REVIEW OF NANOEMULGEL FOR TREATMENT OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2024v16i9.51528Keywords:
Nanoemulgel, Fungal infections, Nanotechnology, Nanoemulsion, Anti-fungal treatmentAbstract
The skin is the largest of the body’s organs and it has a big role to play in maintaining homeostasis and defending against microbial invaders. Fungal infections are responsible for a large proportion of the global burden of skin diseases; affecting millions, especially in developing countries. The application of antifungal drugs as topical agents is one of the best techniques to treat major fungal infections that affect the skin, which involves several advantages such as localized delivery, and lower systemic toxicity among others. These findings also suggest that nano-emulgel could be used as an alternative system for delivering drugs through topical administration. However, issues such as the inability to load bulky drug molecules and safety concerns about surfactants and gelling agents limit their potential use as drug carriers by this pathway. It is necessary to carefully study these issues further so that we can exploit fully what this nano-emulgel may offer in terms of dermatological medications.
Downloads
References
Ameen M. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(2):197-201. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.005, PMID 20347663.
Havlickova B, Friedrich M. Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses. Worldwide Mycoses. 2008;51(4):2-15.
Walker SL, Lockwood DN. Leprosy. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25(2):165-72. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.05.012, PMID 17350495.
Ameen M. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(2):197-201. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.005, PMID 20347663.
Havlickova B, Czaika VA, Friedrich M. Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses. 2008;51Suppl 4:2-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01606.x, PMID 18783559.
Goldstein AO, Smith KM, Ives TJ, Goldstein B. Mycotic infections. Effective management of conditions involving the skin hair and nails. Geriatrics. 2000;55(5):45. PMID 10826264.
Zuber TJ, Baddam K. Superficial fungal infection of the skin. Where and how it appears help determine therapy. Postgrad Med. 2001;109(1):123. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2001.01.830, PMID 11198246.
Adams BB. Tinea corporis gladiatorum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(2):286-90. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2002.120603, PMID 12140477.
Queiroz Telles F, McGinnis MR, Salkin I, Graybill JR. Subcutaneous mycoses. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003;17(1):59-85. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5520(02)00066-1, PMID 12751261.
Sathyan G. Transdermal delivery of tacrine: identification of a suitable delivery vehicle. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1995;114(1):75-83. doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)00214-P.
Magdum C, Naikwade N, Shah R. Preparation and evaluation of fluconazole topical microemulsion. J Pharm Res. 2009;3:557-61.
Banerjee M, Ghosh A, Basak S. Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of topical fluconazole and clotrimazole in the treatment of tinea corporis. J Pak Assoc Dermatol. 2012;22(4):342-9.
Gungor S, Erdal M, Aksu B. New formulation strategies in topical antifungal therapy. J Chem Dermatol Sci Appl. 2013;3:56-65. doi: 10.4236/jcdsa.2013.31A009.
Silva HR. Surfactant based transdermal system for fluconazole skin delivery. J Nanomed Nanotechnol. 2014;05(5):231. doi: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000231.
Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH. Transdermal drug delivery: overcoming the skin’s barrier function. Pharm Sci Technol Today. 2000;3(9):318-26. doi: 10.1016/s1461-5347(00)00295-9, PMID 10996573.
Dismukes WE. Introduction to antifungal drugs. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(4):653-7. doi: 10.1086/313748, PMID 10770726.
Saleem S, Iqubal MK, Garg S, Ali J, Baboota S. Trends in nanotechnology based delivery systems for dermal targeting of drugs: an enticing approach to offset psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2020;17(6):817-38. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1758665, PMID 32315216.
Tayeb HH, Sainsbury F. Nanoemulsions in drug delivery: formulation to medical application. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2018;13(19):2507-25. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0088, PMID 30265218.
Shehata TM, Elnahas HM, Elsewedy HS. Development characterization and optimization of the anti-inflammatory influence of meloxicam loaded into a eucalyptus oil-based nanoemulgel. Gels. 2022;8(5):262. doi: 10.3390/gels8050262, PMID 35621560.
Yukuyama MN, Kato ET, Lobenberg R, Bou Chacra NA. Challenges and future prospects of nanoemulsion as a drug delivery system. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(3):495-508. doi: 10.2174/1381612822666161027111957, PMID 27799037.
Maha HL, Sinaga KR, Sinaga KR, Masfria M, Masfria M. Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(3):319-21. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056.
Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG. Formulation and optimization of celecoxib nanoemulgel. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(8):353-65. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.19510.
Wikantyasning ER, Setiyadi G, Pramuningtyas R, Kurniawati MD, Yee Ho C. formulation of nanoemulgel containing extract of impatients balsamina l. and its antibacterial activity. Int J App Pharm. 2023;15(3):67-70. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2023v15i3.46670.
Khurana S, Jain NK, Bedi PM. Nanoemulsion based gel for transdermal delivery of meloxicam: physico-chemical mechanistic investigation. Life Sci. 2013;92(6-7):383-92. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.005, PMID 23353874.
Mou D, Chen H, Du D, Mao C, Wan J, Xu H. Hydrogel thickened nanoemulsion system for topical delivery of lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2008;353(1-2):270-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.11.051, PMID 18215479.
Pund S, Pawar S, Gangurde S, Divate D. Transcutaneous delivery of leflunomide nanoemulgel: mechanistic investigation into physicomechanical characteristics in vitro anti-psoriatic and anti-melanoma activity. Int J Pharm. 2015;487(1-2):148-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.015, PMID 25869452.
Dev A, Chodankar R, Emulgels SO. A novel topical drug delivery system. Pharm Biol Eval. 2015;2:64-75.
Sengupta P, Chatterjee B. Potential and future scope of nanoemulgel formulation for topical delivery of lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2017;526(1-2):353-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.068, PMID 28461261.
Aithal GC, Narayan R, Nayak UY. Nanoemulgel: a promising phase in drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(2):279-91. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666191226100241, PMID 31878849.
Arora R, Aggarwal G, Harikumar SL, Kaur K. Nanoemulsion based hydrogel for enhanced transdermal delivery of ketoprofen. Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2014;2014:1-12. doi: 10.1155/2014/468456.
Gorain B, Choudhury H, Tekade RK, Karan S, Jaisankar P, Pal TK. Comparative biodistribution and safety profiling of olmesartan medoxomil oil-in-water oral nanoemulsion. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;82:20-31. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.020, PMID 27815174.
Dubey SK, Ram MS, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Agrawal M. Recent expansions on cellular models to uncover the scientific barriers towards drug development for alzheimer’s disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2019;39(2):181-209. doi: 10.1007/s10571-019-00653-z, PMID 30671696.
Formariz TP, Sarmento VH, Silva Junior AA, Scarpa MV, Santilli CV, Oliveira AG. Doxorubicin biocompatible O/W microemulsion stabilized by mixed surfactant containing soya phosphatidylcholine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2006;51(1):54-61. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.05.005, PMID 16814997.
Ahmad MZ, Ahmad J, Alasmary MY, Akhter S, Aslam M, Pathak K. Nanoemulgel as an approach to improve the biopharmaceutical performance of lipophilic drugs: contemporary research and application. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2022;72:103420. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103420.
Anand K, Ray S, Rahman M, Shaharyar A, Bhowmik R, Bera R. Nano emulgel: emerging as a smarter topical lipidic emulsion-based nanocarrier for skin healthcare applications. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):16-35. doi: 10.2174/1574891X14666190717111531, PMID 31333141.
Bhaskar K, Anbu J, Ravichandiran V, Venkateswarlu V, Rao YM. Lipid nanoparticles for transdermal delivery of flurbiprofen: formulation in vitro ex vivo and in vivo studies. Lipids Health Dis. 2009;8:6. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-8-6, PMID 19243632.
Tesch S, Gerhards C, Schubert H. Stabilization of emulsions by OSA starches. J Food Eng. 2002;54(2):167-74. doi: 10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00206-0.
Ingle AP, Shende S, Gupta I, Rai M. Biotechnological production of bioactive compounds. Amsterdam the Netherlands: Elsevier; 2020. p. 409-31.
Microemulgel AKC. An overwhelming approach to improve therapeutic action of drug moiety. Saudi Pharm J. 2014;24:452-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.08.002.
Sultana N, Akhtar J, Khan MI, Ahmad U, Arif M, Ahmad M. Drug development life cycle. London UK: Intech Open. Nanoemulgel: For Promising Topical and Systemic Delivery; 2022.
Zhou H, Yue Y, Liu G, Li Y, Zhang J, Gong Q. Preparation and characterization of a lecithin nanoemulsion as a topical delivery system. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2009;5(1):224-30. doi: 10.1007/s11671-009-9469-5, PMID 20652152.
Li P, Nielsen HM, Mullertz A. Oral delivery of peptides and proteins using lipid-based drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012;9(10):1289-304. doi: 10.1517/17425247.2012.717068, PMID 22897647.
Bahadur S, Pardhi DM, Rautio J, Rosenholm JM, Pathak K. Intranasal nanoemulsions for direct nose to brain delivery of actives for cns disorders. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(12):1230. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121230, PMID 33352959.
Chatterjee B, Gorain B, Mohananaidu K, Sengupta P, Mandal UK, Choudhury H. Targeted drug delivery to the brain via intranasal nanoemulsion: available proof of concept and existing challenges. Int J Pharm. 2019;565:258-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.032, PMID 31095983.
Eswaraiah S, Emulgel SK. Review on novel approach to topical drug delivery. Asian J Pharm Res. 2014;4(1):4-11. doi: 10.5958/2231–5691.
Wankar J, Ajimera T. Design, development and evaluation of nanoemulsion and nanogel of itraconazole for transdermal delivery. J Sci Res Pharm. 2014;3:6-11.
Pathak MK, Chhabra G, Pathak K. Design and development of a Novel PH triggered nanoemulsified in situ ophthalmic gel of fluconazole: ex-vivo transcorneal permeation corneal toxicity and irritation testing. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2013;39(5):780-90. doi: 10.3109/03639045.2012.707203, PMID 22873799.
Vandamme TF. Microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: recent developments and future challenges. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2002;21(1):15-34. doi: 10.1016/S1350-9462(01)00017-9, PMID 11906809.
Bashir M, Ahmad J, Asif M, Khan SU, Irfan M, Y Ibrahim A. Nanoemulgel an innovative carrier for diflunisal topical delivery with profound anti-inflammatory effect: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine. 2021;(16):1457-72. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S294653.
Williams AC, Barry BW. Penetration enhancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:128-37. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.032.
Dhawan B, Aggarwal G, Harikumar S. Enhanced transdermal permeability of piroxicam through novel nanoemulgel formulation. Int J Pharm Investig. 2014;4(2):65-76. doi: 10.4103/2230-973X.133053, PMID 25006551.
Silva HD, Cerqueira MA, Vicente AA. Influence of surfactant and processing conditions in the stability of oil in water nanoemulsions. J Food Eng. 2015;167:89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.07.037.
Rajpoot K, Tekade RK. Drug delivery systems. Cambridge MA: Microemulsion as drug and gene delivery vehicle: an inside story. Academic Press; 2019. p. 455-520.
Rousseau D, Rafanan RR, Yada R. Microemulsions as nanoscale delivery systems. Compr Biotechnol. 2nd ed. 2011;4:675-82. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-088504-9.00304-4.
Khachane PV, Jain AS, Dhawan VV, Joshi GV, Date AA, Mulherkar R. Cationic nanoemulsions as potential carriers for intracellular delivery. Saudi Pharm J. 2015;23(2):188-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.07.007, PMID 25972740.
Shakeel F, Haq N, Alanazi FK, Alsarra IA. Impact of various nonionic surfactants on self nanoemulsification efficiency of two grades of capryol (capryol-90 and capryol-pgmc). J Mol Liq. 2013;182:57-63. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.03.011.
Mantzaridis C, Mountrichas G, Pispas S. Complexes between high charge density cationic polyelectrolytes and anionic single and double tail surfactants. J Phys Chem B. 2009;113(20):7064-70. doi: 10.1021/jp8095874, PMID 19388679.
Zakharova LY, Pashirova TN, Fernandes AR, Doktorovova S, Martins Gomes C, Silva AM. Organic materials as smart nanocarriers for drug delivery. Norwich NY: William Andrew Publishing. Self-assembled quaternary ammonium surfactants for pharmaceuticals and biotechnology; 2018. p. 601-18.
Bali V, Ali M, Ali J. Study of surfactant combinations and development of a novel nanoemulsion for minimising variations in bioavailability of ezetimibe. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010;76(2):410-20. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.11.021, PMID 20042320.
Hu J, Chen D, Jiang R, Tan Q, Zhu B, Zhang J. Improved absorption and in vivo kinetic characteristics of nanoemulsions containing evodiamine phospholipid nanocomplex. Int J Nanomedicine. 2014;9:4411-20. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S59812, PMID 25258531.
Pore J. Emulsions, micro-emulsions, emulsions multiples. Editions techniques des industries des corps gras. Neuilly Sur Seine, France; 1992.
Wang Z, Mu HJ, Zhang XM, Ma PK, Lian SN, Zhang FP. Lower irritation microemulsion based rotigotine gel: formulation optimization and in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015;10:633-44. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S74079, PMID 25609965.
Syed HK, Peh KK. Identification of phases of various oil surfactant co-surfactants and water system by ternary phase diagram. Acta Pol Pharm. 2014;71(2):301-9. PMID 25272651.
Shah H, Jain A, Laghate G, Prabhudesai DR. Pharmaceutical excipients. Cambridge MA: Academic Press; 2021. p. 633-43.
Ojha B, Jain VK, Gupta S, Talegaonkar S, Jain K. Nanoemulgel: a promising novel formulation for treatment of skin ailments. Polym Bull. 2022;79(7):4441-65. doi: 10.1007/s00289-021-03729-3.
Dubey SK, Alexander A, Sivaram M, Agrawal M, Singhvi G, Sharma S. Uncovering the diversification of tissue engineering on the emergent areas of stem cells nanotechnology and biomaterials. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;15(3):187-201. doi: 10.2174/1574888X15666200103124821, PMID 31957615.
Ajazuddin, Alexander A, Khichariya A, Gupta S, Patel RJ, Giri TK. Recent expansions in an emergent novel drug delivery technology: emulgel. J Control Release. 2013;171(2):122-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.030, PMID 23831051.
Deshmukh K, Basheer Ahamed M, Deshmukh RR, Khadheer Pasha SK, Bhagat PR, Chidambaram K. Biopolymer composites in electronics. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Biopolymer Composites with High Dielectric Performance: Interface Engineering. Elsevier; 2017. p. 27-128.
Vlaia L, Coneac G, Olariu I, Vlaia V, Lupuleasa D. Emerging concepts in analysis and applications of hydrogels. Cellulose-derivatives-based hydrogels as vehicles for dermal and transdermal drug delivery. London, UK: IntechOpen; 2016.
Hashemnejad SM, Badruddoza AZ, Zarket B, Ricardo Castaneda C, Doyle PS. Thermoresponsive nanoemulsion based gel synthesized through a low energy process. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):2749. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10749-1, PMID 31227703.
Perale G, Veglianese P, Rossi F, Peviani M, Santoro M, Llupi. In situ agar–carbomer hydrogel polycondensation: a chemical approach to regenerative medicine. Mater Lett. 2011;65(11):1688-92. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.02.036.
Braun S. Encapsulation of cells (cellular delivery) using sol-gel systems. Compr Biomater. 2011;4:529-43. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-055294-1.00141-0.
Daood NM, E Jassim ZE, M Gareeb MM, Zeki H. Studying the effect of different gelling agent on the preparation and characterization of metronidazole as topical Emulgel. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019;12:571-7. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i3.31504.
Kathe K, Kathpalia H. Film forming systems for topical and transdermal drug delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2017;12(6):487-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.07.004, PMID 32104362.
Rapalli VK, Mahmood A, Waghule T, Gorantla S, Kumar Dubey S, Alexander A. Revisiting techniques to evaluate drug permeation through skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2021;18(12):1829-42. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2010702, PMID 34826250.
Ibrahim MM, Shehata TM. The enhancement of transdermal permeability of water soluble drug by noisome emulgel combination. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2012;22(4):353-9. doi: 10.1016/S1773-2247(12)50059-6.
Dixit AS, Charyulu N, Nayari H. Design and evaluation of novel emulgel containing acyclovir for herpes simplex keratitis. Lat Am J Pharm. 2011;30:844-52.
Salem HF, Kharshoum RM, Abou Taleb HA, Naguib DM. Nanosized nasal emulgel of resveratrol: preparation optimization in vitro evaluation and in vivo pharmacokinetic study. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2019;45(10):1624-34. doi: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1648500, PMID 31353967.
De Souza Ferreira SB, Bruschi ML. Investigation of the physicochemical stability of emulgels composed of poloxamer 407 and different oil phases using the quality by design approach. J Mol Liq. 2021;332:115856. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115856.
Shahin M, Hady SA, Hammad M, Mortada N. Novel jojoba oil based emulsion gel formulations for clotrimazole delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2011;12(1):239-47. doi: 10.1208/s12249-011-9583-4, PMID 21225383.
El Setouhy DA, El Ashmony SM. Ketorolac trometamol topical formulations: release behaviour physical characterization skin permeation efficacy and gastric safety. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;62(1):25-34. doi: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0002, PMID 20722996.
Anton N, Vandamme TF. The universality of low energy nano emulsification. Int J Pharm. 2009;377(1-2):142-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.014, PMID 19454306.
Sharma V, Nayak SK, Paul SR, Choudhary B, Ray SS, Pal K. Polymeric gels. Sawston UK: Woodhead Publishing. Emulgels; 2018. p. 251-64.
Lupi FR, Gabriele D, Seta L, Baldino N, de Cindio B, Marino R. Rheological investigation of pectin based emulsion gels for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses. Rheol Acta. 2015;54(1):41-52. doi: 10.1007/s00397-014-0809-8.
Jeengar MK, Rompicharla SV, Shrivastava S, Chella N, Shastri NR, Naidu VG. Emu oil based nano emulgel for topical delivery of curcumin. Int J Pharm. 2016;506(1-2):222-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.052, PMID 27109049.
Sole I, Pey CM, Maestro A, Gonzalez C, Porras M, Solans C. Nano emulsions prepared by the phase inversion composition method: preparation variables and scale up. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010;344(2):417-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.11.046, PMID 20129612.
Lovelyn C, Attama AA. Current state of nanoemulsions in drug delivery. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol. 2011;02(5):626-39. doi: 10.4236/jbnb.2011.225075.
Van Der Schaaf US. Nanoemulsions HK nanoemulsions. Cambridge, MA: Fabrication of nanoemulsions by rotor-stator emulsification. Academic Press; 2018. p. 141-74.
Kotta S, Khan AW, Ansari SH, Sharma RK, Ali J. Formulation of nanoemulsion: a comparison between phase inversion composition method and high pressure homogenization method. Drug Deliv. 2015;22(4):455-66. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2013.866992, PMID 24329559.
Juttulapa M, Piriyaprasarth S, Takeuchi H, Sriamornsak P. Effect of high-pressure homogenization on stability of emulsions containing zein and pectin. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2017;12(1):21-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.09.004, PMID 32104310.
Algahtani MS, Ahmad MZ, Shaikh IA, Abdel Wahab BA, Nourein IH, Ahmad J. Thymoquinone loaded topical nanoemulgel for wound healing: formulation design and in-vivo evaluation. Molecules. 2021;26(13):3863. doi: 10.3390/molecules26133863, PMID 34202733.
Nastiti CM, Ponto T, Abd E, Grice JE, Benson HA, Roberts MS. Topical nano and microemulsions for skin delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2017;9(4):37. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9040037, PMID 28934172.
Ojha B, Jain VK, Gupta S, Talegaonkar S, Jain K. Nanoemulgel: a promising novel formulation for treatment of skin ailments. Polym Bull. 2022;79(7):4441-65. doi: 10.1007/s00289-021-03729-3.
Gannu R, Palem CR, Yamsani VV, Yamsani SK, Yamsani MR. Enhanced bioavailability of lacidipine via microemulsion based transdermal gels: formulation optimization ex vivo and in vivo characterization. Int J Pharm. 2010;388(1-2):231-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.050, PMID 20060457.
Gorantla S, Singhvi G, Rapalli VK, Waghule T, Dubey SK, Saha RN. Targeted drug delivery systems in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: recent advancement and clinical status. Ther Deliv. 2020;11(4):269-84. doi: 10.4155/tde-2020-0029, PMID 32434463.
Prathyusha E, AP, Ahmed H, Dethe MR, Agrawal M, Gangipangi V. Investigation of ROS generating capacity of curcumin loaded liposomes and its in vitro cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cell lines using photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;40:103091. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103091, PMID 36031144.
Elmataeeshy ME, Sokar MS, Bahey El Din M, Shaker DS. Enhanced transdermal permeability of terbinafine through novel nanoemulgel formulation; development in vitro and in vivo characterization. Future J Pharm Sci. 2018;4(1):18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.fjps.2017.07.003.
Chellapa P, Mohamed AT, Keleb EI, Elmahgoubi A, Eid AM, Issa YS. Nanoemulsion and nanoemulgel as a topical formulation. IOSR J Pharm. 2015;5:43-7.
Mulia K, Ramadhan RM, Krisanti EA. Formulation and characterization of nanoemulgel mangosteen extract in virgin coconut oil for topical formulation. MATEC Web Conf. 2018;156:01013. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815601013.
Chellapa P, Eid AM, Elmarzugi NA. Preparation and characterization of virgin coconut oil nanoemulgel. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7:787-93.
Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG. Formulation and optimization of celecoxib nanoemulgel. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(8):353-65. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.19510.
Chin LY, Tan JY, Choudhury H, Pandey M, Sisinthy SP, Gorain B. Development and optimization of chitosan coated nanoemulgel of telmisartan for intranasal delivery: a comparative study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2021;62:102341. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102341.
Begur M, Vasantakumar Pai K, Gowda DV, Srivastava A, Raghundan HV. Development and characterization of nanoemulgel based transdermal delivery system for enhancing permeability of tacrolimus. Adv Sci Engng Med. 2016;8(4):324-32. doi: 10.1166/asem.2016.1859.
Khullar R, Kumar D, Seth N, Saini S. Formulation and evaluation of mefenamic acid Emulgel for topical delivery. Saudi Pharm J. 2012;20(1):63-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.08.001, PMID 23960777.
Clogston JD, Patri AK. Zeta potential measurement. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;697:63-70. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-198-1_6, PMID 21116954.
Krishna KV, Saha RN, Dubey SK. Biophysical biochemical and behavioral implications of ApoE3 conjugated donepezil nanomedicine in a Aβ1-42 induced alzheimer’s disease rat model. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020;11(24):4139-51. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00430, PMID 33251785.
Khosa A, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Dubey SK, Reddi S. A simplified and sensitive validated RP-HPLC method for determination of temozolomide in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2018;41(10):692-7. doi: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1511803.
Garg A, Aggarwal D, Garg S, America AS. Spreading of semisolid formulations: an update. Pharm Technol N Am. 2002;26:84.
Nikumbh KV, Sevankar SG, Patil MP. Formulation development in vitro and in vivo evaluation of microemulsion based gel loaded with ketoprofen. Drug Deliv. 2015;22(4):509-15. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2013.859186, PMID 24266589.
Yuan C, Xu ZZ, Fan M, Liu H, Xie Y, Zhu T. Study on characteristics and harm of surfactants. J Chem Pharm Res. 2014;6:2233-7.
Lewis MA. Chronic toxicities of surfactants and detergent builders to algae: a review and risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1990;20(2):123-40. doi: 10.1016/0147-6513(90)90052-7, PMID 2276359.
James Smith MA, Hellner B, Annunziato N, Mitragotri S. Effect of surfactant mixtures on skin structure and barrier properties. Ann Biomed Eng. 2011;39(4):1215-23. doi: 10.1007/s10439-010-0190-4, PMID 21063778.
Azeem A, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK, Talegaonkar S. Nanocarrier for the transdermal delivery of an antiparkinsonian drug. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10(4):1093-103. doi: 10.1208/s12249-009-9306-2, PMID 19757079.
Patel BB, Patel JK, Chakraborty S, Shukla D. Revealing facts behind spray dried solid dispersion technology used for solubility enhancement. Saudi Pharm J. 2015;23(4):352-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.013, PMID 27134535.
Wang W, Hui PC, Kan CW. Functionalized textile based therapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Coatings. 2017;7(6):82. doi: 10.3390/coatings7060082.
Gutierrez JM, Gonzalez C, Maestro A, Sole I, Pey CM, Nolla J. Nano emulsions: new applications and optimization of their preparation. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2008;13(4):245-51. doi: 10.1016/j.cocis.2008.01.005.
Eid AM. Preparation, Characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of swietenia macrophylla nanoemulgel. J Nanomed Nanotechnol. 2014;05(2). doi: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000190.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 MOHAMMAD AZHAR, AMUL MISHRA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
