THE POTENTIAL OF CANARIUM ODONTOPHYLLUM MIQ. (DABAI) AS ANTI-METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AGENT
Keywords:
Canarium odontophyllum, Antimicrobial, Disc diffusion, MRSA, MIC, MBCAbstract
Objective: The present study evaluates the antimicrobial potential of C. Odontophyllum leaves against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Â Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus.
Materials: The extracts from C. odontophyllum leaf were prepared using acetone, methanol and distilled waterprior to screening at concentrations from12.5 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml against the test microorganisms using disc diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts against susceptible organisms were determined using microbroth dilution method and streak-plate technique, respectively.
Results: Water produced the highest yield of extract (5.03%) followed by methanol (2.65%) and acetone (1.79%). Out of all the microbes tested, only MRSA was found to be susceptible towards acetone and methanol extracts of C. odontophyllum leaves which showed concentration-dependent growth inhibitory effect against MRSA. Despite the highest extractive potential of water, no antimicrobial activity was observed by the aqueous extract from the screening assay. The MIC values for methanol and acetone extracts were respectively,6.25 mg/ml and 3.125 mg/ml. The MBC value of methanol extract was twice its MIC value which was 12.5 mg/ml whereas the MIC and MBC values of acetone extract against MRSA were the same (3.125 mg/ml).
Conclusion: C. odontophyllum leaves have the potential to be developed as an alternative phytotherapeutic agent against MRSA infection.
Downloads
References
Basri DF, Fudholi A, Ruslan MH. Drying characteristics of the Borneo Canarium odontophyllum (dabai) fruit. Am J Agr and Biol Sci 2012;7(3):347-56.
Gadug S, Yusup S. Potential rare fruit of Sarawak: C. odontophyllum. Fruit Technol 1992;8:13-6.
Hoe VB, Siong KH. The nutritional value of indigenous fruits and vegetables in Sarawak, Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 1999;8(1):24-31.
Shakirin FH, Prasad KN, Ismail A, Yuon LC, Azlan A. Antioxidant capacity of underutilized Malaysian Canarium odontophyllum (dabai) Miq. fruit. J Food Compos Anal 2010;23(8):777-81.
Prasad KN, Chew LY, Khoo HE, Yang B, Azlan A, Ismail A. Carotenoids and antioxidant capacities from Canarium odontophyllum Miq. fruit. Food Chem 2011;124(4):1549-55.
Basri DF, Saidi N, Mahari H, Saari S, Santhanam J. Preliminary screening for antimicrobial activity of the pulp of Canarium odontophyllumMiq. (dabai) fruit. Global J Pharmacol 2014;8(2):213-20.
Nurulhuda MH, Azlan A, Ismail A, Amom Z, Shakirin FH. Cholesterol-lowering and artherosclerosis inhibitory effect of Sibu olive in cholesterol fed-rabbit. Asian J Biochem 2012;7:80-9.
Zhang LL, Lin YM. Tannins from Canarium album with potent antioxidant activity. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008;9(5):407-15.
Mogan R, Teng-Jin K, Wiart C. In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis of Canarium patentinervium Miq. from Malaysia. Biotechnol Res Int 2011;(Article ID 768673) 5 pages.
Nvau JB, Gushit JS, Orishadipe TA, Kolo I. Antimycobacterial activity of the leaves extract of Canarium schweinfurthii ENGL. C J Pharm Sci 2012;5(1):20-4.
Basri DF, FanSH. The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents. Indian J Pharmacol 2005;37(1):26-9.
Zaidan MR, Noor Rain A, Badrul AR, Adlin A, Norazah A, Zakiah I. In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. Trop Biomed 2005;22(2):165-70.
Basri DF, Tan LS, Shafiei Z, Zin NM. In vitro antibacterial activity of galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier against oral pathogens. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;(Article ID 632796):6 pages.
Abdul Razak MFB, Yong P K, Shah ZM, Abdullah LC, Yee SS, Yaw ITCS. The effects of varying solvent polarity on extraction yield of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves. J Appl Sci 2012;12(11):1207-10.
Farhoosh R, Golmovahhed GA, Khodaparast MHH. Antioxidant activity of various extracts of old tea leaves and black tea wastes (Camellia sinensis L. ). Food Chem 2007;100:231-36.
Pin KY, Chuah AL, Rashih AA, Mazura MP, Fadzureena J, Vimala S, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts of betel leaves (Piper betle) from solvents with different polarities. J Trop For Sci 2010;22(4):448-55.
Eloff JN. Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants?. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;60(1):1-8.
CowanMM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564-82.
Kothari V, Seshadri S. Antioxidant activity of seed extracts of Annona squamosa and Carica papaya. Nutr Food Sci 2010;40(4):403-8.
Felix-Silva J, Gomes JADS, Barbosa LMDQ, Pinheiro ITMG, Soares LAL, Silva-Junior AAD, et al. Systemic and local anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous leaf extract from Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6(6):58-66.
Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. The Scientific World J 2013;(Article ID 162750):16 pages.
Tsuchiya H, Iinuma M. Reduction of membrane fluidity by antibacterial sophoraflavanone G isolated from Sophora exigua. Phytomedicine 2000;7(2):161-5.
Milugo TK, Omosa LK, Ochanda JO, Owuor BO, Wamunyokoli FA, Oyugi JO, et al. Antagonistic effect of alkaloids and saponins on bioactivity in the quinine tree (Rauvolfia caffra sond. ):Further evidence to support biotechnology in traditional medicinal plants. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013;13:285-90.