DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND RISK FACTORS OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN BOGOR, INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.24045Keywords:
Type 2 diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular diseaseAbstract
Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients tend to have abnormal lipid profiles, explaining the association between elevated cholesterol and
triglyceride levels in diabetic patients and coronary heart disease. This study aims to evaluate how the common risk factors for dyslipidemia affect
the lipid profile of diabetic patients and to determine which factors can be used as predictors for the occurrence of dyslipidemia in T2DM patients.
Methods: A total of 238 diabetic patients (63 male and 175 female; age: 31–70 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All of them had
undergone regular examinations in cohort studies on risk factors for non-communicable diseases conducted by the Ministry of Health in Bogor
between December 2017 and January 2018.
Results: The result found that age differences did not affect lipid profile levels, and the females had higher mean values of body mass index (p<0.001),
total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.05), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p<0.001) than the males. The most common occurrences of dyslipidemia were
high TC level (57.1%), followed by high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level (47.1%), high triglyceride level (37.4%), and low HDL level (16.4%). Being
overweight was found to be the best predictor of dyslipidemia.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that in T2DM patients, sex affects TC and HDL levels, whereas age does not exert a significant effect on
the lipid profiles. In addition, poor glycemic control, hypertension, and obesity may serve as predictors of dyslipidemia in T2DM patients.
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risk in children: An American heart association scientific statement from
the atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity in the young committee
(council on cardiovascular disease in the young) and the diabetes
committee (council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism).
Circulation 2003;107:1448-53.
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overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple
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Dyslipidemia and the risk of developing hypertension in a working-age
male population. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003053.
29. Karim MN, Ahmed KR, Bukht MS, Akter J, Chowdhury HA,
Hossain S, et al. Pattern and predictors of dyslipidemia in patients with
Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2013;7:95-100.
current concepts and management guidelines of diabetic dyslipidemia.
Am J Med Sci 2016;351:361-5.
2. Schofield JD, Liu Y, Rao-Balakrishna P, Malik RA, Soran H. Diabetes
dyslipidemia. Diabetes Ther 2016;7:203-19.
3. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR,
Gobin R, Kaptoge S, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose
concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative metaanalysis
of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010;375:2215-22.
4. Mooradian AD. Dyslipidemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Clin
Pract Endocrinol Metab 2009;5:150-9.
5. Almdal T, Scharling H, Jensen JS, Vestergaard H. The independent
effect of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke,
and death: A population-based study of 13,000 men and women with
20 years of follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1422-6.
6. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC,
Becker K, et al. 2018 Guidelines for the early management of patients
with acute ischemic stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals
from the American heart association/American stroke association.
Stroke 2018;49:e46-e110.
7. Windler E. What is the consequence of an abnormal lipid profile in
patients with Type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome? Atheroscler
Suppl 2005;6:11-4.
8. Howard BV, Robbins DC, Sievers ML, Lee ET, Rhoades D,
Devereux RB, et al. LDL cholesterol as a strong predictor of coronary
heart disease in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and
low LDL: The strong heart study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
2000;20:830-5.
9. Taskinen MR. Diabetic dyslipidaemia: From basic research to clinical
practice. Diabetologia 2003;46:733-49.
10. Lin CF, Chang YH, Chien SC, Lin YH, Yeh HY. Epidemiology of
dyslipidemia in the Asia Pacific region. Int J Gerontol 2018;12:2-6.
11. GHO by Category Raised Total Cholesterol (?5.0 mmol/L) Data by
Country. World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.apps.
who.int/gho/data/view.main.2467?lang=en.
12. Yue F, Zhang G, Tang R, Zhang Z, Teng L, Zhang Z. Age- and sexrelated
changes in fasting plasma glucose and lipoprotein in cynomolgus
monkeys. Lipids Health Dis 2016;15:111.
13. Bozkaya G, Ozgu E, Karaca B. The association between estimated
average glucose levels and fasting plasma glucose levels. Clinics (Sao
Paulo) 2010;65:1077-80.
14. Perreault L, Ma Y, Dagogo-Jack S, Horton E, Marrero D, Crandall J,
et al. Sex differences in diabetes risk and the effect of intensive lifestyle
modification in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care
2008;31:1416-21.
15. Chung JK, Xue H, Pang EW, Tam DC. Accuracy of fasting plasma
glucose and hemoglobin A1c testing for the early detection of diabetes:
A pilot study. Front Lab Med 2017;1:76-81.
16. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C,
et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and
obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: A systematic analysis
for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet 2014;384:766-81.
17. Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and gender differences in
risk, pathophysiology and complications of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Endocr Rev 2016;37:278-316.
18. LDL and HDL: Good and Bad Cholesterol. Available from: https://
www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm.
19. Hu G, DECODE Study Group. Gender difference in all-cause and
cardiovascular mortality related to hyperglycaemia and newlydiagnosed
diabetes. Diabetologia 2003;46:608-17.
20. Khan HA, Sobki SH, Khan SA. Association between glycaemic control
and serum lipids profile in Type 2 diabetic patients: HbA1c predicts
dyslipidaemia. Clin Exp Med 2007;7:24-9.
21. Weijenberg MP, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Age-related changes in total
and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in elderly Dutch men. Am J
Public Health 1996;86:798-803.
22. Musunuru K. Atherogenic dyslipidemia: Cardiovascular risk and
dietary intervention. Lipids 2010;45:907-14.
23. Bandeali S, Farmer J. High-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis: The
role of antioxidant activity. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012;14:101-7.
24. World Health Organization. Diabetes Country Profiles. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/
diabetes/country-profiles/en.
25. D’Adamo E, Guardamagna O, Chiarelli F, Bartuli A, Liccardo D,
Ferrari F, et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk
factors in obese children. Int J Endocrinol 2015;2015:912047.
26. Steinberger J, Daniels SR, American Heart Association Atherosclerosis,
Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on
Cardiovascular Disease in the Young), American Heart Association
Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and
Metabolism). Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular
risk in children: An American heart association scientific statement from
the atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity in the young committee
(council on cardiovascular disease in the young) and the diabetes
committee (council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism).
Circulation 2003;107:1448-53.
27. Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. Adolescent
overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple
cardiovascular risk factors: The Bogalusa heart study. Metabolism
1996;45:235-40.
28. Otsuka T, Takada H, Nishiyama Y, Kodani E, Saiki Y, Kato K, et al.
Dyslipidemia and the risk of developing hypertension in a working-age
male population. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003053.
29. Karim MN, Ahmed KR, Bukht MS, Akter J, Chowdhury HA,
Hossain S, et al. Pattern and predictors of dyslipidemia in patients with
Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2013;7:95-100.
Published
23-03-2020
How to Cite
PRADIPTA, S., WIBOWO, H., HARBUWONO, D. S., RAHAJENG, E., LARASATI, R. A., & KARTIKA, R. (2020). DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND RISK FACTORS OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN BOGOR, INDONESIA. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 12(1), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.24045
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