role of the sebaceous gland in the pathogenesis of acne. Dermatoendocrinol 2011;3:41-9.
Sun KL, Chang JM. Special types of folliculitis which should be differentiated from acne. Dermatoendocrinol 2017;9:e1356519.
Nair PA, Salazar FJ. Acneiform Eruptions. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Du-Thanh A, Kluger N, Bensalleh H, Guillot B. Drug-induced acneiform eruption. Am J Clin Dermatol 2011;12:233-45.
Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N. Drug-induced acne. Clin Dermatol 2017;35:156-62.
Pontello R Jr., Kondo RN. Drug-induced acne and rose pearl: Similarities. An Bras Dermatol 2013;88:1039-40.
Ballard K, Shuman VL. Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Pink A, Anzengruber F, Navarini AA. Acne and hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2018;178:619-31.
Guerra KC, Krishnamurthy K. Miliaria. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Adotama P, Tinker D, Mitchell K, Glass DA 2nd, Allen P. Barber Knowledge and Recommendations regarding pseudofolliculitis barbae and acne keloidalis nuchae in an urban setting. JAMA Dermatol 2017;153:1325-6.
Tan AU, Schlosser BJ, Paller AS. A review of diagnosis and treatment of acne in adult female patients. Int J Womens Dermatol 2018;4:56-71.
Tolaymat L, Hall MR. Dermatitis, Perioral. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Bikowski J. Facial seborrheic dermatitis: A report on current status and therapeutic horizons. J Drugs Dermatol 2009;8:125-33.
Iftikhar U, Choudhry N. Serum levels of androgens in acne and their role in acne severity. Pak J Med Sci 2019;35:146-50.
Hoover E, Krishnamurthy K. Physiology, Sebaceous Glands. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Ottaviani M, Camera E, Picardo M. Lipid mediators in acne. Mediators Inflamm 2010;2010:858176.
Downing DT, Stewart ME, Wertz PW, Strauss JS. Essential fatty acids and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:221-5.
Jung JY, Kwon HH, Hong JS, Yoon JY, Park MS, Jang MY, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid and gamma-linolenic acid on acne vulgaris: A randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Acta Derm Venereol 2014;94:521-5.
Silva JR, Burger B, Kühl CM, Candreva T, Dos Anjos MB, Rodrigues HG. Wound healing and Omega-6 fatty acids: From inflammation to repair. Mediators Inflamm 2018;2018:2503950.
Kartal D, Yildiz H, Ertas R, Borlu M, Utas S. Association between isolated female acne and insulin resistance: A prospective study. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2016;151:353-7.
Hwang YL, Lee MH, Oh HI, Kim HJ, Lim CA, Lee JH, et al. Isoginkgetin inhibits insulin-like growth factor-1-induced sebum production in cultured human sebocytes. Ann Dermatol 2018;30:394 6.
Picardo M, Ottaviani M, Camera E, Mastrofrancesco A. Sebaceous gland lipids. Dermatoendocrinol 2009;1:68-71.
Tolaymat L, Zito PM. Adapalene. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Eady EA, Layton AM, Cove JH. A honey trap for the treatment of acne: Manipulating the follicular microenvironment to control Propionibacterium acnes. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:679680.
Pelle E, McCarthy J, Seltmann H, Huang X, Mammone T, Zouboulis CC, et al. Identification of histamine receptors and reduction of squalene levels by an antihistamine in sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:1280-5.
Seo YJ, Li ZJ, Choi DK, Sohn KC, Kim HR, Lee Y, et al. Regional difference in sebum production by androgen susceptibility in human facial skin. Exp Dermatol 2014;23:70-2.
Ozuguz P, Dogruk Kacar S, Ekiz O, Takci Z, Balta I, Kalkan G. Evaluation of serum Vitamins A and E and zinc levels according to the severity of acne vulgaris. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014;33:99-102.
Vongraviopap S, Asawanonda P. Dark chocolate exacerbates acne. Int J Dermatol 2016;55:587-91.
Goodman G. Acne natural history, facts and myths. Aust Fam Physician 2006;35:613-6.
Chalyk N, Klochkov V, Sommereux L, Bandaletova T, Kyle N, Petyaev I. Continuous dark chocolate consumption affects human facial skin surface by stimulating corneocyte desquamation and promoting bacterial colonization. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2018;11:37 41.
Web George Mateljan Foundation. Shrimp what’s New and Beneficial about Shrimp. Available From: http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?pfriendly=1&tname=foodspice&dbid=107.
Kidson W. Polycystic ovary syndrome: A new direction in treatment. Med J Aust 1998;169:537-40.
Aizawa H, Niimura M. Elevated serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in women with postadolescent acne. J Dermatol 1995;22:249-52.
Mahmood NF, Shipman AR. The age-old problem of acne. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017;3:71-6.
Rössner S. John Harvey Kellogg (1852-1943): “Masturbation results in general debility, unnatural pale eyes and forehead acne”. Obes Rev 2006;7:227-8.
Ayer J, Burrows N. Acne: More than skin deep. Postgrad Med J 2006;82:500-6.
Misery L, Wolkenstein P, Amici JM, Maghia R, Brenaut E, Cazeau C, et al. Consequences of acne on stress, fatigue, sleep disorders and sexual activity: A population-based study. Acta Derm Venereol 2015;95:485-8.
Zelickson AS, Strauss JS, Mottaz J. Ultrastructural changes in open comedones following treatment of cystic acne with isotretinoin. Am J Dermatopathol 1985;7:241-4.
Allen HB, LoPresti PJ. Acne vulgaris aggravated by sunlight. Cutis 1980;26:254-6.
Padilha-Gonçalves A, Alvimar Ferreira J. Solar acne. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1977;5:271-4.
Magin P, Pond D, Smith W, Watson A. A systematic review of the evidence for ‘myths and misconceptions’ in acne management: Diet, face-washing and sunlight. Fam Pract 2005;22:62-70.
Praderio C. Here’s how 13 Celebrities got rid of their Acne. Mumbai: INSIDER (Health); 2017.
Khayef G, Young J, Burns-Whitmore B, Spalding T. Effects of fish oil supplementation on inflammatory acne. Lipids Health Dis 2012;11:165.
Capitanio B, Sinagra JL, Ottaviani M, Bordignon V, Amantea A, Picardo M. Acne and smoking. Dermatoendocrinol 2009;1:129-35.
Orenstein H. How 32 Celebrities With Acne Handle Blemishes and Breakouts. Seventeen; 2018.
Gabros S, Zito PM. Topical Corticosteroids. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Yasir M, Sonthalia S. Corticosteroid Adverse Effects. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Cleaning Makeup Brushes like a Pro. Available from: https://www.kjbennett.com/category/beauty-tutorial.
Fife D. Practical evaluation and management of atrophic acne scars: Tips for the general dermatologist. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2011;4:50 7.
Fabbrocini G, Annunziata MC, D’Arco V, De Vita V, Lodi G, Mauriello MC, et al. Acne scars: Pathogenesis, classification and treatment. Dermatol Res Pract 2010;2010:893080.
Kravvas G, Al-Niaimi F. A systematic review of treatments for acne scarring. Part 1: Non-energy-based techniques. Scars Burn Heal 2017;3:2059513117695312.
Gan SD, Graber EM. Papular scars: An addition to the acne scar classification scheme. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2015;8:19-20.
McGinty S, Siddiqui WJ. Keloid. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing.
Connolly D, Vu HL, Mariwalla K, Saedi N. Acne scarring-pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment options. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2017;10:12-23.
Hazarika N, Archana M. The psychosocial impact of acne vulgaris. Indian J Dermatol 2016;61:515-20.
Behnam B, Taheri R, Ghorbani R, Allameh P. Psychological impairments in the patients with acne. Indian J Dermatol 2013;58:26 9.
Alanazi MS, Hammad SM, Mohamed AE. Prevalence and psychological impact of acne vulgaris among female secondary school students in Arar city, Saudi Arabia, in 2018. Electron Physician 2018;10:7224-9.
Dreno B, Bagatin E, Blume-Peytavi U, Rocha M, Gollnick H. Female type of adult acne: Physiological and psychological considerations and management. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018;16:1185-94.
Gao Y, Wei EK, Arron ST, Linos E, Margolis DJ, Mansh MD. Acne, sexual orientation, and mental health among young adults in the United States: A population-based, cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;77:971-3.
Vilar GN, Santos LA, Sobral Filho JF. Quality of life, self-esteem and psychosocial factors in adolescents with acne vulgaris. An Bras Dermatol 2015;90:622-9.
Kurek A, Peters EM, Chanwangpong A, Sabat R, Sterry W, Schneider-Burrus S. Profound disturbances of sexual health in patients with acne inversa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:422-8, 428.e1.
Bray AP, Kravvas G, Skevington SM, Lovell CR. Is there an association between isotretinoin therapy and adverse mood changes? A prospective study in a cohort of acne patients. J Dermatolog Treat 2019;30:796-801.
Hull PR, D’Arcy C. Acne, depression, and suicide. Dermatol Clin 2005;23:665-74.
Ulvestad M, Bjertness E, Dalgard F, Halvorsen JA. Acne and dairy products in adolescence: Results from a Norwegian longitudinal study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017;31:530-5.
Aghasi M, Golzarand M, Shab-Bidar S, Aminianfar A, Omidian M, Taheri F. Dairy intake and acne development: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Nutr 2019;38:1067-75.
Harris S. Can Dietary Changes Help Acne? Medical News Today; 2018.
Delost GR, Delost ME, Lloyd J. The impact of chocolate consumption on acne vulgaris in college students: A randomized crossover study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;75:220-2.
Smith RN, Mann NJ, Braue A, Mäkeläinen H, Varigos GA. A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:107-15.
Burris J, Shikany JM, Rietkerk W, Woolf K. A low glycemic index and glycemic load diet decreases insulin-like growth Factor-1 among adults with moderate and severe acne: A short-duration, 2-week randomized controlled trial. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018;118:1874-85.
Bove A, Hebreo J, Wylie-Rosett J, Isasi CR. Burger king and subway: Key nutrients, glycemic index, and glycemic load of nutritionally promoted items. Diabetes Educ 2006;32:675-90.
Cordain L, Lindeberg S, Hurtado M, Hill K, Eaton SB, Brand-Miller J. Acne vulgaris: A disease of Western civilization. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1584-90.
Klepchukova A. Acne: Everything you need to know. United States: Flo Health, Inc.; 2019.
National Research Council, Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk, Dietary Fiber. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1989.
Bowe WP, Logan AC. Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis back to the future? Gut Pathog 2011;3:1.
Zhang H, Liao W, Chao W, Chen Q, Zeng H, Wu C, et al. Risk factors for sebaceous gland diseases and their relationship to gastrointestinal dysfunction in Han adolescents. J Dermatol 2008;35:555-61.
Saric S, Notay M, Sivamani RK. Green tea and other tea polyphenols:Effects on sebum production and acne vulgaris. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016;6:E2.
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. Polyphenols as Novel Treatment Options for Dermatological Diseases: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. New York, UK: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; 1995.
Mahmood T, Akhtar N, Moldovan C. A comparison of the effects of topical green tea and lotus on facial sebum control in healthy humans. Hippokratia 2013;17:64-7.
Lee KE, Youm JK, Lee WJ, Kang S, Kim YJ. Polyphenol-rich apple extract inhibits dexamethasone-induced sebaceous lipids production by regulating SREBP1 expression. Exp Dermatol 2017;26:958-60.
El-Akawi Z, Abdel-Latif N, Abdul-Razzak K. Does the plasma level of Vitamins A and E affect acne condition? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:430-4.
Stringer T, Nagler A, Orlow SJ, Oza VS. Clinical evidence for washing and cleansers in acne vulgaris: A systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat 2018;29:688-93.
Choi YS, Suh HS, Yoon MY, Min SU, Kim JS, Jung JY, et al. A study of the efficacy of cleansers for acne vulgaris. J Dermatolog Treat 2010;21:201-5.
Draelos ZD. The effect of a daily facial cleanser for normal to oily skin on the skin barrier of subjects with acne. Cutis 2006;78:34-40.
Prakash C, Bhargava P, Tiwari S, Majumdar B, Bhargava RK. Skin surface pH in acne vulgaris: Insights from an observational study and review of the literature. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2017;10:33-9.
Kawashima M, Nagare T, Doi M. Clinical efficacy and safety of benzoyl peroxide for acne vulgaris: Comparison between Japanese and Western patients. J Dermatol 2017;44:1212-8.
Matin T, Goodman MB. Benzoyl Peroxide. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Gold MH, Baldwin H, Lin T. Management of comedonal acne vulgaris with fixed-combination topical therapy. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018;17:227-31.
Dréno B, Bissonnette R, Gagné-Henley A, Barankin B, Lynde C, Kerrouche N, et al. Prevention and reduction of atrophic acne scars with adapalene 0.3% benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel in subjects with moderate or severe facial acne: Results of a 6-month randomized, vehicle-controlled trial using intra-individual comparison. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018;19:275-86.
Mansu SSY, Liang H, Parker S, Coyle ME, Wang K, Zhang AL, et al. Acupuncture for acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018;2018:4806734.
Sagransky M, Yentzer BA, Feldman SR. Benzoyl peroxide: A review of its current use in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:2555-62.
Fakhouri T, Yentzer BA, Feldman SR. Advancement in benzoyl peroxide-based acne treatment: Methods to increase both efficacy and tolerability. J Drugs Dermatol 2009;8:657-61.
Kircik LH. The role of benzoyl peroxide in the new treatment paradigm for acne. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:s73-6.
Del Rosso JQ. What is the role of benzoyl peroxide cleansers in acne management? Do they decrease Propionibacterium acnes counts? Do they reduce acne lesions? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2008;1:48-51.
Stein Gold L, Baldwin HE, Lin T. Management of severe acne vulgaris with topical therapy. J Drugs Dermatol 2017;16:1134-8.
Leyden JJ, Del Rosso JQ. The effect of benzoyl peroxide 9.8% emollient foam on reduction of Propionibacterium acnes on the back using a short contact therapy approach. J Drugs Dermatol 2012;11:830 3.
Murphy PB, Le JK. Clindamycin. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Ohlson J, Dakovic R, Berg M. Observational study of clindamycin phosphate and tretinoin gel for the treatment of acne. J Drugs Dermatol 2019;18:328-34.
Dréno B, Layton A, Zouboulis CC, López-Estebaranz JL, Zalewska-Janowska A, Bagatin E, et al. Adult female acne: A new paradigm. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27:1063-70.
Kong YL, Tey HL. Treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy and lactation. Drugs 2013;73:779-87.
Aoki S, Nakase K, Hayashi N, Noguchi N. Transconjugation of erm(X) conferring high-level resistance of clindamycin for Cutibacterium acnes. J Med Microbiol 2019;68:26-30.
Amar L, Kircik LH. Treatment of moderate acne vulgaris in fitzpatrick skin Type V or VI: Efficacy and tolerability of fixed combination clindamycin phosphate 1.2% benzoyl peroxide 3.75% gel. J Drugs Dermatol 2018;17:1107-12.
Del Rosso JQ. Clindamycin phosphate 1.2% tretinoin 0.025% gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris: Which patients are most likely to benefit the most? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2015;8:19-23.
Ochsendorf F. Clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/tretinoin 0.025%: A novel fixed-dose combination treatment for acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29 Suppl 5:8-13.
Murray J, Potts A. The phototoxic and photoallergy potential of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/tretinoin 0.025% gel for facial acne: Results of two single-center, evaluator-blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled phase 1 studies in healthy volunteers. J Drugs Dermatol 2014;13:16-22.
Zaenglein AL, Shamban A, Webster G, Del Rosso J, Dover JS, Swinyer L, et al. A phase IV, open-label study evaluating the use of triple-combination therapy with minocycline HCl extended-release tablets, a topical antibiotic/retinoid preparation and benzoyl peroxide in patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:619-25.
Zeichner JA, Wong V, Linkner RV, Haddican M. Efficacy and safety of tretinoin 0.025%/clindamycin phosphate 1.2% gel in combination with benzoyl peroxide 6% cleansing cloths for the treatment of facial acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:277-82.
Leyden J, Stein-Gold L, Weiss J. Why topical retinoids are mainstay of therapy for acne. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2017;7:293-304.
Thielitz A, Gollnick H. Topical retinoids in acne vulgaris: Update on efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9:369-81.
Tan J, Tanghetti E, Baldwin H, Stein Gold L, Lain E. The role of topical retinoids in prevention and treatment of atrophic acne scarring: Understanding the importance of early effective treatment. J Drugs Dermatol 2019;18:255-60.
Tolaymat L, Zito PM. Adapalene. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Jain S. Topical tretinoin or adapalene in acne vulgaris: An overview. J Dermatolog Treat 2004;15:200-7.
Kolli SS, Pecone D, Pona A, Cline A, Feldman SR. Topical retinoids in acne vulgaris: A systematic review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2019;20:345 65.
Chandrashekhar BS, Anitha M, Ruparelia M, Vaidya P, Aamir R, Shah S, et al. Tretinoin nanogel 0.025% versus conventional gel 0.025% in patients with acne vulgaris: A randomized, active controlled, multicentre, parallel group, phase IV clinical trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:WC04-9.
Harper JC, Roberts WE, Zeichner JA, Guenin E, Bhatt V, Pillai R. Novel tretinoin 0.05% lotion for the once-daily treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris: Assessment of safety and tolerability in subgroups. J Dermatolog Treat 2019;2:1-8.
Hajheydari Z, Saeedi M, Morteza-Semnani K, Soltani A. Effect of Aloe vera topical gel combined with tretinoin in treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind, prospective trial. J Dermatolog Treat 2014;25:123-9.
Deshmukh SN, Badar VA, Mahajan MM, Dudhgaonkar DS, Mishra D. Comparison of efficacy and safety of topical 1% nadifloxacin and tretinoin 0.025% combination therapy with 1% clindamycin and tretinoin 0.025% combination therapy in patients of mild-to-moderate acne. Perspect Clin Res 2018;9:161-4.
Kircik LH. Synergy and its clinical reievance in topical acne therapy. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2011;4:30-3.
Hashim PW, Chen T, Harper JC, Kircik LH. The efficacy and safety of azelaic acid 15% foam in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol 2018;17:641-5.
Apriani EF, Rosana Y, Iskandarsyah I. Formulation, characterization, and in vitro testing of azelaic acid ethosome-based cream against Propionibacterium acnes for the treatment of acne. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2019;10:75-80.
Abdel Hay R, Hegazy R, Abdel Hady M, Saleh N. Clinical and dermoscopic evaluation of combined (salicylic acid 20% and azelaic acid 20%) versus trichloroacetic acid 25% chemical peel in acne: An RCT. J Dermatolog Treat 2019;30:572-7.
Rocha M, Sanudo A, Bagatin E. The effect on acne quality of life of topical azelaic acid 15% gel versus a combined oral contraceptive in adult female acne: A randomized trial. Dermatoendocrinol 2017;9:e1361572.
Kainz JT, Berghammer G, Auer-Grumbach P, Lackner V, Perl-Convalexius S, Popa R, et al. Azelaic acid 20 % cream: Effects on quality of life and disease severity in adult female acne patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016;14:1249-59.
Burchacka E, Potaczek P, Paduszyński P, Karłowicz-Bodalska K, Han T, Han S. New effective azelaic acid liposomal gel formulation of enhanced pharmaceutical bioavailability. Biomed Pharmacother 2016;83:771-5.
Ebede TL, Arch EL, Berson D. Hormonal treatment of acne in women. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2009;2:16-22.
Wohlrab J, Michael J. Dapsone for topical use in extemporaneous preparations. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018;16:34-40.
Subramaniam A, Corallo C, Nagappan R. Dapsone-associated methaemoglobinaemia in patients with a haematologic malignancy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010;38:1070-6.
El-Nabarawi MA, Shamma RN, Farouk F, Nasralla SM. Bilosomes as a novel carrier for the cutaneous delivery for dapsone as a potential treatment of acne: Preparation, characterization and in vivo skin deposition assay. J Liposome Res 2019:1.
Molinelli E, Paolinelli M, Campanati A, Brisigotti V, Offidani A. Metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological issues surrounding dapsone. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019;15:367-79.
Del Rosso JQ, Kircik L, Tanghetti E. Management of truncal acne vulgaris with topical dapsone 7.5% Gel. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2018;11:45-50.
Kircik LH. Use of dapsone 5% gel as maintenance treatment of acne vulgaris following completion of oral doxycycline and dapsone 5% gel combination treatment. J Drugs Dermatol 2016;15:191-5.
Stein Gold LF, Jarratt MT, Bucko AD, Grekin SK, Berlin JM, Bukhalo M, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily dapsone gel, 7.5% for treatment of adolescents and adults with acne vulgaris: First of two identically designed, large, multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled trials. J Drugs Dermatol 2016;15:553-61.
Thiboutot DM, Kircik L, McMichael A, Cook-Bolden FE, Tyring SK, Berk DR, et al. Efficacy, safety, and dermal tolerability of dapsone gel, 7.5% in patients with moderate acne vulgaris: A pooled analysis of two phase 3 trials. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2016;9:18-27.
Alexis AF, Burgess C, Callender VD, Herzog JL, Roberts WE, Schweiger ES, et al. The efficacy and safety of topical dapsone gel, 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris in adult females with skin of color. J Drugs Dermatol 2016;15:197-204.
Eichenfield LF, Lain T, Frankel EH, Jones TM, Chang-Lin JE, Berk DR, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily dapsone gel, 7.5% for treatment of adolescents and adults with acne vulgaris: Second of two identically designed, large, multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled trials. J Drugs Dermatol 2016;15:962-9.
Taylor SC, Cook-Bolden FE, McMichael A, Downie JB, Rodriguez DA, Alexis AF, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of topical dapsone gel, 7.5% for treatment of acne vulgaris by fitzpatrick skin phototype. J Drugs Dermatol 2018;17:160-7.
Jarratt MT, Jones TM, Chang-Lin JE, Tong W, Berk DR, Lin V, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily dapsone gel, 7.5% in patients with moderate acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol 2016;15:1250 9.
Al-Salama ZT, Deeks ED. Dapsone 7.5% gel: A review in acne vulgaris. Am J Clin Dermatol 2017;18:139-45.
Draelos ZD, Rodriguez DA, Kempers SE, Bruce S, Peredo MI, Downie J, et al. Treatment response with once-daily topical dapsone gel, 7.5% for acne vulgaris: Subgroup analysis of pooled data from two randomized, double-blind stu. J Drugs Dermatol 2017;16:591-8.
Tanghetti E, Harper J, Baldwin H, Kircik L, Bai Z, Alvandi N. Once-daily topical dapsone gel, 7.5%: Effective for acne vulgaris regardless of baseline lesion count, with superior efficacy in females. J Drugs Dermatol 2018;17:1192-8.
Bissonnette R, Poulin Y, Drew J, Hofland H, Tan J. Olumacostat glasaretil, a novel topical sebum inhibitor, in the treatment of acne vulgaris: A phase IIa, multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;76:33-9.
Melnik BC. Olumacostat glasaretil, a promising topical sebum-suppressing agent that affects all major pathogenic factors of acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2017;137:1405-8.
Endly DC, Miller RA. Oily skin: A review of treatment options. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2017;10:49-55.
Afzali BM, Yaghoobi E, Yaghoobi R, Bagherani N, Dabbagh MA. Comparison of the efficacy of 5% topical spironolactone gel and placebo in the treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris: A randomized controlled trial. J Dermatolog Treat 2012;23:21-5.
Charny JW, Choi JK, James WD. Spironolactone for the treatment of acne in women, a retrospective study of 110 patients. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017;3:111-5.
Trifu V, Tiplica GS, Naumescu E, Zalupca L, Moro L, Celasco G. Cortexolone 17α-propionate 1% cream, a new potent antiandrogen for topical treatment of acne vulgaris. A pilot randomized, double-blind comparative study vs. placebo and tretinoin 0•05% cream. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:177-83.
Meingassner JG, Aschauer H, Winiski AP, Dales N, Yowe D, Winther MD, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase in the skin induces atrophy of the sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:2091-4.
Rubinchik E, Dugourd D, Algara T, Pasetka C, Friedland HD. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of a novel cationic antimicrobial peptide, omiganan, in experimental skin colonisation models. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;34:457-61.
Garner SE, Eady A, Bennett C, Newton JN, Thomas K, Popescu CM. Minocycline for acne vulgaris: Efficacy and safety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;1:CD002086.
Gold LS, Dhawan S, Weiss J, Draelos ZD, Ellman H, Stuart IA. A novel topical minocycline foam for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris: Results of 2 randomized, double-blind, phase 3 studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019;80:168-77.
Bonati LM, Dover JS. Treating acne with topical antibiotics: Current obstacles and the introduction of topical minocycline as a new treatment option. J Drugs Dermatol 2019;18:240-4.
Jones TM, Ellman H, deVries T. Pharmacokinetic comparison of once-daily topical minocycline foam 4% vs oral minocycline for moderate-to-severe acne. J Drugs Dermatol 2017;16:1022-8.
Alexis A, Del Rosso JQ, Desai SR, Downie JB, Draelos ZD, Feser C, et al. BPX-01 minocycline topical gel shows promise for the treatment of moderate-to-severe inflammatory acne vulgaris. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2018;11:25-35.
Jeong S, Hermsmeier M, Osseiran S, Yamamoto A, Nagavarapu U, Chan KF, et al. Visualization of drug distribution of a topical minocycline gel in human facial skin. Biomed Opt Express 2018;9:3434-48.
Oliveira JM, Sobreira G, Velosa J, Telles Correia D, Filipe P. Association of isotretinoin with depression and suicide: A review of current literature. J Cutan Med Surg 2018;22:58-64.
Huang YC, Cheng YC. Isotretinoin treatment for acne and risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;76:1068-76.
Botsali A, Kocyigit P Professor, Uran P. The effects of isotretinoin on affective and cognitive functions are disparate in adolescent acne vulgaris patients. J Dermatolog Treat 2019:1-5.
Charrow A, Xia FD, Lu J, Waul M, Joyce C, Mostaghimi A. Differences in isotretinoin start, interruption, and early termination across race and sex in the iPLEDGE era. PLoS One 2019;14:e0210445.
Gómez-Flores M, Poletti-Vázquez DE, García-Hidalgo L, Fierro-Arias L, Herz-Ruelas M, Garza-Gómez J, et al. Second joint position paper: Use of isotretinoin in severe acne Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2019;56:441-6.
Soyuduru G, Ösoy Adışen E, Kadıoğlu Özer İ, Aksakal AB. The effect of isotretinoin on insulin resistance and adipocytokine levels in acne vulgaris patients Turk J Med Sci 2019;49:238-44.
Van TL, Minh PN, Thuy PT, Gandolfi M, Satolli F, Feliciani C, et al. Efficacy of oral low-dose isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris in Vietnam. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019;7:279-82.
Thomazini BF, Lamas CA, Dolder MA. Safety of isotretinoin treatment as measured by liver parameters. Histol Histopathol 2019;34:755-63.
Fouladgar N, Khabazkhoob M, Hanifnia AR, Yekta A, Mirzajani A. Evaluation of the effects of isotretinoin for treatment of acne on corneal sensitivity. J Curr Ophthalmol 2018;30:326-9.
Kim NR, Yoon SR, Choi JS, Ahn HK, Lee SY, Hong DS, et al. Isotretinoin exposure in pregnant women in Korea. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2018;61:649-54.
Tasli H, Yurekli A, Gokgoz MC, Karakoc O. Effects of oral isotretinoin therapy on the nasal cavities. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2018.
El Aziz Ragab MA, Omar SS, Collier A, El-Wafa RA, Gomaa N. The effect of continuous high versus low dose oral isotretinoin regimens on dermcidin expression in patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Dermatol Ther 2018;31:e12715.
Nakano T, Yoshino T, Fujimura T, Arai S, Mukuno A, Sato N, et al. Reduced expression of dermcidin, a peptide active against propionibacterium acnes, in sweat of patients with acne vulgaris. Acta Derm Venereol 2015;95:783-6.
Ustun I, Rifaioglu EN, Sen BB, Inam MU, Gokce C. Gynecomastia: A rare complication of isoretinoin? Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2013;32:93-4.
Drugs and Lactation Database. Acitretin. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; 2006.
Drugs and Lactation Database. Isotretinoin. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; 2006.
Khiali S, Gharekhani A, Entezari-Maleki T. Isotretinoin; A review on the utilization pattern in pregnancy. Adv Pharm Bull 2018;8:377-82.
Albuquerque RG, Rocha MA, Bagatin E, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Could adult female acne be associated with modern life? Arch Dermatol Res 2014;306:683-8.
Chatzikonstantinou F, Miskedaki A, Antoniou C, Chatzikonstantinou M, Chrousos G, Darviri C. A novel cognitive stress management technique for acne vulgaris: A short report of a pilot experimental study. Int J Dermatol 2019;58:218-20.
Jović A, Marinović B, Kostović K, Čeović R, Basta-Juzbašić A, Bukvić Mokos Z. The impact of pyschological stress on acne. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2017;25:1133-141.
Yang YS, Lim HK, Hong KK, Shin MK, Lee JW, Lee SW, et al. Cigarette smoke-induced interleukin-1 alpha may be involved in the pathogenesis of adult acne. Ann Dermatol 2014;26:11-6.
Mohtady O. How Your Skin Changes when your Smoke. London: Digital Therapeutics, Inc.; 2018.
Isvy-Joubert A, Nguyen JM, Gaultier A, Saint-Jean M, Le Moigne M, Boisrobert E, et al. Adult female acne treated with spironolactone: A retrospective data review of 70 cases. Eur J Dermatol 2017;27:393 8.
Barbieri JS, Choi JK, Mitra N, Margolis DJ. Frequency of treatment switching for spironolactone compared to oral tetracycline-class antibiotics for women with acne: A retrospective cohort study 2010-2016. J Drugs Dermatol 2018;17:632-8.
Rocha MA, Bagatin E. Adult-onset acne: Prevalence, impact, and management challenges. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018;11:59 69.
Garthwaite SM, McMahon EG. The evolution of aldosterone antagonists. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004;217:27-31.
Layton AM, Eady EA, Whitehouse H, Del Rosso JQ, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ. Oral spironolactone for acne vulgaris in adult females: A hybrid systematic review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2017;18:169-91.
Grandhi R, Alikhan A. Spironolactone for the treatment of acne: A 4-year retrospective study. Dermatology 2017;233:141-4.
Amin K, Riddle CC, Aires DJ, Schweiger ES. Common and alternate oral antibiotic therapies for acne vulgaris: A review. J Drugs Dermatol 2007;6:873-80.
Farrah G, Tan E. The use of oral antibiotics in treating acne vulgaris: A new approach. Dermatol Ther 2016;29:377-84.
Zaenglein AL, Pathy AL, Schlosser BJ, Alikhan A, Baldwin HE, Berson DS, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;74:945-73.e33.
Cross R, Ling C, Day NP, McGready R, Paris DH. Revisiting doxycycline in pregnancy and early childhood time to rebuild its reputation? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016;15:367-82.
Muanda FT, Sheehy O, Bérard A. Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ 2017;189:E625-33.
Del Rosso JQ. Oral doxycycline in the management of acne vulgaris: Current perspectives on clinical use and recent findings with a new double-scored small tablet formulation. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2015;8:19-26.
Kim JE, Park AY, Lee SY, Park YL, Whang KU, Kim HJ. Comparison of the efficacy of azithromycin versus doxycycline in acne vulgaris: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Dermatol 2018;30:417-26.
Kapadia N, Talib A. Acne treated successfully with azithromycin. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:766-7.
Fernandez-Obregon AC. Azithromycin for the treatment of acne. Int J Dermatol 2000;39:45-50.
Dhaher SA, Jasim ZM. The adjunctive effect of desloratadine on the combined azithromycin and isotretinoin in the treatment of severe acne: Randomized clinical trial. J Dermatol Dermatol Surg 2018;22:21-5.
Nakase K, Sakuma Y, Nakaminami H, Noguchi N. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Propionibacterium acnes caused by amino acid substitutions of DNA gyrase but not DNA topoisomerase IV. Anaerobe 2016;42:166-71.
Khodaeiani E, Fouladi RF, Yousefi N, Amirnia M, Babaeinejad S, Shokri J. Efficacy of 2% metronidazole gel in moderate acne vulgaris. Indian J Dermatol 2012;57:279-81.
Awan SZ, Lu J. Management of severe acne during pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017;3:145 50.
Cooper DB, Adigun R, Bhimji SS. Oral Contraceptive Pills. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2019.
Rocha MA, Guadanhim LR, Sanudo A, Bagatin E. Modulation of toll like receptor-2 on sebaceous gland by the treatment of adult female acne. Dermatoendocrinol 2017;9:e1361570.
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Which Birth Control Pills can Help Reduce Acne? Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care; 2006.
Coneac A, Muresan A, Orasan MS. Antiandrogenic therapy with ciproterone acetate in female patients who suffer from both androgenetic alopecia and acne vulgaris. Clujul Med 2014;87:226-34.
Chan CS, Harting M, Rosen T. Systemic and barrier contraceptives for the dermatologist: A review. Int J Dermatol 2009;48:795-814.
De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Piomboni P, Morgante G. Hormonal contraceptives: Pharmacology tailored to women’s health. Hum Reprod Update 2016;22:634-46.
Al-Jedai AH, Balhareth SS, Algain RA. Assessment of foetal risk associated with 93 non-US-FDA approved medications during pregnancy. Saudi Pharm J 2012;20:287-99.
Słopień R, Milewska E, Rynio P, Męczekalski B. Use of oral contraceptives for management of acne vulgaris and hirsutism in women of reproductive and late reproductive age. Prz Menopauzalny 2018;17:1-4.
Jaisamrarn U, Santibenchakul S. A comparison of combined oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate versus drospirenone for the treatment of acne and dysmenorrhea: A randomized trial. Contracept Reprod Med 2018;3:5.
Nguyen HL, Tollefson MM. Endocrine disorders and hormonal therapy for adolescent acne. Curr Opin Pediatr 2017;29:455-65.
Marson JW, Baldwin HE. An overview of acne therapy, Part 1: Topical therapy, oral antibiotics, laser and light therapy, and dietary interventions. Dermatol Clin 2019;37:183-93.
Wiznia LE, Stevenson ML, Nagler AR. Laser treatments of active acne. Lasers Med Sci 2017;32:1647-58.
Alexiades M. Laser and light-based treatments of acne and acne scarring. Clin Dermatol 2017;35:183-9.
Kang A, Lyons A, Herrmann J, Moy R. Treatment of moderate-to-severe facial acne vulgaris with solid-state fractional 589/1,319-nm laser. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2019;12:28-31.
Chen S, Wang Y, Ren J, Yue B, Lai G, Du J. Efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris with a novel filter. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2019;21:323-7.
Niwa AB, Mello AP, Torezan LA, Osório N. Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of hypertrophic scars: Clinical experience of eight cases. Dermatol Surg 2009;35:773-7.
Khatri KA, Mahoney DL, McCartney MJ. Laser scar revision: A review. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2011;13:54-62.
Nouri K, Rivas MP, Stevens M, Ballard CJ, Singer L, Ma F, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of the pulsed dye laser 585 nm versus 595 nm in the treatment of new surgical scars. Lasers Med Sci 2009;24:801-10.
Keaney TC, Tanzi E, Alster T. Comparison of 532 nm potassium titanyl phosphate laser and 595 nm pulsed dye laser in the treatment of erythematous surgical scars: A randomized, controlled, open-label study. Dermatol Surg 2016;42:70-6.
Tierney E, Mahmoud BH, Srivastava D, Ozog D, Kouba DJ. Treatment of surgical scars with nonablative fractional laser versus pulsed dye laser: A randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Surg 2009;35:1172-80.
Tierney EP, Eisen RF, Hanke CW. Fractionated CO2 laser skin rejuvenation. Dermatol Ther 2011;24:41-53.
Alexiades-Armenakas MR, Dover JS, Arndt KA. The spectrum of laser skin resurfacing: Nonablative, fractional, and ablative laser resurfacing. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:719-37.
You HJ, Kim DW, Yoon ES, Park SH. Comparison of four different lasers for acne scars: Resurfacing and fractional lasers. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016;69:e87-95.
Fox L, Csongradi C, Aucamp M, du Plessis J, Gerber M. Treatment Modalities for Acne. Molecules 2016;21:E1063.
Lemay A, Poulin Y. Oral contraceptives as anti-androgenic treatment of acne. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002;24:559-67.