A REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE HEALTH CARE SECTOR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2021v13i10.42566Keywords:
COVID-19, Health care sector, Pharmaceutical industries, Telehealth, Artificial intelligenceAbstract
The global crisis of the present era, the COVID-19 pandemic, has changed given new normal ways in many of the sectors. The present review highlights the impact, problems, and challenges faced by major areas of the health care sector due to pandemics and also addresses some of the aspects of upcoming approaches. The healthcare sector is the one sector that is on-demand since this COVID-19 pandemic raised. During the initial period, there was disruption of various services provided by the health care sector due to supply chain management issues and reduction in demand by consumers, quarantine, and lockdown period. The healthcare workers also confronted a huge challenge due to the increased number of cases and shortage of amenities and safety measures. This significantly affected even COVID-19 patients and the general public suffering from other diseases. To fight this issue, research and development (RandD) in pharmaceutical industries with great efforts to explore molecules and save many lives. Gradually innovative ways to strengthen and combat pandemics started emerging. Numeral ways and rules were adopted to prevent, diagnose and cure the disease. Artificial intelligence technology has emerged as one of the boons to address many of the unresolved or time-consuming mysteries. All the divisions of health care sectors have started working more efficiently with adopted new strategies to face future challenges.
Downloads
References
Serrat O. The critical incident technique. In: Knowledge solutions. New York: Springer; 2017. p. 1077-83.
Barlow P, van Schalkwyk MC, McKee M, Labonte R, Stuckler D. COVID-19 and the collapse of global trade: building an effective public health response. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(2):e102-7. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30291-6, PMID 33581061.
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W. China novel coronavirus investigating and research team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017, PMID 31978945.
Cohen J. Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally. Science. 2020;26:10. doi: 10.1126/science.abb0611.
Mackenzie JS, Smith DW. COVID-19: a novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: what we know and what we don’t. Microbiol Aust. 2020;41:MA20013. doi: 10.1071/MA20013, PMID 32226946.
World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance. World Health Organization; 2020.
Sims AC, Baric RS, Yount B, Burkett SE, Collins PL, Pickles RJ. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of human ciliated airway epithelia: role of ciliated cells in viral spread in the conducting airways of the lungs. J Virol. 2005;79(24):15511-24. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.24.15511-15524.2005, PMID 16306622.
Kim WY, Hong SB. Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome: recent update. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2016;79(2):53-7. doi: 10.4046/trd.2016.79.2.53, PMID 27066082.
Morens DM, Fauci AS. Emerging pandemic diseases: how we got to COVID-19. Cell. 2020;3:15-7.
National Institutes of Health. Novel coronavirus structure reveals targets for vaccines and treatments; 2020.
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. bioRxiv. 2020;579:270-3.
Sahasranaman A, Kumar N. Network structure of COVID-19 spread and the lacuna in India’s testing strategy; 2020. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3558548.
Hung IF, Cheng VC, Wu AK, Tang BS, Chan KH, Chu CM, Wong MM, Hui WT, Poon LL, Tse DM, Chan KS, Woo PC, Lau SK, Peiris JS, Yuen KY. Viral loads in clinical specimens and SARS manifestations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1550-7. doi: 10.3201/eid1009.040058, PMID 15498155.
Tam KM, Walker N, Moreno J. Effect of mitigation measures on the spreading of COVID-19 in hard-hit states in the U.S. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(11):e0240877. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240877, PMID 33141823.
Cao X. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(5):269-70. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3, PMID 32273594.
Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, Doudier B, Courjon J, Giordanengo V, Vieira VE, Tissot Dupont H, Honoré S, Colson P, Chabrière E, La Scola B, Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(1):105949. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: myth busters 5th May 2021.
Bergman SJ, Cennimo D, Miller M, Olsen K. Treatment of coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): investigational drugs and other therapies. Medscape; 2020. Available from: https://emedicine. [Last accessed on 02 Sep 2021]
Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, Hohmann E, Chu HY, Luetkemeyer A, Kline S, Lopez de Castilla D, Finberg RW, Dierberg K, Tapson V, Hsieh L, Patterson TF, Paredes R, Sweeney DA, Short WR, Touloumi G, Lye DC, Ohmagari N, Oh MD, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Benfield T, Fätkenheuer G, Kortepeter MG, Atmar RL, Creech CB, Lundgren J, Babiker AG, Pett S, Neaton JD, Burgess TH, Bonnett T, Green M, Makowski M, Osinusi A, Nayak S, Lane HC, ACTT-1 Study Group Members. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1813-26. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764, PMID 32445440.
Narayanan V. COVID-19 Indian perspectives and challenges: the TIP approach. Indian Pract. 2020;73:7-10.
Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):398-400. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9, PMID 32113510.
Sarma P, Prajapat M, Avti P, Kaur H, Kumar S, Medhi B. Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: an evidence-based approach. Indian J Pharmacol. 2020;52(1):1-5. doi: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_119_20, PMID 32201439.
Rafiq D, Suhail SA, Bazaz MA. Evaluation and prediction of COVID-19 in India: A case study of worst hit states. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2020 Oct 1;139:110014. doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110014.
Smith AC, Thomas E, Snoswell CL, Haydon H, Mehrotra A, Clemensen J, Caffery LJ. Telehealth for global emergencies: implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Telemed Telecare. 2020 Jun;26(5):309-13. doi: 10.1177/1357633X20916567, PMID 32196391.
Azrifitria A, Fauziyah S, Nur A. The impact of pharmacists’ interventions to prevent medication errors at a tertiary hospital in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Pharm Biomed Sci J 2019 Dec 13;1(1).
Levin PJ, Gebbie EN, Qureshi K. Can the health-care system meet the challenge of pandemic flu? Planning, ethical, and workforce considerations. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(5):573-8. doi: 10.1177/003335490712200503, PMID 17877303.
Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha M, Agha R. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020 Jun;78:185-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018, PMID 32305533.
Ashiru-Oredope D, Chan AHY, Olaoye O, Rutter V, Babar ZU, C. P. A. COVID-19 Action Team. Needs assessment and impact of COVID-19 on pharmacy professionals in 31 commonwealth countries. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2020 Dec;13:72. doi: 10.1186/s40545-020-00275-7, PMID 33093963.
Dewi YA, Permana AD, Oktrivianto DA. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic to head and neck cancer care in Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2021;13(7):63-6.
Al-Quteimat OM, Amer AM. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Patients. Am J Clin Oncol. 2020;43(6):452-5. doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000712. PMID 32304435.
Laker C, Cella M, Callard F, Wykes T. Why is change a challenge in acute mental health wards? A cross-sectional investigation of the relationships between burnout, occupational status and nurses’ perceptions of barriers to change. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2019;28(1):190-8. doi: 10.1111/inm.12517, PMID 29993168.
Kaufman KR, Petkova E, Bhui KS, Schulze TG. A global needs assessment in times of a global crisis: world psychiatry response to the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Open. 2020;6(3):e48. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2020.25, PMID 32250235.
Einstein A, Podolsky B, Rosen N. Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Phys Rev. 1935;47(10):777-80. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777.
Mansouri Daneshvar MR, Ebrahimi M, Sadeghi A, Mahmoudzadeh A. Climate effects on the COVID-19 outbreak: a comparative analysis between the UAE and Switzerland. Model Earth Syst Environ. 2021 Jan 23:1-14. doi: 10.1007/s40808-021-01110-x, PMID 33521243.
Gupta N, Praharaj I, Bhatnagar T, Vivian Thangaraj JW, Giri S, Chauhan H, Kulkarni S, Murhekar M, Singh S, Gangakhedkar RR, Bhargava B, ICMR COVID Team. Severe acute respiratory illness surveillance for coronavirus disease 2019, India, 2020. Indian J Med Res. 2020 Feb;151(2 & 3):236-40. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1035_20, PMID 32362647.
Peters A, Lotfinejad N, Simniceanu A, Pittet D. The economics of infection prevention: why it is crucial to invest in hand hygiene and nurses during the novel coronavirus pandemic. J Infect. 2020 Aug;81(2):318-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.029, PMID 32335177.
Fields R.. The top 10 challenges facing healthcare workers. Apr 5.; April 05. 2011 Apr 5.
Robinson J, Borgo L, Fennell K, Funahashi TT. The Covid-19 pandemic accelerates the transition to virtual care. NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery. 2020 Sep 10;1(5).
Owji H, Negahdaripour M, Hajighahramani N. Immunotherapeutic approaches to curtail COVID-19. International iImmunopharmacology. 2020 Aug 21:106924;88:106924. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106924.
Ayati N, Saiyarsarai P, Nikfar S. Short and long term impacts of COVID-19 on the pharmaceutical sector. Daru. 2020 Dec;28(2):799-805. doi: 10.1007/s40199-020-00358-5, PMID 32617864.
Reddy S. Indian Pharma industry: from cultural practices to quality intensive; what lies ahead? Bus Today Post. 28.02.2020.
Impact of coronavirus on future of indian pharma sector. Pharmabiz; 2020. Available from: http://www.pharmabiz.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=126457andsid=9>.com [Last accessed on 28 Aug 28 2020]
Reimann M, Eppinger E, Kamprath M, Braun A. Beyond the blockbuster model? Personalised medicine as driver for new business models in the pharmaceutical industry. In: Proceedings of the R and D management conference: value creation and value capture, Genoble, France; 2012. p. 23-5.
Ayati N, Saiyarsarai P, Nikfar S. Short and long-term impacts of COVID-19 on the pharmaceutical sector. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2020;3:1-7.
Yu DEC, Razon LF, Tan RR. Can global pharmaceutical supply chains scale up sustainably for the COVID-19 crisis? Resour Conserv Recycl. 2020 Aug;159:104868. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104868.
Kumar S, Zhi K, Mukherji A, Gerth K. Repurposing antiviral protease inhibitors using extracellular vesicles for potential therapy of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020 May;12(5):486. doi: 10.3390/v12050486, PMID 32357553.
Sarwar SB, Khondokar F, Islam H, Ullah MA, Araf Y, Sarkar B, Rahman M. Assessing drug repurposing option for emerging viral diseases: concerns, solutions, and challenges for forthcoming viral battles. J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther. 2021 Jan 1;4(1). doi: 10.5455/jabet.2021.d109.
Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha M, Agha R. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020 Jun 1;78:185-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018, PMID 32305533.
Chittora D, Meena BR, Mittholiya S, Sharma K. Updates of COVID-19. Res Biomed Eng. 2021 May 3:1-4.
Amala SE, Monsi TP. Bacteria associated with hospital handrails in a tertiary institution in Nigeria. Asian J Med Health. 2017;3:1-7.
Brulliard K, Wan W. Put a lid on it, folks: flushing may release coronavirus-containing’toilet plumes; 2020.
Peiffer-Smadja N, Lucet JC, Bendjelloul G, Bouadma L, Gerard S, Choquet C, Jacques S, Khalil A, Maisani P, Casalino E, Descamps D, Timsit JF, Yazdanpanah Y, Lescure FX. Challenges and issues about organizing a hospital to respond to the COVID-19 outbreak: experience from a French reference centre. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(6):669-72. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.002, PMID 32278082.
Lifestyle desk: post-COVID 19 hygiene practice can reduce risk of common infections: The I ndian EXPRESS post 2020 May;8(50):19.
Saqui O, Chang A, McGonigle S, Purdy B, Fairholm L, Baun M, Yeung M, Rossos P, Allard J. Telehealth videoconferencing: improving home parenteral nutrition patient care to rural areas of Ontario, Canada. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31(3):234-9. doi: 10.1177/0148607107031003234, PMID 17463150.
Sageena G, Sharma M, Kapur A. Evolution of smart healthcare: telemedicine during COVID-19 pandemic. J Inst Eng (India) S B. 2021 Apr 3:1-6.
Lyu SY, Chen RY, Wang SF, Weng YL, Peng EY, Lee MB. Perception of spokespersons’ performance and characteristics in crisis communication: experience of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2013;112(10):600-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.12.005, PMID 24120151.
Deshmukh AV, Badakere A, Sheth J, Bhate M, Kulkarni S, Kekunnaya R. Pivoting to teleconsultation for paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus: our experience during COVID-19 times. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020 Jul;68(7):1387-91. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1675_20, PMID 32587172.
Frey NV, Luger SM. How I treat adults with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome–negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2015;126(5):589-96. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-551937, PMID 25966988.
Bener A, Zirie M, Musallam M, Khader YS, Al-Hamaq AO. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria: a population-based study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7(3):221-9. doi: 10.1089/met.2008.0077, PMID 19320557.
Nguyen TT, Nguyen QV, Nguyen DT, Hsu EB, Yang S, Eklund P. Artificial intelligence in the battle against coronavirus (COVID-19): a survey and future research directions. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2008.07343. 2020 Jul 30.
Kobielus J. How data analysis, AI, and IoT will shape the post-pandemic ’new normal’: info world. Vol. 3.; 2020.
Vaishya R, Javaid M, Khan IH, Haleem A. Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. Jul–Aug 2020;14(4):337-9. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012, PMID 32305024.
Lemonick S. Two groups use artificial intelligence to find compounds that could fight the novel coronavirus. Сhem Eng News. 2020;98:6.
Lu Wang LL, Lo K, Chandrasekhar Y, Reas R, Yang J, Eide D, Funk K, Kinney R, Liu Z, Merrill W, Mooney P, Murdick D, Rishi D, Sheehan J, Shen Z, Stilson B, Wade AD, Wang K, Wilhelm C, Xie B, Raymond D, Weld DS, Etzioni O, Kohlmeier S. CORD-19: the COVID-19 open research dataset. Arxiv. 2020 Apr 22. PMID 32510522.
Kumar A, Gupta PK, Srivastava A. A review of modern technologies for tackling COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Jul 1;14(4):569-73. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.008, PMID 32413821.
Whitelaw S, Mamas MA, Topol E, Van Spall HGC. Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. Lancet Digit Health. Jun 29 2020;2(8):e435-40. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30142-4, PMID 32835201.
Vamathevan J, Clark D, Czodrowski P, Dunham I, Ferran E, Lee G, Li B, Madabhushi A, Shah P, Spitzer M, Zhao S. Applications of machine learning in drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18(6):463-77. doi: 10.1038/s41573-019-0024-5, PMID 30976107.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 Prajitha Biju, Pallavi K, Vageesh Revadigar, Sonal Dsouza, Mohammed Asif Iqbal, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.