TROPICAL PARASITIC LUNG DISEASES
Keywords:
Asthma Complication, Helminthes, Lung diseases, Pneumonia, Protozoa, Tissue eosinophilia, TropicalAbstract
Protozoa and helminthes can affect the lung as a primary site, or a complication. Some parasites have a migration cycle through the lung (larva migrans), inducing blood and tissue eosinophilia. Clinical manifestations of lung involvement could be acute: asthma –like syndrome, or Loeffler's syndrome, with dyspnea, wheezing, cough; or chronic such as hemoptysis or right heart failure signs. Acute manifestations depend on immunological reaction (hypersensitivity), and chronic feature relay on the mechanical action of pathogen on the vessels and tissues. (vg: schistosoma eggs in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary hypertension). The lung is important organs which affected by parasitic diseases in tropical area, e.g. Protozoal parasites that cause pulmonary diseases are Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania donovani, malarial parasites, Toxoplasma gondii, Babesia microti and Babesiadivergens. and also, some helminthes such as Helminths: Cestodes (Pulmonary hydatid cyst; Trematodes (Pulmonary schistosomiasis, Pulmonary paragonimiasis); Nematodes (Pulmonary ascariasis, Pulmonary ancylostomiasis, Pulmonary strongyloidiasis); Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, Pulmonary dirofilariasis; Visceral larva migrans; Pulmonary trichinellosis. The perfect diagnosis for parasitic lung diseases very important to prevent the distribution of parasites between patient in tropical and subtropical area. Health education must be done. The main target of this study is to focus on some tropical parasitic lung diseases.
Â
Downloads
References
Ford RM. Transient pulmonary eosinophilia and asthma: a review of 20 cases occurring in 5702 asthma sufferers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1996;93:797-803.
Bindu A, Rosemary R, Akhila J. Antimicrobial activity screening of M. Minuta Extracts. IJPPS 2014;6(10):581-3.
Santiago M, Santiago R, Jorge A, Sonia L, Carrillo L. Thoracic manifestation of tropical parasitic infections. A pictorial review. Radiographics 2005;25:135-55.
Gray H, Warren H. Lewis. anatomy of the human body. 20th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 2008.
Maina John N, AS King. Correlations between structure and function in the design of the bat lung: a morphometric study. J Exp Biol 2012;111(1):43–61.
Fischer H. Mechanisms and function of duox in epithelia of the lung. Antioxid Redox Signaling 2009;11(10):2453–65.
Christian MD, Poutanen SM, Loutfy MR, Muller MP, Low DE. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1420-7.
Mika J Makrla, Tuomo Puhakka, Olli Ruuskanen, Maija Leinonen, Pekka Saikku, Marko Kimpimaki, et al. Rhinitis. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36(2):539-42.
Bisno AL. Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:205.
Fashner J, Ericson K, Werner S. Treatment of the common cold in children and adults. Am Fam Physician 2012;86(2):153-9.
Becker LA, Hom J, Villasis-Keever M, van der Wouden JC, Hom, Villasis-Keever, et al. Becker, Lorne A. ed. Beta 2-agonists for acute bronchitisâ€. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2011.
Braman SS. Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006;129:95S-103S.
Eastham KM, Fall AJ, Mitchell L, Spencer DA. The need to redefine non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in childhood. Thorax 2004;59:324-7.
Chipps BE. Evaluation of infants and children with refractory lower respiratory tract symptoms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010;104:279-83.
Treanor JJ, Hayden FG. Viral infections. In: Murray JF. eds. Textbook of respiratory medicine. 3rded. Saunders, Philadelphia; 2000.
Murray JF, Nadel JA, Mason RJ. eds. Textbook of respiratory medicine. 3rd ed. Phildelphia: WB Saunders; 2000.
Chodosh S. acute bacterial exacerbations in bronchitis and asthma. Am J Med 1987;82:154-63.
Couriel J. Assessment of the child with recurrent chest infections. Br Med Bull 2002;61:115-32.
Mizge JP. Acute lower respiratory tract infection. N Engl J Med 2008:358-727.
Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL. (September). Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers; an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22cancer registry studiesâ€. PloS Med 2008;5:9.
Russell E, Luk F, Manocha S, Ho T, O'Connor C, Hussain H. Long term follow-up of infliximab efficacy in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary sarcoidosis refractory to conventional therapy. Semin Arthritis Rheum; 2013.
Meltzer EB, Noble PW. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisâ€. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008;3(1):1750-172.
Parham, Peter. The immune system. NY: Garland Science; 2005. p. 344.
Light, Richard W. â€Pleural Effusionâ€. Merck manual for health care professionals. merck sharp & dohme corp. [Last cited 21 Aug 2013].
Baumann MH, Noppen M. Pneumothoraxâ€. Respirol 2004;9(2):157-64.
Roggli VL, Sharma A, Butnor KJ, Sporn T, Vollmer RT. Malignant mesothelioma and occupational exposure to asbestos: a clinicopathological correlation of 1445 casesâ€. Ultrastruct Pathol 2002;26(2):55-65.
A Cass, J Pavia, D Maldonado. (Respiratory Muscle Disorders in Chest Wall Diseases) Aarch Broncoeumol 2003;39(39):361-6.
Piper AJ, Grunstein RR. (Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: mechanisms and management). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:292-8.
Gray DM, Zar HJ. Community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected children: a global perspectiveâ€. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010;16(3):208-16.
Vijayan VK. How to diagnose and manage common parasitic pneumonias. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007;13:218-24.
Vijayan VK. Tropical parasitic lung diseases. Indian J Chest Dis 2008;50:49-66.
Belizario VY. Parasites and the lungs. WHO; 2014; Available from: URL http: //www.apsresp.org/pdf/esap/esap-201408-lectures/cs-3-1.pdf.
Tanyuksel M, Petri WA Jr. Laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:713-29.
Hamzah Z, Petmitr S, Mungthin M, Leelayoova S, Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmir P. Differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii by a single-round PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3196-200.
Haque R, Petri WA Jr. Diagnosis of amoebiasis in Bangladesh. Arch Med Res 2006;37:273-6.
Lotter H, Tannich E. The current status of an amoebiasis vaccine. Arch Med Res 2006;37:292-6.
Dondorp AM, Desakorn V, Pongtavornpinyo W. Estimation of the total parasite biomass in acute falciparum malaria from plasma PfHRP2. PLoS Med 2005;2:e204.
Lomar AV, Vidal JE, Lomar FP, Barbas CV, Matos GJ, Boulos M. Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to vivax malaria: case report and literature revirew. Braz J Infect Dis 2005;9:425-30.
Maguire GP, Handojo T, Pain MC, Kenangalem E, Price RN, Tjitra E, et al. Lung injury in uncomplicated and severe falciparum malaria: a longitudinal study in Papua, Indonesia. J Infect Dis 2005;192:1966-74.
Mharakurwa S, Simoloka C, Thuma PE, Shiff CJ, Sullivan DJ. PCR detection of Plasmodium falciparum in human urine and saliva samples. Malar J 2006;5:103.
Lotter H, Tannich E. The current status of an amoebiasis vaccine. Arch Med Res 2006;37:292-6.
Djimde A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourte Y, et al. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 2001;344:257-63.
Laufer MK, Thesing PC, Eddington ND, Masonga R, Dzinjalamala FK, Takala SL, et al. Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1959-6.
Talwar A, Fein AM, Ahluwalia G. Pulmonary and critical care aspects of severe malaria. In: Sharma OP, editor Lung Biology in Health and Disease: Tropical Lung Diseaes. 2nd edn. New York: Taylor and Francis Group; 2006. p. 255-77.
Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA. Malaria. Lancet 2005;365:1487-98.
Mutabingwa TK. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs): best hope for malaria treatment but inaccessible to the needy! Acta Trop 2005;95:305-15.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006;1-266.
Piscopo TV, Mallia AC. Leishmaniasis. Postgrad Med J 2006;82:649-57.
Russo R, Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, Medrano FJ, Roenthal E, Cacopardo B, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in those infected with HIV: clinical aspects and other opportunistic infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2003;97(Suppl 1):S99-S105.
Benzie AA, Goldin RD, Walsh J. A case report of seronegative pulmonary leishmaniasis in an HIV-hepatitis C co-infected patient. HIV Med 2006;7(Suppl 1):36.
Morales P, Torres JJ, Salavert M. Visceral leishmaniasis in lung transplantation. Transplantation Proc 2003;35:2001-3.
Croft SL, Engel J. Miltefosine: discovery of the antileishmanial activity of phospholipid derivatives. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006;100(Suppl 1):54-8.
Dodds EM. Toxoplasmosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006;17:557-61.
Nash G, Kerschmann RL, Herndier B, Dubey JP. The pathological manifestations of pulmonary toxoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1994;25:652-8.
Petersen E, Edvinsson B, Lundgren B, Benfield T, Evengard B. Diagnosis of pulmonary infection with Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised HIV-positive patients by real-time PCR. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;25:401-4.
Krause PJ. Babesiosis. Med Clin North Am 2002;86:361-73.
Swanson SJ, Neitzel D, Reed KD, Belongia EA. Co infections acquired from ixodes ticks. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:708-27.
Boustani MR, Lepore TJ, Gelfand JA, Lazarus DS. Acute respiratory failure in patients treated for babesiosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1689-91.
Krause PJ. Babesiosis diagnosis and treatment. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2003;3:45-51.
Lemle. Chaga’s disease. Chest 1999;115:906.
Botero D, Restrepo M. Parasitosis humanas. 4th ed. MedellÃn, Colombia: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas; 2003.
Fishman AP, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior MR. Fishman’s pulmonary diseases and disorders. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1998.
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller M. Medical microbiology 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby: 2002.
Yazicioglu M, Ones U, Yalcin I. Peripheral and nasal eosinophilia and serum total immunoglobulin E levels in children with ascariasis. Turk J Pediatric 1996;38:477-84.
Santra A, Bhattacharya T, Chowdhury A, Ghosh A, Ghosh N, Chatterjee BP, et al. Serodiagnosis of ascariasis with specific IgG4 antibody and its use in epidemiological study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;95:289-92.
Rexroth G, Keller C. Chronic course of eosinophilic pneumonia in infection with Ascaris lumbricoides. Pneumol 1995;49:77-83.
St Georgiev V. Pharmacotherapy of ascariasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001;2:223-39.
Feldman GJ, Parker HW. Visceral larva migrans associated with the hypereosinophilic syndrome and the onset of severe asthma. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:838-40.
Kuzucu A. Parasitic diseases of the respiratory tract. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2006;12:212-21.
Savani DM, Sharma OP. Eosinophilic lung disease in the tropics. Clin Chest Med 2002;23:377-96.
Roig J, Romeu J, Riera C, Texido A, Domingo C, Morera J. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia due to toxocariasis with bronchoalveolar lavage findings. Chest 1992;102:294-6.
Bartelink AK, Kortbeek LM, Huidekoper HJ, Meulenubelt J, Van Knapen F. Acute respiratory failure due to toxocara infections. Lancet 1993;342:1234
Spieser F, Gottstein B. A collaborative study on larval excretory/secretary antigens of Toxocara canis for immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis with ELISA. Acta Trop 1984;41:361-72.
Magnaval JF, Fabre R, Maurieres P, Charlet JP, De Larrard B. Evaluation of an immunenzymatic assay detecting specific anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin E for diagnosis and post treatment follow up of human toxocariasis. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:2269-74.
Magnaval JF, Fabre R, Maurieres P, Charlet JP, De Larrard B. Application of the Western-blotting procedure for the immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. Parasitol Res 1991;77:697-702.
K Bartelink, LM Kortdek, HG Huldekoper, J Meulenlt, F Van Knapen. Acute respiratory failure due to toxocara infection. Lancet 1983;34:212-34.
Huwer Martin, Sanft Sabine, S Jabbar Ahmed. Enhancement of neutrophil adherence to toxocara canis larvae by the C3 component of complement and IgG antibodies. Med Microbiol, Infec Dis, Virol, Parasitol 1989;27(3):418-23.
Liu LX, Weller PF. Strongyloidiasis and other intestinal nematode infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993;7:655-82.
Sanchez P, Guzman AP, Guillen SM, Adell RI, Estruch AM, Gonzalo IN, et al. Endemic strongyloidiasis on the spanish mediterranean coast. Q J Med 2001;94:357-68.
Reddy TS. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and nonpalpable purpura in a woman with Strongyloides stercoralis. Am J Med Sci 2003;325:288-91.
Caceres MA, Genta RM. Pulmonary microcalcification associated with Strongyloides stercoralis. Chest 1988;94:862-5.
Woodring JH, Halfhill H. 2nd. Berger R, Reed JC, Moser N. Clinical and imaging features of pulmonary strongyloidiasis. South Med J 1996;89:10-9.
Wehner JH, Kirsch CM. Pulmonary manifestations of strongyloidiasis. Semin Respir Infect 1997;12:122-9.
Milder JE, Walzer PD, Kilgore G, Rutherford I, Klein M. Clinical features of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in an endemic area of the United States. Gastroenterol 1981;80:1481-8.
Silva OA da, CE da Amarol, JC Silveira, M Lopez, JE Pittella. Hypokalemic respiratory muscle paralysis following Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection: a case report. Am Trop Med Hyg 1981;306:973.
Casati A, Cornero G, Muttini S, Tresoldi M, Gallioli G, Torri G. Hyperacute pneumonitis in a patient with overwhelming Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Eur J Anesthesiol 1996;13:498-501.
Woodring JH, Halfhill H. 2nd. Reed JC. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis: clinical and imaging features. Am J Roentgenol 1994;162:537-42.
Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Jain M, Kumar A, Aggarwal R, Misra A, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis infestation associated with septicemia due to intestinal transmural migration of bacteria. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:1331-3.
Goyal SB. Intestinal strongyloidiasis manifesting as eosinophilic pleural effusion. South Med J 1998;91:768-9.
Premanand R, Prasad GV, Mohan A, Gururajkumar A, Reddy MK. Eosinophilic pleural effusion and presence of filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma deposits in the pleura. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2003;45:121-4.
Ossorio MA, Brovon PE, Fields CL, Roy TM. Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. J Ky Med Assoc 1990;88:233-7.
Marriota S, Pallone G, Li Bianchi E, Gilardi G, Bisetti A. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Panminerva Med 1996;38:45-7.
Chu E, Whitlock WL, Dietrich RA. Pulmonary hyperinfection syndrome with Strogyloides stercoralis. Chest 1990;97:1475-7.
Williams J, Ninley D, Dralle W, Berk SL, Verghese A. Diagnosis of pulmonary strongyloidiasis by bronchoalveolar lavage. Chest 1988;94:643-4.
Loutfy MR, Wilson M, Keystone JS, Kain KC. Serology and eosinophil count in the diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in a non-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002;66:749-52.
Chu E, Whitlock WL, Dietrich RA. Pulmonary hyperinfection syndrome with Strongyloides stercoralis. Chest 1990;97:1475-177. Cook GA, RodrÃguez H, Silva H, RodrÃguez-Iturbe B, Bohórquez de RodrÃguez H. Adult respiratory distress secondary to strongyloidiasis. Chest 1987;92:1115-1116.
Berk SL, Verghese A, Alvarez S, May K, Smith B. Clinical and epidemiologic features of strongyloidiasis: a prospective study in rural Tennessee. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1257-1261. Simpson WG, Gerhardstein C, Thompson JR. Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis infection. South Med J 1993;86:821-825. Makris AN, Sher S, Latour MG. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis: an unusual opportunistic pneumonia in a patient with AIDS. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993;161:545-547.
Woodring JH, Halfhill H, Reed JC. Pulmonary strongyloidiasis: clinical and imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;162:537-542. Davidson RA. Infection due to Strongyloides stercoralis in patients with pulmonary disease. South Med J 1992;85:28-31. Sen P, Gil C, Estrellas B, Middleton JR. Corticosteroid –induced asthma: a manifestation of limited hyperinfection syndrome due to Strongyloides stercoralis. South Med J 1995;88:923-7.
M. Cappello, L. P. Clyne, Phedram. P. Mac, P. J. Hotez, 1993Ancylostoma factor Xa inhibitor: partial purification and Us identification as a major hookworm-derived anticoagulant in Malaria is caused by the obligate iutraerythrocytic in vitro. J Infect Dis 167:1474-1477.
In: Binford CH, Connor DH, eds. Pathology of tropical and extraordinary diseases. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1976.
Ford RM. Transient pulmonary eosinophilia and asthma: a review of 20 cases occurring in 5702 asthma sufferers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1996;93:797-803.
Citro LA, Gordon ME, Miller WT. Eosinophilic lung disease (or how to slice PIE). Am J Roentgenol Rad Ther Nuc Med 1973;117:787-97.
Vijayan VK. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007;13:428-33.
P. Pinkstori, V. K. Vijayan, T. B. Nutman, W. N. Rom, K. M. O’Donnelli, MJ et. Cornelius, al, 1987Acute tropical pulmonary eosinophilia: characterization of the lower respiratory tract inflammation and its response to therapy. J Clin Invest 80216225
Vijayan VK. Immunopathogenesis and treatment of eosinophilic lung diseases in the tropics. In: Sharma OP, editor Tropical Lung Disease (Lung Biology in Health and Disease). New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 2006;211:195-239.
Udwadia FE. Tropical eosinophilia. In: Herzog H, editor Pulmonary Eosinophilia: Progress in Respiration Research. Basel: S. Karger; 1975:pp 35-155.
Ottesen EA, Nutman TB. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Ann Rev Med 1992;43:417-24.
Johnson S, Wilkinson R, Davidson RN. Tropical respiratory medicine. IV: Acute tropical infection and the lung. Thorax 1994;49:714-8.
Stuiver PC, Wismans PJ, Schornagel R. Tropical eosinophilia 4 is an important disease in the Netherlands. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1991;135:283-6.
Hayashi K, Horiba M, Shindou J, Sumida T, Takekoshi A. Tropical eosinophilia in a man from Sri Lanka. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1996;34:1411-5.
Joshi VV, Udwadia FE, Gadgil RK. Etiology of tropical eosinophilia: a study of lung biopsies and review of published reports. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1969;18:231-40.
Danaraj TJ, Pachecco G, Shanmugaratnam K, Beaver PC. The etiology and pathology of eosinophilic lung (Tropical eosinophilia). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966;15:183-9
Udwadia FE, Joshi VV. A study of tropical eosinophilia. Thorax 1964;19:548-54.
Gliech GJ, Loegering DA. Immunobiology of eosinophils. Ann Rev Immunol 1984;2:429-59.
Ottesen EA. Immunological aspects of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984;73 (suppl.): 9-18.
World Health Organization, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases. Lymphatic filariasis infection and disease: control strategies, 1994 (TDR/CTD/FIL/Penang); pp 1-30.
Danaraj TJ, Schacher JF. I/D test with Dirofilaria immitis extract in eosinophilic lung (Tropical eosinophilia). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1959;8:640-3.
Webb JKB, Job OK, Gault EW. Tropical eosinophilia: demonstration of microfilariae in lung, liver and lymph nodes. Lancet 1960;1:835-42.
Nutman TB, Vijayan VK, Pinkston P, Steel R, Crystal RG, Ottesen EA. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia: analysis of antifilarial antibody localized to the lung. J Infect Dis 1989;160:1042-50.
Lobos E, Ondo A, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB. Biochemical and immunologic characterization of a major IgE-inducing filarial antigen of Brugia malayi and implications for the pathogenesis of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. J Immunol 1992;149:3029-34.
Bronshstein AM, Supriaga VG, Stavrovski BI, et al. Human dirofilariasis in the Moscow region. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2003;3:51-6.
Miyoshi T, Tsubouchi H, Iwasaki A, Shiraishi T, Nabeshima K, Shirakusa T. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: a case report and review of the recent Japanese literature. Respirology 2006;11:343-7.
Theis JH. Public health aspects of dirofilariasis in the United States. Vet Parasitol 2005;133:157-80.
Asimacopoulos PJ, Katras A, Christie B. Pulmonary dirofilariasis: the largest single-hospital experience. Chest 1992;102:851-855.
Oshiro Y, Murayama S, Sunagawa U, Nakamoto A, Owan I, Kuba M, et al. Pulmonary dirofilariasis: computed tomographic findings and correlation with pathologic features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004;28:796-800.
Levinson ED, Ziter FM, Jr, Westcott JL. Pulmonary lesions due to Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm): report of four cases with radiologic findings. Radiology 1979;131:305-307.
Shah M. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: review of the literature. South Med J 1999;92:276-279. Rivasi F, Boldorini R, Criante P, et al. Detection of Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens DNA by polymerase chain reaction in embedded paraffin tissues from two human pulmonary locations. APMIS 2006;114:566-73
Bruschi F, Murrell K. Trichinellosis. In: Guerrant RL, WalkervDH, Weller PF, editors Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice; Vol. II. (Elsevier Science Health Science Divn). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:pp 917-25.
Engvall E, Ljungstrom I. Detection of human antibodies to Trichinella spiralis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1975;83:231-7.
In: Binford CH, Connor DH, eds. Pathology of tropical and extraordinary diseases. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1976
Fanne RA, Khamaisi M, Mevorach D, Leitersdorf E, Berkman N, Laxer U, et al. Spontaneous rupture of lung echinococcal cyst causing anaphylactic shock and respiratory distress syndrome. Thorax 2006;61:550.
Gencer M, Ceylan E. Pulmonary echinococcosis with multiple nodules mimicking metastatic lung tumor in chest radiography. Respiration (DOI. 10.1159/000091141) Jan 23, 2006. (Accessed August 30, 2007 at http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/sites/entrez/.
Kilimcioglu AA, Ozkol M, Bayindir P, Girginkardesler N, Ostan I, Ok UZ. The value of ultrasonography alone in screening surveys of cystic ecchinococcosis in children in Turkey. Parasitol Int 2006;55:273-5.
Erdem CZ, Erdem LO. Radiological characteristics of pulmonary hydatid disease in children: less common radiological appearances. Eur J Radiol 2003;45:123-8.
Kilic D, Tercan F, Sahin E, Bilen A, Hatipoglu A. Unusual radiologic manifestations of the echinococcus infection in the thorax. J Thorac Imaging 2006;21:32-6.
Ito A, Sako Y, Yamasaki H, Mamuti W, Nakaya K, Nakao M, et al. Development of Em 18-immunoblot and Em 18-ELISA for specific diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2003;85:173-82.
Hasdiraz L, Oguzkaya F, Bilgin M. Is lobectomy necessary in the treatment of pulmonary hydatid cysts? ANZ J Surg 2006;76:488-90.
Dincer SI, Demir A, Sayar A, Gunluoglu MZ, Kara HV, Gurses A. Surgical treatment of pulmonary hydatid disease: a comparison of children and adults. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:1230-6.
Kavukcu S, Kilic D, Tokat AO, Kutlay H, Cangir AK, Enon S, et al. Parenchyma-preserving surgery in the management of pulmonary hydatid cysts. J Invest Surg 2006;19:61-8.
F Walt. The katayama syndrome. S Afr Med J 1954;28:89-93.
Gottstein B, Reichen J. Hydatid lung disease. In: Sharma OP, editor. Lung Biology in Health and Disease: Tropical Lung Disease. 2nd edn. New York: Taylor and Francis Group; 2006. p. 327-50.
Schwartz E. Pulmonary schistosomiasis. Clin Chest Med 2002;23:433-43.
Walt F. The Katayama syndrome. S Afr Med J 1954;28:89-93.
Wyler DJ, Postlehwaite WE. Fibroblast stimulation in schistosomiasis. IV, Isolated egg granulomas elaborated a fibroblast chemoattractant in vitro. J Immunol 1983;130:1371-5.
Doherty JF, Moody AH, Wright SG. Katayama fever; an acute manifestation of schistosomiasis. Br Med J 1996;313:1071-2.
Nguyen LQ, Estrella J, Jett EA, Grunvald EL, Nocholson L, Levin DL. Acute schistosomiasis in nonimmune travelers: chest CT findings in 10 patients. Am J Roentgenol 2006;186:1300-3.
Sersar SI, Abulmaaty RA, Elnahas HA, Moussa SA, Shisa UA, Ghafar WA, et al. A diagnostic dilemma of right lower lobe collapse caused by pulmonary bilharsiasis. Heart Lung Circ 2006;15:50-2.
E Schwartz, J Rozenman, N Prelman. Pulmonary manifestation of early schistosoma infection in non immune travelers. Am J Med 2000;109:718-22.
E Schwartz. Pulmonary schistosomiasis. Clin Chest Med 2002;23:433-43.
Schwartz E, Rozenman J, Perelman N. Pulmonary manifestations of early Schistosoma infection in nonimmune travelers. Am J Med 2000;109:718-22.
Strobel M, Veasna D, Saykham M, Wei Z, Tran DS, Valy K, et al. Pleuro-pulmonary paragonimiasis. Med Mal Infect 2005;35:476-81.
Nakamura–Uchiyama F, Mukae H, Nawa Y. Paragonimiasis: a Japanese perspective. Clin Chest Med 2002;23:409-20.
Blair D, Xu ZB, Agatsuma T. Paragonimiasis and the genus paragonimus. Adv Parasitol 1999;42:113-222.
Johnson RJ, Johnson JR. Paragonimiasis in Indochinese refugees: roentgenographic findings with clinical correlations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128:534-8.
Lee EG, Na BK, Bae YA, Kim SH, Je EY, Ju JW, et al. Identification of immunodominant excretory-secretory cysteine proteases of adult Paragonimus westermani by proteome analysis. Proteomics 2006;6:1290-300.
Na BK, Kim SH, Lee EG, Kim TS, Bae YA, Kang I, et al. Critical roles for excretory-secretory cysteine proteases during tissue invasion of Paragonimus westermani newly excysted metacercariae. Cell Microbiol 2006;8:1034-46.
Mukae H, Taniguchi H, Matsumoto N, Liboshi H, Ashitani J, Matsukura S, et al. Clinicoradiologic features of pleuropulmonary Paragonimus westermani on Kyushu Island, Japan. Chest 2001;120:514-20.
Wongkham C, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Miwa M. Evaluation of human IgG subclass antibodies in the serodiagnosis of Paragonimus heterotremus. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2005;23:205-11.
Velez ID, Ortega JE, Velasquez LE. Paragonimiasis: a review from Columbia. Clin Chest Med 2002;23:421-31.
Keiser J, Engels D, Buscher G, Utzinger J. Triclabendazole for the treatment of fascioliasis and paragonimiasis. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 2005;14:1513-26.