THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND GLIOMAGENESIS AND ITS SPECIAL ROLE IN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME PATHOGENESIS: A REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijms.2021.v9i2.40457Keywords:
Gliomas, Glioblastoma, Signaling Pathways, InflammationAbstract
Gliomas are the most common primary and aggressive intracranial tumors, represent 80% of malignant brain tumors, and despite the fact that are relatively rare tumors are responsible for significant mortality and morbidity. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) or diffuse astrocytoma, WHO grade IV, is the most common and aggressive primary central nervous system malignancy, represents 45% of all gliomas, shows an average incidence of 3.19/100,000 individuals, its median age of diagnosis is 64 years, and the median survival is 15 months as the 5-year relative survival is 5%. Previous studies have investigated the possible role of genetic and environmental factors in GBM pathogenesis; however, the majority of GBM cases were sporadic and certain risk factors have not been detected. GBM is divided into primary and secondary subtypes which develop through different genetic pathways, affect patients at different ages, and have differences in clinical outcomes, as show a great morphological and genetic heterogeneity. The role of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in GBM formation has been investigated in many previous reports which have hypothesized that TBI may predispose to gliomagenesis; however, the outcomes were highly controversial. Some of those researches have proposed a supposed pathogenesis model that involves a post-traumatic inflammation, stem and progenitor cell transformation, and gliomagenesis. Other similar studies have involved transcription factors associated with TBI such as p53, hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a), and c-Myc. On the other hand, the possibility of a pre-existing tumor rather than a trauma-induced tumor is very possible in such cases.
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