EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF ROOTS AND STEMS OF G. ARBOREA
Keywords:
G arborea, Antidiabetic, Phenolics, Flavonoids, GambhariAbstract
Objectives: Roots and stems of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae) are used in many Ayurvedic (Dashmula) and herbal formulations (Diabecon) and reported to possess hypoglycemic activities which formed the basis of the present investigation. Methanolic extracts of stems and roots of Gmelina arborea were evaluated for antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats.
Methods: Total phenolics and flavonoids were estimated in methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of roots and stems of G. arborea. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extracts of stems and roots of G. arborea was investigated in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for 21 days at two dose levels (250 and 500 mg/kg) with glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg) used as a standard drug.
Results: Methanolic extracts of stems and roots showed considerable amount of phenolics and flavonoids compared to aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts. It also showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in fasting blood glucose level in both normal and diabetic rats. Methanolic extract of stems and roots at 500 mg/kg showed significant decrease (54.69% and 45.31% respectively) in blood glucose levels when compared to the standard. In addition, change in body weight, serum lipid profile and GHb (whole blood) levels were also compared amongst various groups treated with different extracts and significant antidiabetic activity observed might be attributed to appreciable amount of phenolics and flavonoids in methanolic extract of roots and stems. The results clearly indicate potential antidiabetic effects of roots and stems of this plant.
Conclusion: These findings support the use of G. arborea in herbal formulations for diabetes and will be helpful to explore isolation and identification of bioactives from this drug to manage diabetes and related complications.
Â
Downloads
References
Nagappa AN, Thakurdesai PA, Rao NV, Singh J. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia catappa Linn fruits. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;88:45-50.
Chehade JM, Mooradian AD. A rational approach to drug therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2000;60:95-113.
Mohan V, Shah S, Saboo B. Current glycemic status and diabetes related complications among type 2 diabetes patients in India: Data from the Achieve study. J Assoc Physicians India 2013;61:12-5.
Kalyan BV, Kothandam H, Venkatesh P, Praveen AR. Hypoglycemic activity of seed extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn in Streptozotocin-Induced diabetic rats. Pharmacogn J 2011;3:45-7.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Chemistry of free radicals. Method Enzymol 1990;186:1–85.
Kiran G, Nandini CD, Ramesh HP, Salimath PV. Progression of early phase diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: Evaluation of various kidney related parameters. Indian J Exp Biol 2012;50:133-40.
Javanraedi J. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accessions. Food Chem 2003;83:547-50.
Larson R. The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 1988;27:969–78.
Tung YT, Wub JH, Huang CY, Chang ST. Antioxidant activities and phytochemical characteristics of extracts from Acacia confuse bark. Bioresour Technol 2009;100:509–14.
Anonymous. The Wealth of India, a Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Volume IV. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 1956.
Dashmula Ghrita. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. 1st ed. Part 2. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy; 2007. p. 65-7.
Wagh VD, Patil SV, Surana SJ, Wagh KV. Medicinal plants used in preparation of polyherbal ayurvedic formulation Chyawanprash. J Med Plants Res 2013;7:2801-14.
Moghaddam MS, Kumar PA, Reddy GB, Ghole VS. Effect of diabecon on sugar-induced lens opacity in organ culture: mechanism of action. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;97:397-403.
Sharma RK, Patki PS. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of an Ayurvedic formulation (Gluco Care capsules) in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Ayurveda Integrative Med 2010;1(1):45-51.
Tandon S, Rastogi R, Kapoor NK. Protection by Abana, a Herbomineral Preparation, against myocardial necrosis in rats induced by isoproterenol. Phytother Res 1995;10:263-8.
Sharma BP, Balakrishnav NP. Flora of India, 2, Botanical survey of Calcutta. India; 1993.
Asolkar LV, Kakkar KK, Chakre OJ. Second supplement to glossary of indian medicinal plants with active principles part I (A-K) (1965-81). New Delhi: Publications and Information Directorate (CSIR); 1992.
Satyanarayana P, Subrahmanyam P, Kasai R, Tanaka O. An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from Gmelina arborea root. Phytochemistry 1985;24:1862-3.
Anjaneyulu ASR, Rao KJ, Rao VK, Row LR. Subrahmanyam C. The structures of lignans from Gmelina arborea Linn. Tetrahedron 1975;31:1277-85.
Anjaneyulu ASR, Rao AM, Rao VK, Row LR. The structure of gummadiol-a lignan hemi-acetal. Tetrahedron Lett 1975;16:1803-6.
Anjaneyulu ASR, Rao AM, Rao VK, Row LR. The isolation and structure of 6â€-bromo-isoarboreol–the first bromine containing lignan. Tetrahedron Lett 1975;52:4697-700.
Anjaneyulu ASR, Rao AM, Rao VK, Row LR, Pelter A, Ward RS. Novel hydroxy lignans from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea. Tetrahedron 1977;33:133-43.
Satyanarayana P, Rao PK, Ward RS, Pelter A. Arborone and 7-oxo-dihydrogmelinol: two new keto lignans from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod 1986;49:1061-4.
Acharya NS, Acharya SR, Shah MB, Santani DD. Development of pharmacognostical parameters and estimation of β-sitosterol using HPTLC in Roots of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Pharmacogn J 2012;4:1-9.
Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK, Ramankutty C. Indian Medicinal Plants. Madras: Orient Longman Ltd; 1993-1995.
Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Ray C. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity Part-I. Indian J Exp Biol 1968;6:232-47.
Khanna AK, Chander R, Kapoor NK. Hypolipidemic activity of Abana in rats. Fitoterapia 1991;62:271-4.
Kulkarni YA, Veeranjaneyulu A. Amelioration of STZ induced Type I diabetic nephropathy in rats by a phytomedicine: Gmelina arborea. FASEB J. 2010;24:569-75.
Ambujakshi HR, Thakkar H, Shyamnanda. Anthelmintic activity of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Leaves extract. Int J Pharm Res Dev 2009;1:1-5.
Kiuchi F, Hioki M, Nakamura N, Miyashita N, Tsuda Y, Kondo K. Screening of crude drugs used in Sri Lanka for nematocidal activity on larva of Toxocaria canis. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1989;43:288-93.
Barik BR, Bhaumik T. Premnazole, an isolated alkaloid of Premna integrifolia L. and Gmelina arborea L. with anti-inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia 1976;63:395.
Singh A, Malhotra S, Subban R. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents from Indian medicinal plants. Int J Integr Biol 2008;3:57-72.
Sinha S, Dixit P, Bhargava S, Devasagayam TPA, Ghaskabdi S. Bark and fruit extract of Gmelina arborea protect liver cells from oxidative stress. Pharm Biol 2006;44:237-43.
Mahmood AM, Doughari JH, Kiman HS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of crude leaf and stem bark extracts of Gmelina arborea (Roxb) against some pathogenic species of Enterobacteriaceae. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2010;4:355-61.
Giri M, Divakar K, Goli D, Dighe SB. Anti-ulcer activity of leaves of Gmelina arborea plant in experimentally induced ulcer in wistar rats. Pharmacologyonline 2009;1:102-10.
Shirwaikar A, Ghosh S, Padma GM. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Leaves on wound healing in rats. J Nat Rem 2003;3:45-7.
Agunu A, Sadiq Y. Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhea treatment in Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;101:27-30.
Shukla SH, Saluja AK, Pandya SS. Modulating effect of Gmelina arborea Linn. on immunosuppressed albino rats. Pharmacogn Res 2010;2:359-63.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed. Vol. III. Dehradun: International book distributors, booksellers and publishers; 1999.
Gambhari. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. 1st ed. Part 1. Vol. 1, 3. New Delhi: Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy; 2007. p. 36-7, 53-4.
Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungustic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 1965;16:144-58.
Bahorun T, Gressier B, Trotin F, Brunet C, Dine T, Luyckx M, et al. Oxygen species scavenging activity of phenolics extracts from Hawthorn fresh plant organs and pharmaceuticals preparations. Drug Res 1996;46:1086-9.
Orhan N, Aslan M, Orhan DD, Ergun F, Yesilada E. In-vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera) in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;108:280-6.
Salahuddin M, Jalalpure SS. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous fruit extract of Cucumis trigonus Roxb. in streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;127:565-7.
Latha M, Pari L. Effect of an aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis on blood glucose, plasma insulin and some polyol pathway enzymes in experimental rat diabetes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004;37:577-86.
Chakrabarti S, Biswas TK, Seal T, Rokeya B, Ali L, Azad khan AK, et al. Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in chronic type 2 diabetic model in Long-evans rats and evaluation of insulin secretagogue property of its fractions on isolated islets. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;97:117-22.
Teitz NW. Determination of Blood Glucose Using 4 Aminophenazone. In: Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. Trinder P; 1970.
Henry JB, Young DS, Teitz NW, Vasilades. Quantitative determination of creatinine IVD. J Can Chem 1972;18.
Gornall AG, Bardawill CJ, David MM. Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J Biol Chem 1949;177:751-66.
Bucolo G, David H. Determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clin Chem 1973;19:476-82.
Teitz NW, Young DS, Naito HK. Estimation of serum cholesterol. In: Fundamentals of Clin Chem. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co; 1973.
Naito HK, Kaplan A. HDL Cholesterol. In: Clin Chem; St Louis, Toronto, Princeton: The CV Mosby Co; 1984. p. 1207–13, 437.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without the use of preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;19:449-52.
Arvind K, Pradeepa R, Deepa R, Mohan V. Diabetes and coronary artery disease. Indian J Med Res 2002;116:163-76.
Tewari DN. A monograph on Gamari (Gmelina arborea Roxb). Dehradun, India: International Book Distributors; 1995.
Rout SK, Kar DM. A review on antiepileptic agents, current research and Future prospectus on conventional and traditional drugs. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2010;3:19-23.
Burits M, Bucar F. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oils. Phytother Res 2000;14:323-8.
Chatterjee MN, Shinde R. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2002.
Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter RM. Pharmacology. 5th ed. Edinburgh, London: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.
Luc G, Fruchart JC. Oxidation of lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:2065-95.
Badole SL, Bodhankar SL. Antidiabetic activity of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol (B2) isolated from Pongamia pinnata (L. Pierre) in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010;632:103-9.
Strandell E, Eizirik DL, Korsgren O, Sandler S. Functional characteristics of cultured mouse pancreatic islets following exposure to different streptozotocin concentrations. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1988;59:83-91.
Davis SN, Granner DK. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and the pharmacology of endocrine pancreas. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Hardman JG, Limbard LE, editors. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Companies; 2001. p. 1701-3