GCMS BASED METABOLIC PROFILING OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF CITRUS MACROPTERA MONTRUZ. LEAVES AND PEEL, ASSESSMENT OF IN VITROANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i9.19593Keywords:
GCMS, Citrus macroptera Montruz, Essential oil, Antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activityAbstract
Objective: The present investigation was designed for Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) based metabolite profiling of Citrus macroptera Montruz. Leaves and peel oils followed by assessment of in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Methods: Essential oil was extracted from leaves and peels of Citrus macroptera Montruz. The oil samples were subjected to GCMS analysis using Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 equiped with an AOC-2oi auto-injector and AOC-2os autosampler units. In vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and nitric oxide reducing method. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using protease inhibitory assay, heat induced haemolysis and albumin denaturation assay.
Results: Both the peels and leaves of Citrus macroptera Montruz. Yielded good amount of essential oil. 57 compounds each were identified from leaves as well as peel of C. macroptera. 10 common compounds have been detected in both the oil samples. Peels oil showed IC50 at 118.07 µg/ml and that of leaves showed IC50 at 252.93 µg/ml in DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. In reducing assay, peel and leaves oil showed IC50 at 122.5 µg/ml and 208.24 µg/ml. In albumin denaturation, the peels showed IC50 at 73.91 µg/ml and that of leaves showed IC50 at 87.48 µg/ml.
Conclusion: The oil yield denotes peel as better source of volatile oil than leaves. Essential oil of peel showed more anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity than that of leaves essential oil.
Downloads
References
Azad N, Rojanasakul Y, Vallyathan V. Inflammation and lung cancer: roles of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B: Crit Rev 2008;11:1–15.
Heitzer T, Schlinzig T, Krohn K, Meinertz T, Münzel T. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ 2001;104:2673–8.
Madamanchi NR, Vendrov A, Runge MS. Oxidative stress and vascular disease. Rev Endocr-Relat Cancer 2005;25:29–38.
Gope PS, Dutta AK, Makhnoon S, Banik S, Siddiquee MA, Kabir Y. Effect of solvent and extraction time on the antioxidant properties of Citrus macroptera. Int J Drug Dev Res 2014;6:28-35.
Razali N, Mat-Junit S, Abdul-Muthalib AF, Subramaniam S, Abdul-Aziz A. Effects of various solvents on the extraction of antioxidant phenolics from the leaves, seeds, veins and skins of Tamapeelus indica L. Food Chem 2012;131:441-8.
Ferrero-Miliani L, Nielsen OH, Andersen PS, Girardin SE. Chronic inflammation: Importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1beta generation. Clin Exp Immunol 2007;147:227-35.
Abbas AB, Lichtman AH. Innate immunity. In: Basic Immunology, Functions and Disorders of the Immune System. 3rd ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2009.
Dreyer DL, Huey PF. Coumarins of Citrus macroptera. Phytochem 1973;12:3011-3.
Rahmatullah M, Khatun MA, Morshed N, Neogi PK, Khan SUA. A randomized survey of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal healers of sylhet division, Bangladesh. Adv Nat Appl Sci 2010;4:52-62.
Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;81:81-100.
Malik SK, Chaudhury R. The cryopreservation of embryonic axes of two wild and endangered citrus species. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterisation Utilization 2006;4:204-9.
Malik SK, Chaudhury R, Dhariwal OP, Kalia RK. Collection and characterization of Citrus Indica tanaka and C. macroptera montr. wild endangered species of northeastern India. Genet Resour Crop Evol 2006;53:85.
Safford WE. Contr. U. S. Nat Herb 1905;9:226.
Ozanne-Rivierre F. In: Le Nyelaˆyu de Balade (Nouvelle-Cale´donie), Collection Langueset Cultures du Pacifique, Peeters, Paris; 1998. p. 275.
Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:446–75.
De Sousa DP. Medicinal essential oils: chemical, pharmacological and therapeutic aspects. 1st ed. Nova Science Publishers: New York, NY, USA; 2012. p. 236.
Horowitz RM. The citrus flavonoids. In: Sinclair WB. Ed. The Orange. Its Biochemistry and Physiology. University of California, Division of Agricultural Science, Los Angeles, CA; 1961. p. 334–72.
Peterson JMS, Dwyer J, Dsc RD. Flavanoids: dietary occurence and biochemical activity. Nutr Res 1998;18:1995–2018.
Sa RCS, Andrade LN, de Sousa DP. A review on anti-inflammatory activity of monoterpenes. Molecules 2013;18:1227–54.
Sakthivel G, Dey A, Nongalleima Kh, Chavali M, Rimal Isaac RS, Surjit N Singh, Deb L. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of polyhedral formulation against russell’s viper and cobra venom and screening of bioactive components by docking studies. J Evidence-Based Complementary Altern Med 2013;2013:1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/781216
Das B, Choudhury MD, Dey A, Talukdar AD, Nongalleima Kh, Deb L. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of rhizome part of Drynaria quercifolia (l.). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:43-9.
Gangwar M, Gautam MK, Sharma AK, Tripathi YB, Goel RK, Nath G. Antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging effect of polyphenol rich Mallotus philippenensis fruit extract on human erythrocytes: an in vitro study. The Sci World J 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/279451.
Bijina B, Chellappan S, Krishna JG, Basheer SM, Elyas KK, Bahkali AH, et al. Protease inhibitor from Moringa oleifera with potential for use as therapeutic drug and as seafood preservative. Saudi J Biol Sci 2011;18:273-81.
Gupta V, Chauhan Sh, Prakash A, Mathur A. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti inflammatory activities of Parthenium camphora. Recent Res Sci Technol 2013;5:33-9.
Sakat S, Juvekar AR, Gambhire MN. In vitro antioxidant and anti inflammatory activity of methanol extract of oxalis comiculata Linn. Int J Pharmacol Sci 2010;2:146-55.
Gaillard E, Muyard F, Bevalot F, Regnier A, Vaquette J. Rutaceae from new caledonia: chemical composition of stem bark of Citrus macroptera; 1995.
Rana VS, Blazquez MA. Compositions of the volatile oils of Citrus macropteraand C. maxima. Nat Prod Commun 2012;7:1371-2.
Waikedre J, Dugay A, Barrachina I, Herrenknecht C, Cabalion P, Fournet A. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from new caledonian Citrus macroptera and Citrus hystrix. Chem Biodiversity 2010;7:871-7.
Miah MN, Islam S, Hadiuzzaman S. Regeneration of plantlets through somatic embryogenesis from nucellus tissue of Citrus macroptera Mont. var. anammensis ('Sat Kara'). Plant Tissue Culture 2002;12:167-72.
Marzouk B, Ben Hadj Fredj M, Chraief I, Mastouri M, Boukef K, Marzouk Z. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Tunisian Mentha pulegium L. J Food Agric Environ 2008;6:78-82.
Bouchra C, Achouri M, IdrissiHassani L, HmamouchiM. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven moroccan labiatae against Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89:165-9.
Pavela R. Insecticidal activity of some essential oils against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Fitoterapia 2005;76:691-6.
Larousse M. Encyclopédies des plantes médicinales larousse/VUEF; 2001. p. 234.
Lewis DA. Anti-inflammatory drugs from plants and marine sources. Basel: Bikhauser Verlag; 1989.
Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL. Pathologic basis of disease. Saunders WB company. Philadelphia, USA; 1994.
Dharmasiri JR, Jayakody AC, Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;87:199-206.
Park JH, Son KH, Kim SW, Chang HW, Bae K, Kang SS, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Synurus deltoids. Phytother Res 2004;18:930-3.
George M, Britto SJ. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial studies on the leaf extracts of Curcuma amada Roxb. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2016;8:32-8.
Kale MA, Bindu SM, Khadkikar P. Role of antioxidants and nutrition in oxidative stress: a review. Int J Appl Pharm 2015;7:1-4.
Chintamani K, Dikshit M. Extraction, antioxidant potential and identification of secondary metabolites of whole fruits of Santalum album Linn by GCMS. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2015;7:240-2.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
