CADMIUM CHLORIDE INDUCED CHANGES IN PROTEIN MOLECULES OF THE FRESHWATER FISH CIRRHINUS MRIGALA (HAMILTON)
Abstract
Abstract
                     The fresh water fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was exposed to the heavy metal Cadmium chloride for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the consequential LC50 values were calculated using Finney's probit analysis. The LC50 values obtained for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 317.5, 316.5, 316.0 and 315.5 respectively. Later the fish were exposed to 96 h acute lethal and sub-lethal concentrations and the changes in protein subunits were analyzed in the tissue of the vital organs such as brain, liver, muscle, gill and kidney using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The results revealed that among the protein molecules some became faded when compared to control fish protein molecules, whereas some protein bands disappeared. The analysis was made with the help of standard protein marker. The changes are more pronounced in the tissue of liver and muscle, which may be due to the involvement of liver in the detoxification mechanism. Whereas in case of muscle the changes in the protein banding pattern may be due to the consumption of energy through erratic movement caused due to the toxicant stress. It was also observed that the changes in kidney protein molecules is also more and this may be due to the accumulation of cadmium chloride in kidney tissue. The results obtained were discussed at length with the available literature.
Â
Key words: Cadmium chloride, Cirrhinus mrigala, Protein molecules, Liver, LC50 and
       SDS-PAGE.
References
Abou-Donia M B, Lapadul D M and Carrington C D. Biochemical methods for assessment of neurotoxicity. In: Perspectives in basic and applied toxicology (Ed: B. Ballantyne), Butterworth & Co. Ltd.; London; 1988. 1-30.
Ademoroti C M A. Environmental chemistry and toxicology. Folulidex Press Ltd.Ibadan;1996. P. 215.
Allen P. Chronic accumulation of cadmium in the edible tissues of Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner): modification by mercury and lead. Arch. Environ. Con. Toxicol; 1995. V.29(1); P.8-14.
Anees M. Changes in starch gel electrophoresis pattern of serum protein of freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus (Block), exposed to sublethal and chronic levels of three organophosphorous insecticides. Ceylon J. Sci; 1974.V.11;P. 53-58.
Barman S C, Lal M H. Accumulation of Heavy metals (Zn,Cu,Cd& Pb) in soil and cultivated vegetables and weeds grown in industrially polluted fields. J.Env. Biology;1994. V.15; P.107-115.
Heath A G. Water Pollution and Fish Physiology. CRC press inc. Boca Raton Florida USA; 1987.P. 244.
Karthikeyan R S, Vijayalakshmi and T Balasubramanian. Monthly variations of heavy metals and metal resistant bacteria from the Uppanar estuary (Southeast coast of India). Res. J. Microbiol.,2007.V.2;P.50-57.
Kotsanis N and Georgudaki J L. Arsenic induced liver hyperplasia and kidney fibrosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by microinjection technique: A sensitive animal bioassay for environmental metal toxicity. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1991.V.62;P.169- 178.
Kurbanova L K, Isuev A R and Gabibov M M. The effect of oil pollution of water on some parameters of protein metabolism in black sea Roach Juveniles Rutilus Frisii Kutum (Cyprinidae). J. Ichthyol.; 2004.V.44(8);P.655-663.
Leisner J J, J C Millan, H H Huss and L M Larsen.Production of Histamine and tyramine by Lactic Acid bacteria isolated from Vacuum packed sugar-salted fish. J Appl. Bacteriol;1994.V. 76; P.417-423.
Liopoulou-Georgudaki J., Kotsanis N. Toxic effects of cadmium and mercury in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A shortterm bioassay. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2001. V. 66;P.77-85.
Lumry R, Eyring H. Conformation changes of protein. J. Phys. Chem;1954.V.58,P.110-120.
Mason C F. Biology of freshwater pollution, 3rd edn; Longman.U.K;1996.P.1-4.
Moroni A V, Iametti S, Bonomi F, Arendt E K, Dal Bello F. Solubility of proteins from non-gluten cereals: A comparative study on combination of solubilising agents. Food Chem., 2010, V.121;P.1225-1230.
Munishi P, D Mishra, K Muralidhar. Laser interferometer for measurement of three dimensional temperature field in fluids using tomography. Defense Science journal; 1999; V.49; P. 243-255.
Nakatogawa H, Ohsumi Y. SDS-PAGE techniques to study ubiquitin-like conjugation systems in yeast autophagy. Methods Mol. Biol.;2012.V. 832; P.519-529.
Nriagu J O.History of global metal pollution. Science, 1996.V. 223-b,P. 224.
Nriagu J O and J B Sprague. Cadmium in the aquatic environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1987.P. 272.
Patterson D S P. Structure, metabolism and toxicity of Aflatoxin. Cab. Nutr.Diet, (Supple.2);1976.P.71-78.
Romeo M, Y Sianu, Z Sidoumo and M Gnassia-Berellia. Heavy metal distribution in different fishspecies from the mauritania coast. Sci.Total Environ.,1999.V.232;P.169-175.
Samanta S, Mitra K, Chandra K, Saha K, Bandopadhyaya S and Ghosh A. Heavy metals in water of the riovers Hoogley and Haldi and their impact on nfish. J. Environ. Biol;2005.V. 26(3);P. 517-523.
Sharma R K and Agrawal M. Biological effects of heavy metals:An overview. J. Environ.Biol. 2005.V.26 (2); 301-313.
Tripathi G and S P Shukla. Malate ad lactate dehydrogenases of a freshwater cat fish: Impact of endosulfan. Biomed. Environ.sci;1990A.V.3;P.53-64.
Tripathi G and S P Shukla. Enzymatic and Ultrastructural changes in fresh water
cat fish: Impact of methyl parathion. Biomed. Environ.Sci.,1990b.v.3;p.166-183.
Verma R S, Khan M A, Tripathi R, Shukla S and Sharma U D. Heavy metal toxicity to fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum;2005.
Zyadah M A and Abdel-Bakey T C. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Some aquatic organisms. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxociol.;2000; v.64;p.740-747.