ESTIMATION OF ALKALOIDS AND PHENOLICS OF FIVE EDIBLE CUCURBITACEOUS PLANTS AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Keywords:
Cucurbitaceous, Alkaloids, Phenolics, Antibacterial activity, Human pathogenAbstract
Objective: Objective of the present work was qualitative and quantitative estimation of alkaloids and phenolics of five edible cucurbitaceous plants and to evaluate their antibacterial activity against some human pathogenic bacteria.
Methods: Total alkaloid present was determined by acid-based titrimetric methods using methyl red as an indicator and observing a faint yellow end point. Total phenolics were estimated by follin-ciocaltue's method using tannic acid as standard. Antibacterial activity was determined by Disc diffusion method using SRL Agar medium. The 70% ethanolic dried powdered was dissolved in 20% DMSO at different concentration to carry out the anti-microbial activity.
Results: It was found that all the experimental plants contained almost equal amount of alkaloids but their phenolic contents as tannic acid equivalents were different. Alkaloids content of five Cucurbitaceous plants were found to vary from 1.15 g % to 1.34 g % and phenol content was varied from 4.54 mg/g to 10.13 mg/g. All the selected Cucurbitaceous plants were active against the tested pathogens, except against V. cholerae non.0139 (L4). Only the 70% ethanolic leaf extract of Momordica charantia (Linn.) showed a relative percentage inhibition from 15.02 to 16.63. So, Momordica charantia (Linn.) extract was the most active among five selected plants against the tested pathogens.
Conclusion: The activity might be due to the presence of alkaloids and phenols. However, the extent of activity or zone of inhibition was found varied for different extracts might be due to the difference in the constituents present in the plant extracts.
Downloads
References
Sivaraj A, Preethi JB, Kavitha M, Inbasekar P, Senthilkumar B, Panneerselvam A. Antibacterial activity of Coccinia grandis leaf extract on selective bacterial strains. J Appl Pharm Sci 2001;1:120-3.
Kumar A, Partap S, Sharma NK, Jha KK. Phytochemical, ethnobotanical and pharmacological profile of Lagenaria siceraria: a review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2012;1:24-31.
Patel E, Krishnamurthy RA. Review on the potency of some Cucurbitaceae plants against hepatitis and antimicrobial activities. Indian J Fundamental Appl Life Sci 2013;3:13-8.
Kocyan A, Zhang L, Schaefer H, Renner S. A multi-locus chloroplast phylogeny for the Cucurbitaceae and its implications for character evolution and classification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007;44:553-7.
Akharaiyi FC, Ilori RM, Adesida JA. Antibacterial effect of Terminalia catappa on some selected pathogenic bacteria. Int J Pharm Biomed Res 2011;2:64-7.
Ratha M, Subha K, Senthilkumar G, Panneerselvam A. Screening of phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) and Vetiveria zizanoides (L.). Eur J Exp Biol 2012;2:363-8.
Kiranmai M, Ibrahim M. Antibacterial potential 0f different extracts of Tagetes erecta linn. Int J Pharm 2012;2:90-6.
Ajanal M, Gundkalle MB, Nayak SU. Estimation of total alkaloids in chitrakadivati by U. V-Spectrophotometer. Ancient Sci Life 2012;31:198-201.
Sarker SD, Nahar L. Chemistry for pharmacy students General, Organic and natural product chemistry. England: John Wiley and Sons; 2007. p. 283-359.
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhala SB. Pharmacognosy. 4th Ed. Vol. I-II. Nirali Prakashan, Pune; 2012. p. 1-92.
Cordell GA. Introduction to alkaloids: a biogenic approach. Wiley, New York; 1981. p. 1055.
Singh S, Swapnil Verma SK. Antibacterial properties of Alkaloid rich fractions obtained from various parts of Prosopis juliflora. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2011;2:114-20.
Khoddami A, Wilkes MA, Roberts TH. Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Molecules 2013;18:2328-75.
Klepacka J, Gujska E, Michalak J. Phenol compounds as cultivar and variety distinguishing factors in some plant products. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2011;66:64-9.
Sakihama Y, Cohen MF, Grace SC. Yamasaki H. Plant phenolic antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities: Phenol-induced oxidative damage mediated by metals in plants. Toxicology 2002;177:67-80.
Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564-70.
Haslam E. Plant polyphenols–vegetable tannins revisited. Cambridge University Press; 1989.
Alberto M, Rinsdahl, Canavosio M, Manca de Nadra M. Antimicrobial effect of polyphenols from apple skins on human bacterial pathogens. Electron J Biotechnol 2006;9:205-9.
Lucchini JJ, Corre J, Cremieux A. Antibacterial activity of phenolic compounds and aromatic alcohols. Res Microbiol 1990;141:499-510.
Nagalingam S, Sasikumar CS, cherian KM. Extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening of active compounds in morinda citrifolia fruit. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2012;5 Suppl 2:179-81.
The Telegraph. Four new districts for Tripura-plan for six more subdivision to decentralise administration; 2012.
Nandy DR. Geodynamics of Northeastern India and the Adjoining Region. ACB publications, Block-A, Lake Town, Kolkata; 2001. p. 700089:757.
Ali K, Wilkes MA, Roberts TH. Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Molecules 2013;18:2328-75.
Plummer DT. Introduction to practical biochemistry. 3rd Ed. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, India; 1990.
Waterhouse A. Determination of total phenolics. In: Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. Wrolstad RE, John wiley, Sons. Ed. New York, Units; 2003. p. 1-11.
Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complementary Altern Med 2006;6:35.
Sinha AK, Bhattacarjee B, Ghosh R, De U, Maiti D. Antibacterial, anti-alpha glucosidase and antioxidant properties of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. (Dilleniaceae). Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2013;6:173-7.
Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KVB. Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of calotropis gigantea leaves–an in vitro study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2010;4:141-4.
Paluri V, Ravichandran S, Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KVB. Phytochemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Callistemon lanceolatus D. C. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012;4:699-702.
Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: a review. Int Pharm Sci 2011;1:98-106.
Lahlou M. Methods to study the phytochemistry and bioactivity of essential oil. Phytother Res 2004;18:435-45.
Das K, Tiwari KS, Srivastava DK. Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant products as antimicrobial agent: current methods and future trends. J Med Plants Res 2010;4:104-11.
Vasu K, Goud JV, Suryam A, Singara Chary MA. Biomolecular and phytochemical analyses of three aquatic angiosperms. Afr J Microbiol Res 2009;3:418-21.
Parekh J, Chandra S. Antibacterial and phytochemical studies on twelve species of Indian medicinal plants. Afr J Biomed Res 2007;10:175-81.
Parekh J, Chandra S. Phytochemicals screening of plants from western region of India. Plant Arch 2008;8:657-62.
Rao N. Bioactive phytochemicals in Indian foods and their potential in health promotion and disease prevention. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003;12:9-22.
Saxena M, Saxena J, Nema R, Singh D, Gupta A. Phytochemistry in medicinal plants. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2013;1:168-82.
Garba S, Andrew K, Gayus J. Antibacterial activities of total alkaloids extracted from some medicinal plants. Top class J Herb Med 2013;2:217-22.
Al-Shahwany AW. Alkaloids and phenolic compound activity of Piper Nigrum against some human pathogenic bacteria. J Biomed Biotechnol 2014;2:20-8.
Vignesh T, Helan JC. Antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts of Rauvolfia canescens. J Chem Pharm Res 2015;7:548-51.
Maha H, Abdellah F, Kawtar FB. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity and determination of polyphenols and flavonoids contents of moroccan Coriaria myrtifolia extract. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:108-11.