PHYTOCHEMICAL, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY PROFILING AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF EXOCARPOS LONGIFOLIUS (SANTALACEAE) EXTRACTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.25926Keywords:
Exocarpos longifolius, Phytochemical compounds, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Stigmast-4-en-3-oneAbstract
Objective: The objectives of the study were to investigate phytochemical screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling of twigs and leaves of Exocarpos longifolius and its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity.
Methods: Phytochemical screening covering saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins were carried out by standard methods. The free radical scavenging activity was performed by thin-layer chromatography - bioautography, followed by determining the IC50 values of active extracts. Chemical compounds of active extract were examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Results: The phytochemical screening revealed that all extracts have been shown to contain tannins and terpenoids, saponins were found in the methanol extract of twigs, and alkaloids were found in the ethyl acetate extracts of twigs and leaves, while flavonoids were found in the methanol extract and ethyl acetate extracts of twigs and leaves of E. longifolius. Ethyl acetate extract of twigs showed the best of IC50 value (15.65 μg/mL), while ethyl acetate extract of leaves and methanol extract of twigs have strong free radical scavenging activity which IC50 were 78.59 and 67.24 μg/mL, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of twigs has shown the presence of 12 identified compounds, and the main chemical compound is Stigmast-4-en-3-one (21.91%).
Conclusions: The ethyl acetate extract of E. longifolius showed a very powerful free radical scavenging activity and revealed chemical compounds had been known to have biological activity. It might be used as a natural antioxidant.
Downloads
References
Kong JM, Goh NK, Chia LS, Chia TF. Recent advances in traditional plant drugs and orchids. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003;24:7-21.
Doughari JH, Ndakidemi PA, Human IS, Benade S. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiverotoxic potentials of extracts of Curtisia dentatat. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;141:1041-50.
Mahboubi M, Haghi G, Kazempour N, Hatemi AR. Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Blepharis edulis extracts. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 2013;35:11-6.
Jothy SL, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S. Phytochemical screening, DPPH free radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of Cassia fistula seeds extract. J Med Plant Res 2011;5:1941-7.
Sandhya B, Manoharan S, Sirisha LG, Manmohan CR. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in prostate cancer patients. Indian J Sci Technol 2010;3:83-6.
Romero AC, Hernandez EG, Ceron TF, Chavez A. The exogenous antioxidants. In: Morales-Gonzalez JA, editor. Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases-A Role for Antioxidants. 1st ed. Ch. 2. Croatia: Intech; 2013. p. 33-58.
Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 2010;4:118-26.
Vicas SI, Rugina D, Socaciu C. Antioxidant activity of European mistletoe (Viscum album). In: Rao V, editor. Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals-Global Approaches to their Rolein Nutrition and Health. Rijeka, Croatia: InTec.; 2012. p. 115-30.
Sahoo S, Jena S, Sahoo A, Ray A, Nasim N, Kar B, et al. GC-MS analysis and evaluation of bioactivities of Kaempferia parishii-a natural source of totarol. Int J Pharm PharmSci 2016;8:182-6.
Koch M, Bugni TS, Pond CD, Sondossi M, Dindi M, Piskaut P, et al. Antimycobacterial activity of Exocarpos latifolius is due to exocarpic acid. Planta Med 2009;75:1326-30.
Rached W, Calhelha RC, Fernandes A, Carvalho AM, Bennaceur M, Marouf A, et al. Phytochemical characterization and bioactive properties of Osyris quadripartite Salzm. Ex decne leaves from Algeria. RSC Adv 2016;6:72768-76.
Aquino R, Mencherini T, Picem P, Christen P, Villareal P, Delporte C, et al. Antioxidant activity of selected constituents of Quinchamali umchilensis. Int J Pharm Sci Nanotech 2015;8:2775-78.
Harborne AJ. Phytochemical Methods a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall; 1984.
Anandjiwala S, Bagul MS, Parabia M, Rajani M. Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of an ayurvedic formulation, Panchvalkala. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008;70:31-5.
Zhou X, Choi PS, Yang JM, Or PM, Hoi PM, Lee SM, et al. Chemical and pharmacological evaluations on the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang-Qin) prepared by various extraction methods. SpringerPlus 2016;5:1438.
Praptiwi, Jamal Y, Fathoni A, Nurkanto A, Agusta A. 3-Acetyl-2,5,7- trihydroxy-1,4-naphtalenedione, an antimicrobial metabolite from the culture of endophytic fungus coelomycetes TCBP4 from Tinosporacrispa. Med Litbangkes 2013;23:95-101.
Blois MS. Antioxidant determination by the use of stable free radicals. Nature 1958;181:1199-2000.
Rajab MS, Cantrell CL, Franzblau SG, Fischer NH. Antimycobacterial activity of (E)-phytol and derivatives: A preliminary structure-activity study. Planta Med 1998;64:2-4.
Wang YN, Wang HX, Shen ZJ, Zhao LL, Clarke SR, Sun JH. Methyl palmitate, an acaricidal compound occurring in green walnut husks. J Econ Entomol 2009;102:196-202.
Duke JA. Dr Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Maryland: National Agricultural Library,USDA; 2016.
Yu FR, Lian XZ, Guo HY, McGuire PM, Li RD, Wang R, et al. Isolation and characterization of methyl esters and derivatives from Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae) and their inhibitory effects on the human SGC- 7901 cells. J Pharm PharmSci 2005;8:528-35.
Henry GE, Momin RA, Nair MG, Dewitt DL. Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of fatty acids found in food. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:2231-4.
Alexander-Lindo RL, Morrison EY, Nair MG. Hypoglycaemic effect of stigmast-4-en-3-one and its corresponding alcohol from the bark of Anacardium occidentale (cashew). Phytother Res 2004;18:403-7.
Chew YL, Chan EW, Tan PL, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Goh JK. Assessment of phytochemical content, polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leguminase medicinal plants in peninsular. BMC Complementary Altern Med 2011;11:12.
Priyanga S, Hemmalakshmi S, Devaki K. Comparative chromatographyc fingerprint profiles of ethanolic extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum L. Leaves and stem. Int J Pharm Clin Res 2014;6:288-99.
Sowmya S, Chella PP, Anusooriya P, Vidya B, Pratibha P, Gopalakrishnan VK. In vitro antioxidant activity, in vivo skin irritation studies and HPTLC analysis of Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin. Int J Toxicol Pharm Res 2015;7:1-9.
Sodipo OA, Akiniyi JA, Ogunbanosu JV. Studies on certain characteristics of extracts of bark of pansinystaliamacruceras (K. Schem) Piere. Exbeile. Glob J Pure Appl Sci 2000;6:83-7.
Varughese B, Tripathi J. Phytochemical evaluation of different solvent extracts of aegle marmelosfruit at different stages of its ripening. Adv Life Sci Tech 2013;8:8-12.
Stary F. The Natural Guide to Medicinal Herbs, and Plants. London: Tiger Books International; 1998.
Dillard CJ, German JB. Phytochemicals: Nutraceiticals and human health. J Sci Food Agric 2000;80:1744-56.
Cook NC, Samman S. Flavonoids: Chemistry, Metabolism Cardio protective effects, and adietary sources. J Nutr Biochem 1996;7:6-76.
Cushnie TP, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;26:343-56.
Tsuchiya H, Sat M, Miyazaki T, Fujiwara S, Tanigaki S, Ohyama M. Comparative study on the antibacterial activity of phytochemical flavonones against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;50:27-34.
Mariod AA, Ibrahim RM, Ismail M, Ismail N. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of phenolic rich fractions obtained from black cumin (Nigella sativa) seedcake. Food Chem 2009;116:306-12.
Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, Goran A, Igic R. Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae). Food Chem 2008;111:925-9.
Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:1841-56.
Abdelwahab SI, Mohan S, Mohamed Elhassan M, Al-Mekhlafi N, Mariod AA, Abdul AB, et al. Antiapoptotic and antioxidant properties of Orthosiphon stamineus benth (Cat’s whiskers): Intervention in the bcl-2-mediated apoptotic pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:156765.
Kannan R, Arumugam R, Meenakshi S. Thin layer chromatography analysis of antioxidant constituents from seagrasses of gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve, South India. Int J ChemTech Res 2010;2:1526-30.
Treml J, Smejkal K. Flavonoids as potent scavengers of hydroxyl radicals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016;15:720-38.
Cren-Olive C, Hapiot P, Pinson J, Rolando C. Free radical chemistry of flavan-3-ols: Determination of thermodynamic parameter and of kinetic reactivity from short (ns) to long (ms) time scale. J Am Chem Soc 2002;124:14027-38.
Benavente-GarcÃa O, Castillo J. Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:6185-205.
Adamu M, Naidoo V, Ellof JN. The antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity and selectivity index of leaf extracts of thirteen South African tree species used in ethno veterinary medicine to treat helminth infections. BMC Vet Res 2014;10:52.
Sundararaj JP, Kuppuraj S, Ganesan A, Ponnusamy P, Nayaka S. In vitro assessment of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts from lichen Ramalina nervulosa. Int J Pharm PharmSci 2015;7:200-4.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
