VITAMIN C AND ITS ROLE IN BODY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2022v14i2.43394Keywords:
Vitamin C, Ascorbic acid, Applications, Toxicity, Cancer, Tissue healing, Fertility, Common coldAbstract
Ascorbic acid or Vitamin C is very important in our body because of its antioxidant property. But the main problem; that vitamin C uses is to maintain the stability as well as its drug distribution system. Vitamin C also plays a protective role in diabetes, cancer, heavy metal toxicity or poisoning, etc. Vitamin C is found in many sources present in nature, including tomatoes, broccoli, etc. Many factors in the body, as well as outside the body, affect the content of vitamin C in the body or sources like the season, climate, and pollution affect the content in fruits and vegetables besides sex, age, pregnancy, lactation, etc. affect the vitamin C content in the body. It is extensively used in the common cold, wound healing process, cancer, heavy metal poisoning or toxicity, and even in men's fertility. In this article, we focused on the general aspects: its bioavailability, sources, its toxicity and deficiency, and factors affecting vitamin C level as well as its use in humans. In the last, we conclude, the excess or lack of Vitamin C, both conditions have affected the human body in a significant range. It plays a protective role against many disorders and is required for kids, men, women, and even old-aged patients.
Downloads
References
Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013 Apr 17;4(2):143-6. doi: 10.4103/2229-5178.110593, PMID 23741676.
Kocot J, Luchowska Kocot D, Kiełczykowska M, Musik I, Kurzepa J. Does vitamin C influence neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders? Nutrients. 2017 Jun 27;9(7):659. doi: 10.3390/nu9070659, PMID 28654017.
Sunil Kumar BVS, Singh S, Verma R. Anticancer potential of dietary vitamin D and ascorbic acid: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017 Aug 13;57(12):2623-35. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1064086, PMID 26479551.
Carr A, Frei B. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEB J. 1999 Jun;13(9):1007-24. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.13.9.1007, PMID 10336883.
Carr AC, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jun;69(6):1086-107. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1086, PMID 10357726.
Levine M, Conry Cantilena C, Wang Y, Welch RW, Washko PW, Dhariwal KR, Park JB, Lazarev A, Graumlich JF, King J, Cantilena LR. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996 Apr 16;93(8):3704-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704, PMID 8623000.
Deirawan H, Fakhoury JW, Zarka M, Bluth MH, Moossavi M. Revisiting the pathobiology of scurvy: a review of the literature in the context of a challenging case. Int J Dermatol. 2020 Dec;59(12):1450-7. doi: 10.1111/ijd.14832, PMID 32154584.
Ceglie G, Macchiarulo G, Marchili MR, Marchesi A, Rotondi Aufiero L, Di Camillo CD, Villani A. Scurvy: still a threat in the well-fed first world? Arch Dis Child. 2019 Apr;104(4):381-3. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315496, PMID 30087152.
Carr AC, Lykkesfeldt J. Discrepancies in global vitamin C recommendations: a review of RDA criteria and underlying health perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(5):742-55. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1744513, PMID 32223303.
Kumar A, Saini RV, Saini AK. Neuroprotective role of ascorbic acid: anti oxidant and non-antioxidant functions. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(10):30-3. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.27318.
Malo C, Wilson JX. Glucose modulates vitamin C transport in adult human small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. J Nutr. 2000 Jan;130(1):63-9. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.1.63, PMID 10613768.
Takanaga H, Mackenzie B, Hediger MA. Sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporter family SLC23. Pflugers Arch. 2004 Feb;447(5):677-82. doi: 10.1007/s00424-003-1104-1, PMID 12845532.
Friedman GJ, Sherry S, Ralli EP. The mechanism of the excretion of vitamin c by the human kidney at low and normal plasma levels of ascorbic acid. J Clin Invest. 1940 Sep;19(5):685-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI101171, PMID 16694785.
Nelson EW, Lane H, Fabri PJ, Scott B. Demonstration of saturation kinetics in the intestinal absorption of vitamin C in man and the guinea pig. J Clin Pharmacol. 1978 Jul;18(7):325-35. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1978.tb01601.x, PMID 209065.
MacDonald L, Thumser AE, Sharp P. Decreased expression of the vitamin C transporter SVCT1 by ascorbic acid in a human intestinal epithelial cell line. Br J Nutr. 2002 Feb;87(2):97-100. doi: 10.1079/BJN2001492, PMID 11895172.
Wilson JX. Regulation of vitamin C transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:105-25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092647, PMID 16011461.
Kallner A, Hartmann D, Hornig D. Steady-state turnover and body pool of ascorbic acid in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Mar;32(3):530-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/32.3.530, PMID 420145.
Anderson D, Phillips BJ, Yu TW, Edwards AJ, Ayesh R, Butterworth KR. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical generated damage in human volunteers with “low” or “high” cholesterol levels. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1997;30(2):161-74. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:2<161::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-Q, PMID 9329641.
Johnston CS. Biomarkers for establishing a tolerable upper intake level for vitamin C. Nutr Rev. 1999 Mar;57(3):71-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06926.x, PMID 10101920.
Ness AR, Cappuccio FP, Atkinson RW, Khaw KT, Cook DG. Plasma vitamin C levels in men and women from different ethnic backgrounds living in England. Int J Epidemiol. 1999 Jun;28(3):450-5. doi: 10.1093/ije/28.3.450, PMID 10405847.
Frankenfeld CL, Lampe JW, Shannon J, Gao DL, Li W, Ray RM, Chen C, King IB, Thomas DB. Fruit and vegetable intakes in relation to plasma nutrient concentrations in women in Shanghai, China. Public Health Nutr. 2012 Jan;15(1):167-75. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011001029, PMID 21729475.
Lam TK, Freedman ND, Fan JH, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Taylor PR, Abnet CC. Prediagnostic plasma vitamin C and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Nov;98(5):1289-97. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.061267, PMID 24025629.
Ravindran RD, Vashist P, Gupta SK, Young IS, Maraini G, Camparini M, Jayanthi R, John N, Fitzpatrick KE, Chakravarthy U. Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin C deficiency in the north and south India: A two-center population-based study in people aged 60 y and over. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28588.
Bates CJ, Rutishauser IH, Black AE, Paul AA, Mandal AR, Patnaik BK. Long-term vitamin status and dietary intake of healthy elderly subjects. 2. Vitamin C. Br J Nutr. 1979 Jul;42(1):43-56. doi: 10.1079/bjn19790088, PMID 486393.
Cheung E, Mutahar R, Assefa F, Ververs MT, Nasiri SM, Borrel A, Salama P. An epidemic of scurvy in Afghanistan: assessment and response. Food Nutr Bull. 2003 Sep;24(3):247-55. doi: 10.1177/156482650302400302, PMID 14564929.
Montagnac JA, Davis CR, Tanumihardjo SA. Nutritional value of cassava for use as a staple food and recent advances for improvement. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2009 Jun 8;8(3):181-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00077.x, PMID 33467798.
Rahman M, Islam SN. Effect of serum antioxidants (vitamin E, C and A) in Lung cancer patients. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014 Jul;6(7):578-80.
Chiplonkar SA, Agte VV, Mengale SS, Tarwadi KV. Are lifestyle factors good predictors of retinol and vitamin C deficiency in apparently healthy adults? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;56(2):96-104. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601291, PMID 11857042.
Tribble DL, Giuliano LJ, Fortmann SP. Reduced plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in nonsmokers regularly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Dec;58(6):886-90. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/58.6.886, PMID 8249873.
Preston AM, Rodriguez C, Rivera CE, Sahai H. Influence of environmental tobacco smoke on vitamin C status in children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):167-72. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.167, PMID 12499337.
Rowe S, Carr AC. Global vitamin c status and prevalence of deficiency: a cause for concern? Nutrients. 2020;12(7). doi: 10.3390/nu12072008. PMID 32640674.
McCall SJ, Clark AB, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Myint PK. Plasma vitamin C levels: risk factors for deficiency and association with self-reported functional health in the prospective European investigation into cancer-norfolk. Nutrients. 2019 Jul;11(7):1552. doi: 10.3390/nu11071552, PMID 31324013.
Jungert A, Neuhäuser Berthold M. The lower vitamin C plasma concentrations in elderly men compared with elderly women can partly be attributed to a volumetric dilution effect due to differences in fat-free mass. Br J Nutr. 2015 Mar;113(5):859-64. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515000240, PMID 25735881.
Wrieden WL, Hannah MK, Bolton Smith C, Tavendale R, Morrison C, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Plasma vitamin C and food choice in the third Glasgow Monica population survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000 May;54(5):355-60. doi: 10.1136/jech.54.5.355, PMID 10814656.
Birlouez Aragon I, Delcourt C, Tessier F, Papoz L, POLA Study Group. Pathologies oculaires liees a l'Age. Associations of age, smoking habits and diabetes with plasma vitamin C of elderly of the POLA study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001 Jan;71(1):53-9. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.71.1.53, PMID 11276923.
Schleicher RL, Carroll MD, Ford ES, Lacher DA. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;90(5):1252-63. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27016, PMID 19675106.
Kiondo P, Wamuyu Maina G, Wandabwa J, Bimenya GS, Tumwesigye NM, Okong P. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on pre-eclampsia in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014 Aug 21;14:283. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-283, PMID 25142305.
Juhl B, Lauszus FF, Lykkesfeldt J. Poor vitamin c status late in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of complications in type 1 diabetic women: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 23;9(3):186. doi: 10.3390/nu9030186.
Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 29;9(9):CD004072. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004072.pub3, PMID 26415762.
Lykkesfeldt J, Poulsen HE. Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? Lessons learned from randomized controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2010 May;103(9):1251-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509993229, PMID 20003627.
Ugwa EA. Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy: a review of current literature. Niger J Basic Clin Sci. 2015 May 8;12(1):1-5. doi: 10.4103/0331-8540.156660.
Camarena V, Wang G. The epigenetic role of vitamin C in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016 Apr;73(8):1645-58. doi: 10.1007/s00018-016-2145-x, PMID 26846695.
DiTroia SP, Percharde M, Guerquin MJ, Wall E, Collignon E, Ebata KT, Mesh K, Mahesula S, Agathocleous M, Laird DJ, Livera G, Ramalho Santos M. Maternal vitamin C regulates reprogramming of DNA methylation and germline development. Nature. 2019 Sep;573(7773):271-5. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1536-1, PMID 31485074.
Lykkesfeldt J, Viscovich M, Poulsen HE. Plasma malondialdehyde is induced by smoking: A study with balanced antioxidant profiles. Br J Nutr. 2004 Aug;92(2):203-6. doi: 10.1079/BJN20041191, PMID 15333149.
Marangon K, Herbeth B, Lecomte E, Paul-Dauphin A, Grolier P, Chancerelle Y, Artur Y, Siest G. Diet, antioxidant status, and smoking habits in French men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Feb;67(2):231-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/67.2.231, PMID 9459370.
Schectman G, Byrd JC, Gruchow HW. The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. Am J Public Health. 1989 Feb;79(2):158-62. doi: 10.2105/ajph.79.2.158, PMID 2913833.
Kallner AB, Hartmann D, Hornig DH. On the requirements of ascorbic acid in man: steady-state turnover and body pool in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Jul;34(7):1347-55. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/34.7.1347, PMID 7258125.
McGregor GP, Biesalski HK. Rationale and impact of vitamin C in clinical nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006 Nov;9(6):697-703. doi: 10.1097/01.mco.0000247478.79779.8f, PMID 17053422.
Carr AC. Vitamin C in pneumonia and sepsis. In: Chen Q, Vissers M, editors. Vitamin C: new biochemical and functional insights: oxidative stress and disease. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Press/Taylor & Francis; 2020. p. 115-35.
Hemilä H. Vitamin C and infections. Nutrients. 2017 Apr;9(4):339. doi: 10.3390/nu9040339, PMID 28353648.
Carr AC, Spencer E, Dixon L, Chambers ST. Patients with community-acquired pneumonia exhibit depleted vitamin C status and elevated oxidative stress. Nutrients. 2020 May;12(5):1318. doi: 10.3390/nu12051318, PMID 32384616.
Block G, Mangels AR, Patterson BH, Levander OA, Norkus EP, Taylor PR. Body weight and prior depletion a_ect plasma ascorbate levels attained on identical vitamin C intake: A controlled-diet study. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Dec;18(6):628-37.
Carr AC, Pullar JM, Bozonet SM, Vissers MC. Marginal ascorbate status (hypovitaminosis C) results in an attenuated response to vitamin C supplementation. Nutrients. 2016 Jun 3;8(6):341. doi: 10.3390/nu8060341.
Hemila H. Vitamin C and the common cold. Br J Nutr. 1992;67(1):3-16. doi: 10.1079/BJN19920004.
Elwood PC, Lee HP, St Leger AS, Baird M, Howard AN. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin C in the prevention and amelioration of the common cold. Br J Prev Soc Med. 1976 Sep;30(3):193-6. doi: 10.1136/jech.30.3.193, PMID 788820.
Douglas RM, Hemila H, D’Souza R, Chalker EB, Treacy B. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct;18(4):CD000980. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub2, PMID 15495002.
Campbell JD, Cole M, Bunditrutavorn B, Vella AT. Ascorbic Aacid is a potent inhibitor of various forms of T cell apoptosis. Cell Immunol. 1999 May 25;194(1):1-5. doi: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1485, PMID 10357874.
Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(2):85-94. doi: 10.1159/000090495, PMID 16373990.
Bourne GH. The effect of vitamin C on the healing of wounds. Proc Nutr Soc. 1946;4(3-4):204-16. doi: 10.1079/pns19460041, PMID 21002288.
Hellman L, Burns JJ. Metabolism of L-ascorbic acid-1-C14 in man. J Biol Chem. 1958 Feb;230(2):923-30. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)70515-2, PMID 13525409.
Jagetia GC, Rajanikant GK, Mallikarjun Rao KVN. Ascorbic acid increases healing of excision wounds of mice whole body exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation. Burns. 2007 Jun;33(4):484-94. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.08.025, PMID 17223272.
Mathur V, Murdia A, Hakim AA, Suhalka ML, Shaktawat GS, Kothari LK. Male infertility and the present status of its management by drugs. J Postgrad Med. 1979 Apr;25(2):90-6. PMID 501675.
Chinoy NJ, Mehta RR, Seethalakshmi L, Sharma JD, Chinoy MR. Effects of vitamin C deficiency on physiology of male reproductive organs of guinea pigs. Int J Fertil. 1986 Aug;31(3):232-9. PMID 2875967.
Agarwal A, Nallella KP, Allamaneni SRS, Said TM. Role of antioxidants in treatment of male infertility: an overview of the literature. Reprod Biomed Online. 2004;8(6):616-27. doi: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61641-0, PMID 15169573.
Colagar AH, Marzony ET. Ascorbic acid in human seminal plasma: determination and its relationship to sperm quality. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009 Sep;45(2):144-9. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.08-251, PMID 19794921.
Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Nada EA, El-Tonsy MH, Sharma RK, Meyer A, Nelson DR, Thomas AJ. Negative effects of increased sperm DNA damage in relation to seminal oxidative stress in men with idiopathic and male factor infertility. Fertil Steril. 2003 Jun;79(3)Suppl 3:1597-605. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00337-6, PMID 12801566.
Agarwal A, Ikemoto I, Loughlin KR. Relationship of sperm parameters with levels of reactive oxygen species in semen specimens. J Urol. 1994 Jul;152(1):107-10. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32829-x, PMID 8201640.
Verma A, Kanwar KC. Human sperm motility and lipid peroxidation in different ascorbic acid concentrations: an in vitro analysis. Andrologia. 1998 Nov;30(6):325-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1998.tb01178.x, PMID 9835946.
Chambial S, Dwivedi S, Shukla KK, John PJ, Sharma P. Vitamin C in disease prevention and cure: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2013 Oct;28(4):314-28. doi: 10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3, PMID 24426232.
Henmi H, Endo T, Kitajiima Y, Manase K, Hata H, Kudo R. Effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on serum progesterone levels in patients with a luteal phase defect. Fertil Steril. 2003 Aug;80(2):459-61. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00657-5, PMID 12909517.
Cameron E, Campbell A. The orthomolecular treatment of cancer. II. Clinical trial of high-dose ascorbic acid supplements in advanced human cancer. Chem Biol Interact. 1974 Oct;9(4):285-315. doi: 10.1016/0009-2797(74)90019-2, PMID 4430016.
Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1976 Oct;73(10):3685-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.10.3685, PMID 1068480.
Head KA. Ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Jun;3(3):174-86. PMID 9630735.
Block G. Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jan;53(1)Suppl:270S-282S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/53.1.270S, PMID 1985398.
Block G. Epidemiologic evidence regarding vitamin C and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Dec;54(6)Suppl:1310S-1314S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1310s, PMID 1962588.
Chen Q, Espey MG, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB, Corpe CP, Buettner GR, Shacter E, Levine M. Pharmacologic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells: action as a pro-drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005 Sep;102(38):13604-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506390102, PMID 16157892.
Cabanillas F. Vitamin C and cancer: what can we conclude- 1,609 patients and 33 years later? P R Health Sci J. 2010 Sep;29(3):215-7. PMID 20799507.
Padayatty SJ, Riordan HD, Hewitt SM, Katz A, Hoffer LJ, Levine M. Intravenously administered vitamin C as cancer therapy: three cases. CMAJ. 2006;174(7):937-42. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.050346, PMID 16567755.
Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Folsom AR. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jul 15;144(2):165-74. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008904, PMID 8678048.
Stohs SJ, Bagchi D. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radical Biol Med. 1995 Feb;18(2):321-36. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)00159-h, PMID 7744317.
Shaban El-Neweshy M, Said El-Sayed Y. Influence of vitamin C supplementation on lead-induced histopathological alterations in male rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2011 Mar;63(3):221-7. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.12.003, PMID 20056397.
Singh AL, Singh VK, Srivastava A. Effect of arsenic contaminated drinking water on human chromosome: a case study. Ind J Clin Biochem. 2013 Oct;28(4):422-5. doi: 10.1007/s12291-013-0330-3.
Herrera A, Pineda J, Antonio MT. Toxic effects of perinatal arsenic exposure on the brain of developing rats and the beneficial role of natural antioxidants. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013 Jul;36(1):73-9. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.018, PMID 23619517.
H El-Sokkary G. The protective role of vitamin c against cerebral and pulmonary damage induced by cadmium chloride in male adult albino rat. Toneuroej 2011;4(1):1-8. doi: 10.2174/1876528901104010001.
Gajawat S, Sancheti G, Goyal PK. Vitamin C against concomitant exposure to heavy metal and radiation: a study on variations in hepatic cellular counts. Asian J Exp Sci. 2005;19(2):53-8.
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1047-53. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047, PMID 15111519.
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33(1):S62-S69.
Roösen P, Nawroth PP, King G, Moöller W, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a Congress Series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2001;17(3):189-212. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.196, PMID 11424232.
Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, Khaw K, Luben R, Welch A, Forouhi NG. Plasma vitamin C level, fruit and vegetable consumption, and the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: the European prospective investigation of cancer-Norfolk prospective study. Arch Intern Med.. 2008 Jul 28;168(14):1493-9. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.14.1493, PMID 18663161.
Sridulyakul P, Wongeak-in N, Patumraj S. Correlations between endothelial functions and ROS detection in diabetic microvascular wall: early and late ascorbic acid supplementation. Int J Vasc Med. 2012;2012:709695:709695. doi: 10.1155/2012/709695.
Hoffman RP, Dye AS, Bauer JA. Ascorbic acid blocks hyperglycemic impairment of endothelial function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012 Dec;13(8):607-610. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00882.x, PMID 22925199.
Ziegler D, Sohr CG, Nourooz Zadeh J. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in relation to the severity of diabetic polyneuropathy and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2004 Sep;27(9):2178-83. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.9.2178, PMID 15333481.
Singh PP, Mahadi F, Roy A, Sharma P. Reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and antioxidants in etiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type-2. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2009 Oct;24(4):324-42. doi: 10.1007/s12291-009-0062-6, PMID 23105858.
Rees DC, Kelsey H, Richards JMD. Acute haemolysis induced by high dose ascorbic acid in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Br Med J. 1993 Mar 27;306(6881):841-2. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6881.841, PMID 8490379.
Bendich A. Safety issues regarding the use of vitamin supplements. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1992 Sep 30;669:300-312300-10; discussion 311. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb17109.x, PMID 1444034.
Hathcock IN. Safety of vitamin and mineral supplements. In: Micronutrients in Health and in disease prevention, cds. A Bendich. CE Butterworth Jr, New Yark: Dekker; 1991. p. 439-50.
Rivers JM. Safety of high-level vitamin c ingestion. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;498(1 Third Confere):445-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23780.x.
Schmidt KH, Hagmaier V, Horning DH, Vuilleumier JP, Rutishauser G. Urinary oxalate excretion after large intakes of ascorbic acid in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Mar;34(3):305-11. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/34.3.305, PMID 7211731.
Trinchieri A, Mandressi A, Luongo P, Longo G, Pisani E. The influence of diet on urinary risk factors for stones in healthy subjects and idiopathic renal calcium stone formers. Br J Urol. 1991 Mar;67(3):230-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1991.tb15124.x, PMID 2021806.
Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD. Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1992 May;147(5):1215-8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37521-3, PMID 1569652.
Balcke P, Schmidt P, Zazgornik J, Kopsa H, Haubenstock A. Ascorbic acid aggravates secondary hyperoxalemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101(3):344-5. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-3-344, PMID 6465702.
Chalmers AUH, Cowley ODM, Brown JM. A possible etiological role for ascorbate in calculi formation. Clin Chem. 1986 1986 Feb;32(2):333-6. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/32.2.333, PMID 3943193.
Tomson CRV, Channon SM, Parkinson IS, McArdle PP, Qureshi M, Ward MK, Laker MF. Correction of subclinical ascorbate deficiency in patients receiving dialysis: effects on plasma oxalate, serum cholesterol, and capillary fragility. Clin Chim Acta. 1989;180(3):255-64. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(89)90007-7, PMID 2743578.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 RACHIT KUMAR GUPTA, SHIVANG KUMAR, ABHINAV TRIVEDI, ROHAN VERMA, YOGESH
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
