ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF 2% CHITOSAN AND 2% CHLORHEXIDINE AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS IN BIOFILM (LABORATORY EXPERIMENT)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019.v11s1.163Keywords:
Chitosan, Chlorhexidine, Enterococcus faecalis, Real-time polymerase chain reactionAbstract
Objective: Enterococcus faecalis can form biofilms and has a major role in the etiology of persistent lesions after root canal. We analyzed the efficacy
of chitosan and chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilms.
Methods: Polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze E. faecalis DNA that survived and lived after immersing the biofilm in an antibacterial
solution.
Results: A statistically significant difference was noted in living E. faecalis between chitosan and control and between 2% chlorhexidine and control
groups (p≤0.05). No significant difference was noted between chitosan and chlorhexidine groups (p>0.05).
Conclusions: Antibacterial effectivity of chitosan is equal to that of chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilm.
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35. Kim HS, Woo Chang S, Baek SH, Han SH, Lee Y, Zhu Q,
et al. Antimicrobial effect of alexidine and chlorhexidine against
Enterococcus faecalis infection. Int J Oral Sci 2013;5:26-31.
36. Ballal N, Kundabala M, Bhat K, Acharya S, Ballal M, Kumar R,
et al. Susceptibility of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis to
chitosan, chlorhexidine gluconate and their combination in vitro. Aust
Endod J 2009;35:29-33.
37. Verkaik MJ, Busscher HJ, Jager D, Slomp AM, Abbas F, van der
Mei HC, et al. Efficacy of natural antimicrobials in toothpaste
formulations against oral biofilms in vitro. J Dent 2011;39:218-24.
38. Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N. Root canal irrigants. J Conserv
Dent 2010;13:256-64.
39. Darrag AM. Effectiveness of different final irrigation solutions on smear
layer removal in intraradicular dentin. Tanta Dent J 2014;11:93?99.
40. Abdel-Aziz SM, Aeron A. Bacterial biofilm: Dispersal and inhibition
strategies. SAJ Biotechnol 2014;1:105-14.
Wolf HF, editors. Color Atlas of Dental Medicine: Endodontology.
Stuttgart: Thieme; 2000. p. 145-64.
2. Narayanan LL, Vaishnavi C. Endodontic microbiology. J Conserv Dent
2010;13:233-9.
3. Shrestha A, Shi Z, Neoh KG, Kishen A. Nanoparticulates for antibiofilm
treatment and effect of aging on its antibacterial activity. J Endod
2010;36:1030-5.
4. Siqueira JF, Rocas IN. Update on Endodontic Microbiology: Candidate
Pathogens and Patterns of Colonisation. Vol. 2. England: ENDO; 2008.
p. 7-20.
5. Williamson AE, Cardon JW, Drake DR. Antimicrobial susceptibility
of monoculture biofilms of a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis.
J Endod 2009;35:95-7.
6. Retamozo B, Shabahang S, Johnson N, Aprecio RM, Torabinejad M.
Minimum contact time and concentration of sodium hypochlorite
required to eliminate Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2010;36:520-3.
7. Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB. Enterococcus
faecalis: Its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in
retreatment. J Endod 2006;32:93-8.
8. Kovac J, Kovac D. Effect of irrigating solutions in endodontic therapy.
Bratisl Lek Listy 2011;112:410-5.
9. Peters OA, Schönenberger K, Laib A. Effects of four ni-ti preparation
techniques on root canal geometry assessed by micro computed
tomography. Int Endod J 2001;34:221-30.
10. Baugh D, Wallace J. The role of apical instrumentation in root canal
treatment: A review of the literature. J Endod 2005;31:333-40.
11. Capik I, Sevchikova Z, Ledecky V. Radiological and histological
assessment of periapical repair afetr obturation of infected root canals
in dogs. Acta Vet Brno 2005;74:237-42.
12. Onça? O, Ho?gör M, Hilmio?lu S, Zekio?lu O, Eronat C, Burhano?lu D,
et al. Comparison of antibacterial and toxic effects of various root canal
irrigants. Int Endod J 2003;36:423-32.
13. Gomes BP, Souza SF, Ferraz CC, Teixeira FB, Zaia AA, Valdrighi L,
et al. Effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide
against Enterococcus faecalis in bovine root dentine in vitro. Int Endod
J 2003;36:267-75.
14. Chang YC, Huang FM, Tai KW, Chou MY. The effect of sodium
hypochlorite and chlorhexidine on cultured human periodontal ligament
cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;
92:446?50.
15. Silva RA, Assed S, Nelson-Filho P, Silva LA, Consolaro A.
Subcutaneous tissue response of isogenic mice to calcium hydroxidebased
pastes with chlorhexidine. Braz Dent J 2009;20:99-106.
16. Goy RC, Britto DD, Assis OB. A review of the antimicrobial activity of
chitosan. Polím Ciência Tecnol 2009;19:241-7.
17. Chitosan AA. In: Alishahi A, editor. A Bioactive Polysaccharide in
Marine-Based Foods. London. IntechOpen; 2012. p. 409-28.
18. Struszcyzk MH. Chitin and chitosan: Part II. Applications of chitosan.
Polimery 2002;47:396-401.
19. Shigemasa Y, Minami S. Applications of Chitin and Chitosan for
Biomaterials. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews 1995;
13:383-419.
20. Hunt M. Real Time PCR; 2010. Available from: http://www.pathmicro.
med.sc.edu/pcr/realtime-home.htm.
21. Suchitrau S, Kundabala K. Enterococus faecalis: An endodontic
pathogen. Endodontology 2006;18: 11-3.
22. Mathew S. Enterococcus faecalis an endodontic challenge. JIADS
2010;12:33-7.
23. Santos RP, Arruda TT, Carvalho CB, Carneiro VA, Braga LQ,
Teixeira EH, et al. Correlation between Enterococcus faecalis biofilms
development stage and quantitative surface roughness using atomic
force microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2008;14:150-8.
24. Stoodley P, Sidhu S, Nistico L, Mather M, Boucek A, Hall-Stoodley L,
et al. Kinetics and morphology of polymicrobial biofilm formation on
polypropylene mesh. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2012;65:283-90.
25. Chai WL, Hamimah H, Cheng SC, Sallam AA, Abdullah M.
Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm to antibiotics and
calcium hydroxide. J Oral Sci 2007;49:161-6.
26. Wang QQ, Zhang CF, Chu CH, Zhu XF. Prevalence of Enterococcus
faecalis in saliva and filled root canals of teeth associated with apical
periodontitis. Int J Oral Sci 2012;4:19-23.
27. Mohammadi Z, Abbott PV. The properties and applications of
chlorhexidine in endodontics. Int Endod J 2009;42:288-302.
28. Vianna ME, Gomes BP, Berber VB, Zaia AA, Ferraz CC, de Souza-
Filho FJ, et al. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of
chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97:79-84.
29. Abbas AO. Chitosan for Biomedical Applications PhD (Doctor of
Philosophy) Thesis. USA: University of Iowa; 2010.
30. Liu N, Chen XG, Park HJ. Effect of MW and concentration of chitosan
on antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli. Sci Direct 2006;64:60-5.
31. Kong M, Chen XG, Xing K, Park HJ. Antimicrobial properties of
chitosan and mode of action: A state of the art review. Int J Food
Microbiol 2010;144:51-63.
32. Hedge V. Enterococcus faecalis; clinical significance and treatment
considerations. Endodontology. 2009;21:48-52.
33. Venieri D, Chatzisymeon E, Gonzalo MS, Rosal R, Mantzavinos D.
Inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis by TiO2-mediated UV and solar
irradiation in water and wastewater: Culture techniques never say the
whole truth. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011;10:1744-50.
34. Alvarez G, González M, Isabal S, Blanc V, León R. Method to quantify
live and dead cells in multi-species oral biofilm by real-time PCR with
propidium monoazide. AMB Express 2013;3:1.
35. Kim HS, Woo Chang S, Baek SH, Han SH, Lee Y, Zhu Q,
et al. Antimicrobial effect of alexidine and chlorhexidine against
Enterococcus faecalis infection. Int J Oral Sci 2013;5:26-31.
36. Ballal N, Kundabala M, Bhat K, Acharya S, Ballal M, Kumar R,
et al. Susceptibility of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis to
chitosan, chlorhexidine gluconate and their combination in vitro. Aust
Endod J 2009;35:29-33.
37. Verkaik MJ, Busscher HJ, Jager D, Slomp AM, Abbas F, van der
Mei HC, et al. Efficacy of natural antimicrobials in toothpaste
formulations against oral biofilms in vitro. J Dent 2011;39:218-24.
38. Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N. Root canal irrigants. J Conserv
Dent 2010;13:256-64.
39. Darrag AM. Effectiveness of different final irrigation solutions on smear
layer removal in intraradicular dentin. Tanta Dent J 2014;11:93?99.
40. Abdel-Aziz SM, Aeron A. Bacterial biofilm: Dispersal and inhibition
strategies. SAJ Biotechnol 2014;1:105-14.
Published
05-04-2019
How to Cite
SIMANJUNTAK, P. A., DJAUHARIE, N., & NURSASONGKO, B. (2019). ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF 2% CHITOSAN AND 2% CHLORHEXIDINE AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS IN BIOFILM (LABORATORY EXPERIMENT). International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 11(1), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019.v11s1.163
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