EVALUATION OF MYRISTICA FRAGRANS AS A PENETRATION ENHANCER IN TRANSDERMAL GEL FORMULATION
Keywords:
Diclofenac sodium, Evaluation, Myristica fragrans, Penetration enhancer, Percutaneous absorptionAbstract
Objective: Skin delivery of NSAIDs offers several advantages over oral route associated with potential side effects. The study aims at exploring the potential of Myristica fragrans as a penetration enhancer (PE) for transdermal gel of Diclofenac sodium.
Methods: In the present work, methanol extract (ME), chloroform extract (CE) and n-hexane extract (NHE) of Myristica fragranswere subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC. These extracts were evaluated for enhancing in vitro & ex vivo percutaneous absorption in comparison with synthetic enhancer (SE). The study was performed for Diclofenac sodium as target drug formulated in gel form with Ethanol (95%) as a solvent & carbopol 934p as a gelling polymer using Franz diffusion cell. It was evaluated for different physicochemical parameters.
Results: The different extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, fats and oils, volatile oil and flavonoids. The gel formulation complied with various physicochemical parameters for evaluation like odour, consistency, grittiness, pH (6.7), stickiness, uniformity, spreadability (6.7 g. Cm/Sec) & viscosity (10160cps). In vitro and Ex vivo studies showed that both ME and CE showed better % cumulative release (% CR), hence better penetration effect as compared to the SE. Maximum % C. R (27.97) and flux (151.45) was found in a P1H2 batch (ME) while the next highest was P1H4 (CE). The % C. R and flux of gel with synthetic enhancer were low, i. e. 20.8% and 112.62 respectively. Maximum enhancement ratio (ER) (1.913) was observed in P1H2 (ME) batch.
Conclusion: ME and CE may serve as potential penetration enhancers for industrial benefit.
Â
Downloads
References
Lahora D, Chaudhary V, Shah SK, Swami G, Chaudhary G, Saraf SA. Terpenes: natural skin penetration enhancers in transdermal drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Res Dev 2011;2(12):39-45.
Patel P, Patel P. Herbal excipients: An emerging field as a penetration enhancer in transdermal drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Res Dev 2012;4(02):58-68.
Cdc. gov [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for disease control and prevention[cited 2014 Oct 18]; Available from: http: //www.cdc.gov/arthritis/data_statistics/national_nhis.htm
Dugowson CE, Gnanashanmugam P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2006;7:347–54.
Fox LT, Gerber M, Plessis JD, Hamman JH. Transdermal drug delivery enhancement by compounds of natural origin. Mol 2011;16:10507-40.
Saify ZS, Ahsan O, Dayo A. Cineole as skin penetration enhancer. Pak J Pharm Sci 2000;13(1):29-32.
Sinha VR, Kaur M. Permeation enhancers for transdermal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000;26(11):1131–40.
Sanghai DN, Adhate PS, Patil SK, Sanghai NN. Development of analytical techniques for identification of phytochemicals in selected herbal drugs. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2011;2(8):2126-31.
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy. 39th ed. Pune: Nirali Prakashan; 2007.
El-Alfy A, Wilson L, ElSohly MA, Abourashed EA. Towards a better understanding of the psychopharmacology of nutmeg: activities in the mouse tetrad assay. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;126(2):280–6.
Jain RA, Rajput SJ, Raval RR. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for determination of Boswellic acid and myristicin in commercial herbal formulation. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013;5(1):379-83.
Reynertson KA, Balick MJ, Lee R, Raynor W, Pelep Y, Kennelly E. A traditional method of Cinnamomumcarolinense preparation eliminates safrole from a therapeutic Pohnpean tea. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;102:269–74.
Edris AE. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents. Phytother Res 2006;21(4):308-23.
Khandelwal KR. Practical pharmacognosy techniques and experiments. 22nd ed. Pune: Niraliprakashan; 2012.
Wagner H, Bladt S. Plant drug analysis. 2nd Ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1996.
Government of India. Ministry of health and family welfare. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Delhi: Controller of Publications; 1996. p. 243.
Shivhare UD, Jain KB, Mathur VB, Bhusari KP, Roy AA. Formulation development and evaluation of diclofenac sodium gel using water soluble polyacrylamide polymer. Digest J Nanomater Biostructures 2009;4:285–90.
Sherry Jung, Jerry L. McCullough: Novel compounds for skin penetration enhancement; The UCI Undergraduate Research Journal 2004;2:25-30.
Jantharaprapap R, Stagni G. Effects of penetration enhancers on in vitro permeability of meloxicam gels. Int J Pharm 2007;343:26–33.
Abrar B, Shaikh A, Tanu B, Singh S. Formulation and in-vitroevaluation of NSAID’s gel. Int J Current Pharm Res 2012;4(3):56-8.