BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON LIVER OF WISTAR ALBINO RATS

SURENDRA BABU THANGACHI; VARSHA SRIRAM MOKHASI; SHABINA KOMATH CHENOLY

doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i10.42819

Authors

SURENDRA BABU THANGACHI Department of Anatomy, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
VARSHA SRIRAM MOKHASI Department of Anatomy, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
SHABINA KOMATH CHENOLY Department of Physiology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i10.42819

Keywords:

Monosodium glutamate, Lipid profile, Liver enzymes, Hepatotoxic, Low-density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if there were any harmful effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the liver of Wistar albino rats chronically at three different doses, namely, low, mid, and high doses equivalent to human consumption doses in developing countries.

Methods: The Wistar albino rats (n=24) were divided into four groups, namely control, Low dose MSG (180 mg/kg), Mid dose MSG (360 mg/kg), and High dose MSG (720 mg/kg). At the end of the experimental period (120 days), animal blood was collected retro-orbitally to analyze the liver enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total protein, Albumin, and Total Bilirubin in blood serum. Lipid profiles, namely, Triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and Total cholesterol were subjected to analysis using blood serum.

Results: Significant increase (p<0.05) in AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin in serum of MSG induced low, mid, and high dose groups when compared to control group were recorded. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in LDL, decrease in HDL, increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides of MSG-induced animal groups.

Conclusion: The effects of MSG on serum liver enzymes and lipid profiles in this present animal study were not severely alarming even though the dosage was chronic which opens further discussion on the controversies revolving around MSG.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Sano C. History of glutamate production. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009 Sep 1;90(3):728S-32S.

Win DT. MSG–Flavor enhancer or deadly killer. AU JT. 2008;12(1):43-9.

Sharma V, Deshmukk RA. A fifth taste or bio bomb. Euro J Pharma Med Res. 2015;2(2):381-400.

Henry-Unaeze HN. Update on food safety of monosodium l-glutamate (MSG). Pathophysiology. 2017 Dec 1;24(4):243-9.

Kazmi Z, Fatima I, Perveen S, Malik SS. Monosodium glutamate: Review on clinical reports. International Journal of food properties. 2017 Dec 29;20(sup2):1807-15.

Datta A, Hossain A, Roy S. An Overview on Monosodium Glutamate: Its direct and indirect effects. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2019;12(12):6187-92

Manal Said T, Nawal AB. Adverse effects of monosodium glutamate on liver and kidney functions in adult rats and potential protective effect of vitamins C and E. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2012 May 16;2012.

Onyema OO, Farombi EO, Emerole GO, Ukoha AI, Onyeze GO. Effect of vitamin E on monosodium glutamate induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.

Eweka AO, Igbigbi PS, Ucheya RE. Histochemical studies of the effects of monosodium glutamate on the liver of adult Wistar rats. Annals of medical and health sciences research. 2011;1(1):21-30.

Nnadozie JO, Chijioke UO, Okafor OC, Olusina DB, Oli AN, Nwonu PC, Mbagwu HO, Chijioke CP. Chronic toxicity of low dose monosodium glutamate in albino Wistar rats. BMC research notes. 2019 Dec;12(1):1-7.

Nagata M, Suzuki W, Iizuka S, Tabuchi M, Maruyama H, Takeda S, Aburada M, Miyamoto KI. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese mouse model induced by monosodium glutamate. Experimental Animals. 2006;55(2):109-15.

Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced animal model of type 2 diabetes. InPre-Clinical Models 2019 (pp. 49-65). Humana Press, New York, NY.

Torrezan R, Malta A, de Souza Rodrigues WD, Dos Santos AA, Miranda RA, Moura EG, Lisboa PC, de Freitas Mathias PC. Monosodium l‐glutamate‐obesity onset is associated with disruption of central control of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system. Journal of neuroendocrinology. 2019 Jun;31(6):e12717.

de Oliveira Lazarin M, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Yamamoto NS, Constantin RP, Garcia RF, da Costa CE, de Souza Vitoriano A, de Oliveira MC, Salgueiro-Pagadigorria CL. Liver mitochondrial function and redox status in an experimental model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by monosodium L-glutamate in rats. Experimental and molecular pathology. 2011 Dec 1;91(3):687-94.

Bautista RJ, Mahmoud AM, Königsberg M, Guerrero NE. Obesity: Pathophysiology, monosodium glutamate-induced model and anti-obesity medicinal plants. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2019 Mar 1;111:503-16.

Zanfirescu A, Ungurianu A, Tsatsakis AM, Nițulescu GM, Kouretas D, Veskoukis A, Tsoukalas D, Engin AB, Aschner M, Margină D. A review of the alleged health hazards of monosodium glutamate. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. 2019 Jul;18(4):1111-34.

Hareeri NA, Alrasheedi AA, Eassaw MM. Effect of sesame on liver enzymes and lipid profile in rats exposed to oxidative stress induced by Monosodium glutamate. J Am Sci. 2017;13(1):71-8.

Johnston DE. Special considerations in interpreting liver function tests. American family physician. 1999 Apr 15;59(8):2223.

Teplova VV, Kruglov AG, Kovalyov LI, Nikiforova AB, Fedotcheva NI, Lemasters JJ. Glutamate contributes to alcohol hepatotoxicity by enhancing oxidative stress in mitochondria. Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes. 2017 Jun;49(3):253-64.

Matés JM, Pérez-Gómez C, de Castro IN, Asenjo M, Márquez J. Glutamine and its relationship with intracellular redox status, oxidative stress and cell proliferation/death. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. 2002 May 1;34(5):439-58.

Alwaleedi SA. Adverse Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on Serum Lipid Profile, Cholesterol Status and Blood Glucose in Adult Rats. RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES. 2016 Jan 1;7(1):732-9.

Okediran BS, Olurotimi AE, Rahman SA, Michael OG, Olukunle JO. Alterations in the lipid profile and liver enzymes of rats treated with monosodium glutamate. Sokoto journal of veterinary sciences. 2014;12(3):42-6.

Egbuonu AC, Osakwe ON. Effects of high monosodium glutamate on some serum markers of lipid status in male Wistar rats. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2011;2(1):653-6.