CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIMICROBIAL, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF TWO MOROCCAN THYMUS ESSENTIAL OILS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i1.30377Keywords:
Thymus riatarum, Thymus blecherianus, Antibacterial activity, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric reducingantioxidant power, polyphenol, FlavonoidsAbstract
Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate chemical constituents of Thymus riatarum and Thymus blecherianus essential oils (EOs) as well as to evaluate, for the first time, their antioxidant effect and antibacterial activity against six bacterial strains responsible for nosocomial infections.
Methods: The chemical composition of EOs was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry, the antibacterial capacity of the two thymus species was evaluated against six bacteria species: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Citrobacter sp. using disk diffusion method and microdilution assay. Finally, the antioxidant activity was measured by four different test systems of assay, namely free radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents.
Results: A total of 15 compounds representing 99.6% of T. riatarum oil were identified with thymol (28.8%), borneol (20.0%), and α-phellandrene (13.0%) as the main constituents. Eleven components of T. blecherianus were identified representing 98.2% of the total oil composition; the most abundant constituents were as follows: Carvacrol (45.9%), bornyl acetate (20.1%), and borneol (15.7%). Strong antibacterial activity of the two EOs was identified against all bacterial strains tested. Concerning the antioxidant results, T. riatarum EO exhibited higher antioxidant activity than T. blecherianus in the three assays with an IC50 value equal to 5.75±0.06 mg/ml, which was probably due to its high content of polyphenols (28.95±0.13 mg GAE/g DW). Total flavonoid content was found equal for the two EOs.
Conclusion: EO of T. riatarum and T. blecherianus from Morocco can be exploited as a natural antibacterial and antioxidant new potential sources.
Downloads
References
Dong H, Zhang Q, Li L, Liu J, Shen L, Li H, Qin H. Antioxidant activity and chemical compositions of essential oil and ethanol extract of Chuanminshen violaceum. Ind Crop Prod 2015;76:290-7.
Saumya S, Basha P. In vitro evaluation of free radical scavenging activities of Panax ginseng and Lagerstroemia speciosa: A comparative analysis. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2010;3:165-9.
Prasanth NV, Dilip C, Dev KT, Augustine L, Saraswathi R. Evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Ipomoea batatas. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2010;2:91-2.
Aharwal RP, Kumar S, Thakur Y, Deshmukh L, Sandhu SS. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi Aspergillus japonicus isolated from Tridax procumbens L. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018;11:212.
Benyagoub E, Nabbou N, Razni D, Moghtet S. Antibacterial activity of ‘Anastatica hierochuntica l.’ against some bacterial strains responsible for women’s uro-genital infection, Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018;11:222.
El-hagrassi AM, Abdallah WE, Osman AF, Abdelshafeek KA. Phytochemical study of bioactive constituents from Satureja montana l. growing in Egypt and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018;11:142.
Srinivasan K. Role of spices beyond food flavoring: Nutraceuticals with multiple health effects. Food Rev Int 2005;21:167-88.
Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44-84.
Bajalan I, Rouzbahani R, Pirbalouti AG, Maggi F. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils obtained from seven Iranian populations of Rosmarinus officinalis. Ind Crops Prod 2017;107:305-11.
Bajpai VK, Al-Reza SM, Choi UK, Lee JH, Kang SC. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of leaf essential oil and extracts of Metasequioa glyptostroboides miki ex hu. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:1876-83.
Stahl-Biskup E, Sáez F. Thyme-the Genus Thyme. Vol. 15. London: CRC Press Book; 2002. p. 330.
Benabid A. Evaluation et Préservation de la Biodiversité. Flore Ecosystèmes du Maroc, Paris: Ibis Press; 2015.
Ghasemi P, Barani M, Hamedi B, Ataei K, Karimi A. Environment effect on diversity in quality and quantity of essential oil of different wild populations of Kerman thyme. Genetika 2013;45:441-50.
Zhang DY, Yao XH, Duan MH, Wei FY, Wu GH, Li L. Variation of essential oil content and antioxidant activity of Lonicera species in different sites of China. Ind Crops Prod 2015;77:772-9.
Costa P, Medronho B, Gonçalves S, Romano A. Cyclodextrins enhance the antioxidant activity of essential oils from three Lamiaceae species. Ind Crops Prod 2015;70:341-6.
Aouam I, Elatki Y, Taroq A, Elkamari F, Elyoussi B, Abdellaoui A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymus citriodorus L. Growing wild in Morocco: Preventive approach against nosocomial infections. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2018;51:72-5.
El Bouzidi L, Jamali CA, Bekkouche K, Hassani L, Wohlmuth H, Leach D, Abbad A. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained from wild and cultivated Moroccan thymus species. Ind Crops Prod 2013;43:450-6.
Moghimi R, Ghaderi L, Rafati H, Aliahmadi A, McClements DJ. Superior antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion of thymus daenensis essential oil against E. Coli. Food Chem 2016;194:410-5.
Ruiz-Navajas Y, Viuda-Martos M, Sendra E, Perez-Alvarez JA, Fernández-López J. Chemical characterization and antibacterial activity of Thymus moroderi and Thymus piperella essential oils, two Thymus endemic species from Southeast of Spain. Food Control 2012;27:294-9.
El Ouariachi EM, Hamdani I, Bouyanzer A, Hammouti B, Majidi L, Costa J, et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of Thymus broussonetii Boiss. and Thymus algeriensis Boiss. from Morocco. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014;4:281-6.
Russo M, Suraci F, Postorino S, Serra D, Roccotelli A, Agosteo GE. Essential oil chemical composition and antifungal effects on Sclerotium cepivorum of Thymus capitatus wild populations from Calabria, Southern Italy. Braz J Pharmacogn 2013;23:239-48.
Maisonneuve SA. European Pharmacopoeia. Vol. 3. France: Sainte-Ruffine Counc; 1975. p. 68.
Joulain D, König WA. The Atlas of Spectral Data of Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons. Hamburg: Verlag; 1998.
Adams RP. Identification of Essential oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectorscopy. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Pub Corp; 2007.
Gary L, Furtado A. Single-disk diffusion testing (kirby-bauer) of susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis to chlorampheni-col: Significance of the intermediate category. J Clin Microbiol 1980;14:550-3.
Jalal Z, El Atki Y, Lyoussi B, Abdellaoui A. Phytochemistry of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. growing wild in Morocco: Preventive approach against nosocomial infections. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015;5:458-61.
Mharti FZ, Lyoussi B, Abdellaoui A. Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus used in Moroccan folkloric medicine. Nat Prod Commun 2011;6:1505-6.
El Kamari F, Taroq A, El Atki Y, Aouam I, Lyoussi B, Abdellaoui A. Chemical Composition of essential oils from Vitex Agnus-Castus L. growing in Morocco and its in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018;11:365-8.
NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.9th International Supplement; 1999.
Remmal A, Bouchikhi T, Rhayour K. Improved method for the determination of antimicrobial activity of essential oils in agar medium. J Essent Oil Res 1993;5:179-84.
Mello S, Luciano FB, Fronza N, Cunha A Jr., Scheuermann GN, Vieira CR. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Laurus nobilis essential oil towards foodborne pathogens and its application in fresh Tuscan sausage stored at 7 C. LWT Food Sci Technol 2014;59:86-93.
Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 1958;181:1199-200.
Wu HC, Chen HM, Shiau CY. Free amino acids and peptides as related to antioxidant properties in protein hydrolysates of mackerel (Scomber austriasicus). Food Res Int 2003;36:949-57.
Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn J Nutr 1986;44:307-16.
Slinkard VL. Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am Soc Enologists 1977;28:49-55.
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 1999;64:555-9.
Amarti F, Satrani B, Aafi A, Ghanmi M, Farah A, Aberchane M, et al. Composition chimique et activité antimicrobienne des huiles essentielles de Thymus capitatus et de Thymus bleicherianus du Maroc. Phytotherapie 2008;6:342-7.
Fadli M, Bolla JM, Mezrioui NE, Pagès JM, Hassani L. First evidence of antibacterial and synergistic effects of Thymus riatarum essential oil with conventional antibiotics. Ind Crops Prod 2014;61:370-6.
Iglesias J, Vila R, Cañigueral S, Bellakhdar J, Idrissi A. Analysis of the essential oil of Thymus riatarum. J Essent Oil Res 1991;3:43-4.
Belmalha S, El Idrissi M, Echchgadda G, Amechrouq A, Bachir S. Chemical composition of the essential oils of three species of wild Thyme from Morocco: Thymus riatarum humbert et maire Thymus leptobotrys murb et Thymus munbyanus boiss. et reuter subsp. Ciliatus (DESF.) greuter et burdet. Phys Chem News 2012;63:122-8.
Argyropoulou C, Daferera D, Tarantilis PA, Fasseas C, Polissiou M. Chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of Lippia citriodora H.B.K. (Verbenaceae) at two developmental stages. Biochem Syst Ecol 2007;35:831-7.
Rota MC, Herrera A, MartÃnez RM, Sotomayor JA, Jordán MJ. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils. Food Control 2008;19:681-7.
Kaloustian J, Chevalier J, Mikail C, Martino M, Abou L, Vergnes MF. Étude de six huiles essentielles : Composition chimique et activité antibactérienne. Phytothérapie 2008;6:160-4.
Adrar N, Oukil N, Bedjou F. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Thymus numidicus and Salvia officinalis essential oils alone or in combination. Ind Crops Prod 2016;88:112-9.
El-Jalel LF, Elkady WM, Gonaid MH, El-Gareeb KA, Difference in chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus capitatus L. essential oil at different altitudes. Futur J Pharm Sci 2018;4:156-160.
Hussain AI, Anwar F, Nigam PS, Sarker DS, Moore JE, Rao JR, et al. Antibacterial activity of some Lamiaceae essential oils using resazurin as an indicator of cell growth. LWT Food Sci Technol 2011;44:1199-206.
Pirbalouti AG, Hossayni I, Shirmardi HA. Essential oil variation, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of mountain fennel (Zaravschanica membranacea (Boiss.) M. Pimen.). Ind Crops Prod 2013;50:443-8.
Amarti F, Satrani B, Ghanmi M, Aafi A, Farah A, Aarab L, et al. Activité antioxydante et composition chimique des huiles essentielles de quatre espèces de thym du Maroc. Acta Bot Gall 2001;158:513-23.
Nikolić M, GlamoÄlija J, Ferreira CF, Calhelha RC, Fernandes A, Marković T, et al. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss. And reut and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Ind Crops Prod 2014;52:183-90.
Safer AM, al-Nughamish AJ. Hepatotoxicity induced by the anti-oxidant food additive, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), in rats: An electron microscopical study. Histol Histopathol 1999;14:391-406.
Hyun TK, Kim HC, Kim JS. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. Ind Crops Prod 2014;52:611-6.
Bokhari J, Khan MR, Shabbir M, Rashid U, Jan S, Zai JA, et al. Evaluation of diverse antioxidant activities of galium aparine. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013;102:24-9.
Tohidi B, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of iran. Food Chem 2017;220:153-61.
Nickavar B, Esbati N. Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of three Thymus species. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2012;5:119-25.
Jabri-Karoui I, Bettaieb I, Msaada K, Hammami M, Marzouk B. Research on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Tunisian Thymus capitatus. J Funct Foods 2012;4:661-9.
Alizadeh A, Alizadeh O, Amari G, Zare M. Essential oil composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and antifungal properties of Iranian Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis celak. As in influenced by ontogenetical variation. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants 2013;16:59-70.
Ali IB, Bahri R, Chaouachi M, Boussaïd M, Harzallah-Skhiri F. Phenolic content, antioxidant and allelopathic activities of various extracts of Thymus numidicus Poir. Organs. Ind Crops Prod 2014;62:188-95.
Wang HF, Yih KH, Yang CH, Huang KF. Anti-oxidant activity and major chemical component analyses of twenty-six commercially available essential oils. J Food Drug Anal 2017;25:881-9.
Hazzit M, Baaliouamer A, VerÃssimo AR, Faleiro ML, Miguel MG. Chemical composition and biological activities of Algerian Thymus oils. Food Chem 2009;116:714-21.
Baharfar R, Azimi R, Mohseni M. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of flavonoid-, polyphenol- and anthocyanin-rich extracts from Thymus kotschyanus boiss and amp; hohen aerial parts. J Food Sci Technol 2015;52:6777-83.
Nakao K, Murata K, Itoh K, Hanamoto Y, Masuda M, Moriyama K, et al. Anti-hyperuricemia effects of extracts of immature Citrus unshiu fruit. J Tradit Med 2011;28:10-5.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
