QUST AL HINDI (SAUSSUREA LAPPA): A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF ITS PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL AGAINST COVID-19

SUKMAWATI S.; IDA MUSFIROH; MUCHTARIDI; ADRYAN FRISTIOHADY

doi:10.22159/ijap.2022.v14s5.17

Authors

SUKMAWATI S. epartement of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia, Departement of Chemical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia
IDA MUSFIROH Departement of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
MUCHTARIDI Departement of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
ADRYAN FRISTIOHADY Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022.v14s5.17

Keywords:

Sausserea lappa, Saussurea costus, Qust al hindi, COVID-19

Abstract

In 2020, the World Health Organization officially designated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) to be global pandemic. Response of immune to SARS-CoV-2 infection includes a hyper-inflammatory state. Saussurea lappa is a medical plant known in several traditional medical systems, such as Persian and Indian medicine. S. lappa has anticancer, antiviral, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties as clinically demonstrated. The purpose of this article to analyze the content of chemical compounds and possible pharmacological activities to fight COVID-19. As primary data sources for this study, researchers looked at articles about the possibility of Saussurea lappa as an alternative in the treatment of COVID-19. Data were gathered online through various academic papers published from 2012 to 2022 derived from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

One of the components of Saussurea lappa is myrcene which might act on ACE receptors. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via endocytosis after binding to the ACE2 receptor. The anti-inflammatory properties of Saussurea lappa can be used to treat COVID-19 by reducing inflammatory cytokinins (TNF-α, IL-1β). Further study and clinical trials are needed to prove the effectiveness of Saussurea lappa against COVID-19 patients. Saussurea lappa has a important role in treating COVID-19 based on the effects of active phytochemical compounds that have anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant, immunomodulator, antcancer, antihepatotoxic, and antihipertension. The Qust al Hindi has not yet been a final drug for the treatment of COVID-19 for it must go through clinical trials on COVID-19 patients directly.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Al-Islam MS. Saussurea costus may help in the treatment of COVID-19. Sohag Med J. 2020;24(3):1-17.

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7, PMID 32007143.

Madhuri K, Elango K, Ponnusankar S. Saussurea lappa (Kuth root): review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Orient Pharm Exp Med. 2012;12(1):1-9. doi: 10.1007/s13596-011-0043-1.

Jubayer MF, Kayshar S, Mazumde AR, Akter SS. A review of five medicinal plants considering the therapeutic potentials in the management of COVID-19. Sylhet: Department of Food Engineering and Technology Sylhet Agricultural University-3100. Bangladesh; 2020.

World Health Organization. Q and A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses. [Last accessed on 21 Mar 2020].

Islam MT, Sarkar C, El-Kersh DM, Jamaddar S, Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA. Natural products and their derivatives against coronavirus: a review of the non-clinical and pre-clinical data. Phytother Res. 2020;34(10):2471-92. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6700, PMID 32248575.

Azkur AK, Akdis M, Azkur D, Sokolowska M, van de Veen W, Bruggen MC. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1564-81. doi: 10.1111/all.14364, PMID 32396996.

Wang K, Conlon M, Ren W, Chen BB, Ba˛Czek, T. Natural products as targeted nodulators of the immune system. J Immunol Res. 2018:1-8.

Xian Y, Zhang J, Bian Z, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Lin Z. Bioactive natural compounds against human coronaviruses: a review and perspective. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2020;10(7):1163-74. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.002, PMID 32834947.

Prawiro SR, Anam K, Prabowo B, Bramanthi R, Fitrianingsih AA, Yuni D. Generating the responses immune with honey, saussurea costus, and nigella sativa in cellular and humoral may resolve COVID-19? Syst Rev Pharm. 2021;12(1):1588-93.

Ang L, Lee HW, Choi JY, Zhang J, Soo Lee M. Herbal medicine and pattern identification for treating COVID-19: a rapid review of guidelines. Integr Med Res. 2020;9(2):100407. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100407, PMID 32289016.

Chan KW, Wong VT, Tang SCW. COVID-19: an update on the epidemiological, clinical, preventive and therapeutic evidence and guidelines of integrative Chinese-western medicine for the management of 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Am J Chin Med. 2020;48(3):737-62. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X20500378, PMID 32164424.

Maria PMN, Santy IP, Zainur R, Wiliarisa PP, Astri Y, Artha BSD. Penggunaan herbal dalam menghadapi pandemi covid-19: a systematic reviewe. J Health Res. 2022;5(1):37-49.

Illian DN, Siregar ES, Sumaiyah S, Utomo AR, Nuryawan A, Basyuni M. Potential compounds from several Indonesian plants to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection: a mini-review of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic targets. Heliyon. 2021;7(1):e06001. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06001, PMID 33532640.

Welz AN, Emberger-klein A, Menrad K. Why people use herbal medicine: insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):92. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2160-6, PMID 29544493.

Sanna AK, Al-Elyani RA, Dalia MD. Histological and ultrastructural studies on the effect of costus plant and amphotericin B on male lung rats infected by Aspergillus niger. Life Sci J. 2012;9(4):5321-38.

Harshita KS, Gautam S, Joshi RK, Sahu AK. A pragmatic plan for the mental health consequences during Covid-19 pandemic through Ayurdeva. Int J Ayurdeva Pharm Res. 2021;9(9):86-90.

Rao RN, Raju SS, Babu KS, Vadaparthi PRR. HPLC determination of costunolide as a marker of Saussurea lappa and its herbal formulations. Int J Biochem. 2013;3(1):99-107.

Chang KM, Choi SI, Kim GH. Antioxidant activity of Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke Roots. Preventive Nutrition and Food Sciences. 2012;17(4):306-9.

Ahmad S, Zahiruddin S, Parveen B, Basist P, Parveen A, Gaurav. Indian medicinal plants and formulations and their potential against COVID-19-preclinical and clinical research. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:578970. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.578970. PMID 33737875.

Aldwihi LA, Khan SI, Alamri FF, Alruthia Y, Alqahtani F, Fantoukh OI. ”Patients” behavior regarding dietary or herbal supplements before and during Covid-19 in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(10):1-14. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105086, PMID 34064950.

Yashvanth S, Robinson A, Babu KS, Naidu VGM, Vishnuvardhan MVPS, Ramakrishna S. Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of chloroform extract of roots of Saussurea lappa Clarke. J Pharms Res. 2010;3(8):1775-8.

Julianti T, Hata Y, Zimmermann S, Kaiser M, Hamburger M, Adams M. Antitrypanosomal sesquiterpene lactones from Saussurea costus. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(7):955-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.05.010, PMID 21624443.

Khalid A, Uzair-ur-Rehman SA, Khilji S, Fatima U, Khan MI. Antimicrobial activity analysis of extracts of Acacia modesta, Artimisia absinthium, Nigella sativa and Saussurea lappa against gram positive and Gram negative microorganism. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10:4574-80.

Ko SG, Kim HP, Jin DH, Bae HS, Kim SH, Park CH. Saussurea lappa induces G2-growth arrest and apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2005;220(1):11-9. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.026, PMID 15737683.

Upadhyay OP, Singh RH, Dutta SK. Studies on antidiabetic medicinal plants used in Indian folklore. Aryavaidyan. 1996;9:159-67.

Seki K, Hashimoto A, Kobayashi H, Kawahara Y, Yamahara J. Motility inhibitory effect on Anchusan and Jintan and its active components in Anisakis type larvae. Yakuri To Chiryo. 1991;19:265-89.

Sutar N, Garai R, Sharma US, Singh N, Roy SD. Antiulcerogenic activity of saussurea lappa root. Int J Pharm Life Sci. 2011;2:516-20.

Hamilton AC. Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods. Biodivers Conserv. 2004;13(8):1477-517. doi: 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000021333.23413.42.

Yaeesh S, Jamal Q, Shah AJ, Gilani AH. Antihepatotoxic activity of saussurea lappa extract on D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in mice. Phytother Res. 2010;24Suppl 2:S229-32. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3089, PMID 20041433.

Pandey MM, Rastogi S, Rawat AKS. Saussurea costus: botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(3):379-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.033, PMID 17306480.

Shah NC. Kustha, Saussurea costus (Saussurea lappa): its unexplored history from the Athrvaveda. IJHS. 2019;54(4).

Sun J, He WT, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X. COVID-19: epidemiology, evolution, and cross-disciplinary perspectives. Trends Mol Med. 2020;26(5):483-95. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008, PMID 32359479.

Duraipandiyan V, Al-Harbi NA, Ignacimuthu S, Muthukumar C. Antimicrobial activity of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from traditional medicinal plant, Costus speciosus (Koen ex.Retz.) Sm BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12(13):13. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-13, PMID 22397713.

Jubayer MF, Kayshar S, Mazumde AR, Akter SS. A review of five medicinal plants considering the therapeutic potentials in the management of COVID-19. Sylhet: Department of Food Engineering and Technology Sylhet Agricultural University-3100. Bangladesh; 2020.

Ahmad W, Tauleha S, Zulkifle M, Sofi G. Role of unani medicine in prevention and treatment of waba (Epidemics) including COVID-19: a review. Eur J Cell Sci. 2020;2(1):1-9. doi: 10.34154/2020-EJCS-0201-01-09/euraass.

Farooqui S, Quamri M, Basheer R, Baig S, Ahmed K, Ahad M. COVID-19 Pandemic–perspective through unani medicine. J Res Tradit Med. 2020;6(2):37-46. doi: 10.5455/jrtm.2020/67262.

Amara U, Mashwani ZuR, Khan A, Laraib S, Wali R, Sarwar U. Conservation status and therapeutic potential of Saussurea lappa: an overview. Am J Plant Sci. 2017;8(3):602-14. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2017.83041.

Hend MT, Howayda EK, Hayat AA. Ismail and Nahla SES. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of the ethanolic extract of the Saussurea lappa root (costus) on adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2015;27(1):71-8.

Zahara K, Tabassum S, Sabir S, Arshad M, Qureshi R, Amjad MS. A review of therapeutic potential of Saussurea lappa-An endangered plant from Himalaya. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7S1:S60-9. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60204-2. PMID 25312191.

Ansari S. Ethnobotany and pharmacognosy of Qust/Kut (Saussurea lappa, CB Clarke) with special referensi of Una ni Medicine. Pharmacogn Rev. 2019;13(26):71-6.

Hassan R, Masoodi MH. Saussurea lappa: A comprehensive review on its pharmacological activity and phytochemistry. Curr Trad Med. 2019;5:1-11.

Madhavi M, Malika G, Lokanath N, Vishnu MN, Madhusudhana Chetty C, Mohamed Saleem TS. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Saussurea lappa. Int J Rev Life Sci. 2012;2(1):24-31.

Choodej S, Pudhom K, Mitsunaga Tohru. Inhibition of TNF-α-induced inflammation by sesquiterpene lactones from Saussurea lappa and semi-synthetic analogues. Planta Med. 2018;84(5):329-35. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-120115, PMID 28962049.

Oter S, Jin S, Cucullo L, Dorman HJ. Oxidants and antioxidants: friends or foes? Oxid Antioxid Med Sci. 2012;1(1):1-4. doi: 10.5455/oams.080612.ed.001, PMID 25960927.

DE Flora S, Balansky R, LA Maestra S. Not available. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021;62 Suppl 3):E34-E45. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1S3.1895, PMID 34622082.

Darenskaya M, Kolesnikova L, Kolesnikov S. The association of respiratory viruses with oxidative stress and antioxidants. Implications for the COVID-19 Ppandemic. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(13):1618-27. doi: 10.2174/1381612827666210222113351, PMID 33618639.

Aryo R, Dimas N, Rudi H. Potensi curcumin dan 4 herbal empon-empon dalam memodulasi kekebalan sel t terhadap covid-19. Herb Med J. 2021;4(3).

Ghada I, Abd El-Rahman, Amany AB, Nora ME, Gaber ESB, Wael NH, Dina MK, Yasmina MAE. Saussurea lappa ethanolic extract attenuates triamcinolone acetonide-induced pulmonary and splenic tissue damage in rats via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Antioxidants. 2020;9(5):1-23.

Hend MT, Howayda EK, Hayat AA Ismail, Nahla SES. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of the ethanolic extract of the Saussurea lappa root (costus) on adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2016;27(1).

Yang X, Yang X, Kumar P, Cao B, Ma X, Li T. Social support and clinical improvement in COVID-19 positive patients in China. Nursing Outlook. 2020;68(6):830-37. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.008, PMID 32980152.

Narimane L, Tanguy D, Ouahida L, Abdeslam HM, Herve C, Chawki B, Gilles D, Hatem F, Abderrazzak B, Abdelhamid E. Nanocapsules containing Saussurea lappa essential oil: formulation, characterization, antidiabetic, Anti-Cholinesteraseanticholinesterase and anti-inflammatory potentials. Int Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021;591:1-44.

Rao RN, Raju SS, Babu KS, Vadaparthi PRR. HPLC determination of costunolide as a marker of Saussurea lappa and its herbal formulation. Int J Res Pharm Chem. 2013;3(1).

Wahab A, Khera RA, Rehman R, Mushtaq A, Azeem MW, Rezgui M. Kuth (Saussurea lappa L.): a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological potentials. IJCBS. 2015;8:97-102.

Zhavoronkov A, Aladinskiy V, Zhebrak A. Potential COVID-2019 3C-like protease inhibitors designed using generative deep learning approaches. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. 2020(2).

Thurakkal L, Singh S, Roy R, Kar P, Sadhukhan S, Porel M. An in-silico study on selected organosulfur compounds as potential drugs for SARS-CoV-2 infection via binding multiple drug targets. Chemical Physics Letters. 2021;763:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138193.

Lim MA, Pranata R. Teleorthopedic: a promising option during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Front Surg. 2020;7:10–1362. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.00062, PMID 33005624.

Tulunay M, Aypak C, Yikilkan H, Gorpelioglu S. Herbal medicine use among patients with chronic diseases. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2015;4(3):217–20. doi: 10.5455/jice.20150623090040, PMID 26401410.

Xian Y, Zhang J, Bian Z, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Lin Z. Bioactive natural compounds against human coronaviruses: a review and perspective. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2020;10(7):1163-74. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.002, PMID 32834947.

Pandey MM, Rastogi S, Rawat AKS. Saussurea costus: Botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(3):379-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.033.

Taniguchi M, Kataoka T, Suzuki H, Uramoto M, Ando M, Arao K. Costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone as inhibitors of killing function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995;59(11):2064-7. doi: 10.1271/bbb.59.2064, PMID 8541643.

Yuuya S, Hagiwara H, Suzuki T, Ando M, Yamada A, Suda K. Guanolides as immunomodulators, synthesis and biological activities of dehdydrocostus lactone, mokko lactone, eremanthin, and their dervatives. J Nat Prod. 1999;63:22-30.

Hamer M, Kivimäki M, Gale CR, Batty GD. Lifestyle risk factors, inflammatory mechanisms, and COVID-19 hospitalization: A community-based cohort study of 387,109 adults in UK. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:184-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059, PMID 32454138.

Zhang L, Lin D, Sun X, Curth U, Drosten C, Sauerhering L. Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved α-ketoamide inhibitors. Science. 2020;368(6489):1-8409-12. doi: 10.1126/science.abb3405, PMID 32198291.

Umesh, Kundu D, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Dubey VK. Identification of new anti-nCoV drug chemical compounds from Indian spices exploiting SARS-CoV-2 main protease as target. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. Taylor and Francis. 2020:1-9. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1763202.

Sindhe AM, Bodke YD, Candrashekar A. Antioxidant and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of muntingia calabura leaves extracts. 2013;5(3):427-35.

Hoffmann M, Schroeder S, Kleine Weber H, Muller MA, Drosten C, Pohlmann S. Nafamostat mesylate blocks activation of SARS-CoV-2: new treatment option for COVID-19. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2020;64(6):1-3. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00754-20, PMID 32312781.

Fukuda K, Akao S, Ohno Y, Yamashitab K, Fujiwara H. Inhibition by costunolide of phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in a human monocyte cell line THP-1. Cancer Lett. 2001;164(1):7-13. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00704-7, PMID 11166910.

Choi EM, Kim GH, Lee YS. Protective effects of dehydrocostus lactone against hydrogen peroxide-induced dysfunction and oxidative stress in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Toxicol in Vitro. 2009;23(5):862-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.05.005, PMID 19457452.

Lee GI, Ha JY, Min KR, Nakagawa H, Tsurufuji S, Chang I M. Inhibitory effects of oriental herbal medicines on IL-8 induction in lipopolysaccharide-activated rat macrophages. Planta Med. 1995;61(1):26-30. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957992, PMID 7700986.

Anyasor GN, Ogunwenmo KO, Oyelana OA, Akpofunure BE. Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanol stem extracts of Costus afer Ker Gawl. (Costaceae). Afr J Biotechnol. 2010;9:4880-4.

Hanan SA, Enas ND, Manal EA, Elgaffar E, Najla OA, Alnahdi HS, Danial EN, Elhalwagy MEAE, Ayaz NO. Phytochemical studies, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities of herbal medicinal plants costus and Cidir used in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Pharmacology. 2017;13(5):481-7. doi: 10.3923/ijp.2017.481.487.

Sun J, He WT, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X. COVID-19: epidemiology, evolution, and cross-disciplinary perspectives. Trends Mol Med. 2020;26(5):483-95. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008, PMID 32359479.

Narimane L, Tanguy D, Ouahida L, Abdeslam HM, Herve C, Chawki B, Gilles D, Hatem F, Abderrazzak B, Abdelhamid E. Nanocapsules containing Saussurea lappa essential oil: formulation, characterization, antidiabetic, Anti-Cholinesteraseanticholinesterase and anti-inflammatory potentials. Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020;593:1-45.