FORMULATION AND ASSESSMENT OF HERBAL EMULGELS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ACNE: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO INVESTIGATIONS

SWAPNA NEELA; MAKULA AJITHA; VIJAYA KUCHANA

doi:10.22159/ijap.2024v16i1.49671

Authors

SWAPNA NEELA Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500085, Telangana, India. Department of Pharmaceutics, Nalla Narasimha Reddy Education Society’s Group of Institutions-School of Pharmacy, Ghatkesar (M), Hyderabad-500088, Telangana, India https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2113-3041
MAKULA AJITHA Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JNTUH College of Pharmacy, Sultanpur-502273 Sangareddy, Telangana, India
VIJAYA KUCHANA Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Teegala Krishna Reddy College of Pharmacy, Meerpet, Hyderabad-500097, Telangana, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16i1.49671

Keywords:

T. coronaria, T. alata, Anti-acne emulgels, In vivo studies, Anti-bacterial effect

Abstract

Objective: The main objective of the current research was to prepare herbal emulgel and analyze the effect of herbal formulation in the treatment of acne.

Methods: The plants Tabernaemontana coronaria and Thunbergia alata were selected for the study because of folklore for their medicinal values. The T. coronaria and T. alata test extracts were prepared by soxhlet extraction procedure and subjected to physico-chemical evaluation. The formulated herbal emulgels prepared by dispersion technique were investigated for anti-acne properties by in vitro and in vivo methods. The prepared emulgel formulations were assessed for parameters like viscosity, spreadability, pH, content uniformity, stickiness, zeta potential, particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro diffusion studies.

Results: The physico-chemical evaluation of herbal gel revealed that emulgel appeared light green in colour, opaque, and odourless with smooth texture. The emulgels of both the test extracts showed no stickiness, and revealed pH ranging from 5.467±0.13 to 5.889±0.1. When the shear rate was increased, there was a decrease in the viscosity of the test emulgels, with good extrudability. The content uniformity of F5 emulgel for T. coronaria and T. alatawas 99%, and spreadibilty was more with F7 formulation of T. coronaria and F6 formulation of T. alata, respectively. In the stability testing studies, amongst all the formulations prepared, F5 was found to be stable upon storage for six months. In vitro studies, F5 formulation of both the test extracts had a remarkable zone of inhibition; whereas F5 formulation treated histopathological sections in in vivo investigation displayed a decline in the overall damage induced by Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed no statistical significant difference for measurement of zone of inhibition and histopthological studies between the test formulations and standard drug.

Conclusion: The study concludes that both herbal formulations were promising agents for the treatment of acne vulgaris.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Del Rosso J. Emerging topical antimicrobial options for mild-to-moderate acne: a review of the clinical evidence. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Feb;7(2)Suppl:s2-7. PMID 18404864.

Ermawati DE, Yugatama A, Ramadhani BR, Pertiwi I, Rosikhoh A, Novachiria SR. Stability and antibacterial activity test of nanosilver biosynthetic hydrogel. Int J App Pharm. 2022 Feb;14(2):221-6. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2022v14i2.43584.

Trivedi H, Puranik PK. Antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid phyto vesicles against resistant bacteria: development, optimization and evaluation. Int J Appl Pharm. 2022 Jan;14(1):83-92.

Kumar A, Banerjee N, Singamaneni V, K Dokuparthi S, Chakrabarti T, Mukhopadhyay S. Phytochemical investigations and evaluation of antimutagenic activity of the alcoholic extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla and Tabernaemontana coronaria by Ames test. Nat Prod Res. 2018 Mar;32(5):582-7. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1318384, PMID 28423921.

Sujata MP. Exploitation of edible wild plants as medicinal properties for primary health care system in Bidar District, North Karnataka, India. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2022 Mar;14(3):31-9.

Mahmood Alabdali AY, Kzar MS, Chinnappan S, Ram Mani R, Selvaraja M, Wen KJ. Application of nanoantibiotics approach against anti-bacterial resistance. Int J App Pharm. 2022 Mar;14(3):34-9. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2022v14i3.43508.

Bhanu PV, Shanmugam V, Lakshmi PK. Development and optimization of novel diclofenac emulgel for topical drug delivery. Int J Comp Pharm. 2011 Jan;2:1-4.

Zaenglein AL. Topical retinoids in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008 Sep;27(3):177-82. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2008.06.001, PMID 18786495.

Poornima K, Chella Perumal P, Gopalakrishnan VK. Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. against den and Fe NTA induced liver necrosis in wistar albino rats. BioMed Res Int. 2014 Jul;2014:240243. doi: 10.1155/2014/240243, PMID 25136566.

El-Gayed SH, Kandil ZA, Abdelrahman EH. Cycloartanes from Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) wild flowers with their cytotoxicity against MCF7 and HCT116 cancer cell lines. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2015 Mar;4(3):35-41.

Housti F, Andary C, Gargadennec A, Amssa M. Effects of wounding and salicylic acid on hydroxycinnamoylmalic acids in thunbergia alata. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2002 Sep;40(9):761-9. doi: 10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01427-4.

Pushpa B, Latha KP, Vaidya VP, Shruthi A, Shweath C. In vitro anthelmintic activity of leaves extracts of Tabernaemontana coronaria. Int J ChemTech Res. 2011 Apr;3(4):1788-90.

Julianti E, Rajah KK, Fidrianny I. IAntibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of cinnamon bark, honey, and their combination effects against acne-causing bacteria. Sci Pharm. 2017 Feb;85(2):19. doi: 10.3390/scipharm85020019, PMID 28398231.

Miladi S, Damak M. In vitro antioxidant activities of Aloe vera leaf skin extracts. J Soc Chim Tunis. 2008 Jun;10:101-9.

Pant DR, Pant ND, Saru DB, Yadav UN, Khanal DP. Phytochemical screening and study of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of extracts from stem wood of Pterocarpus marsupium roxburgh. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Apr;6(2):170-6. doi: 10.5455/jice.20170403094055, PMID 28512598.

Mali RG, Hundiwale JC, Sonawane RS, Patil RN, Hatapakki BC. Evaluation of Capparis decidua for anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities. Indian J Nat Prod. 2004 Jan;20:10-2.

Atar M, Kausar A, Reheman A. Preparation of a new formulation of anti-acne creams and their efficacy. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;4(6):298-303.

Prasuna Sundari PJ, Sushma C, Srija T. Development of herbal mosquito-repellent formulations and their comparative evaluation. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2023 Jun;16(6):127-32.

Chavda H, Patel J, Chavada G, Dave S, Patel A, Raval S. Self nano-emulsifying powder of isotretinoin: preparation and characterization. J Powder Technol. 2013 Nov;20(13):1-9.

Nicolazzo JA, Reed BL, Finnin BC. Buccal penetration enhancers-how do they really work? J Control Release. 2005 Jun;105(1-2):1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.024, PMID 15894393.

Nikam S. Anti-acne gel of isotretinoin: formulation and evaluation. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017 Nov;10(11):257-66. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i11.19614.

Mohammad MH, Nappinai M. Development and method validation of an unconventional in vitro test to measure mucoadhesive strength of tablets. Res J Pharm Technol. 2009;2(2):363-5.

Choubey A. Phytosome-a novel approach for herbal drug delivery. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2011 Apr;2:807-15.

Akbal Ahmad NAK. Formulation and evaluation of herbal oral emulgel containing Psidium guajavalinn. leaves extract (a preventive oral care preparation). Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2021 Dec;14(12):93-5.

Patel MR, Patel RB, Parikh JR, Patel BG. HPTLC method for estimation of isotretinoin in topical formulations, equilibrium solubility screening, and in vitro permeation study. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2011;34(16):1783-99. doi: 10.1080/10826076.2011.579218.

Surini S, Diandra DM. Formulation of mulberry leaf (Morus alba l.) extract hydrogel beads using cross-linked pectin. Int J Appl Pharm. 2017 Oct;30(9):159-66.

Ali Khan B, Ullah S, Khan MK, Alshahrani SM, Braga VA. Formulation and evaluation of Ocimum basilicum-based emulgel for wound healing using animal model. Saudi Pharm J. 2020 Dec;28(12):1842-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.011, PMID 33424273.

Wani A, Sanghani C, Wani S. Formulation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of novel microemulsion-based spray for topical delivery of isotretinoin. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(10):226-32. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.27019.

Zakaria AS, Afifi SA, Elkhodairy KA. Newly developed topical cefotaxime sodium hydrogels: antibacterial activity and in vivo evaluation. BioMed Res Int. 2016;2016:6525163. doi: 10.1155/2016/6525163, PMID 27314033.

Salamat Miller N, Chittchang M, Johnston TP. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005 Nov;57(11):1666-91. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.003, PMID 16183164.

Vijayalakshmi A, Tripura A, Ravichandiran V. Development and evaluation of anti-acne products from Terminalia arjuna bark. Int J Chem Technol Res. 2011 Jan;3(1):320-7.

Russell JJ. Topical therapy for acne. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Jan;61(2):357-66. PMID 10670502.

Thombre R, Jagtap R, Patil N. Evaluation of phytoconstituents, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Vitex negundo L. and Tabernaemontan adivaricata L. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2013 Jan;4(1):389-96.

Shahtalebi MA, Asghari GR, Rahmani F, Shafiee F, Jahanian Najafabadi A. Formulation of herbal gel of Antirrhinum majus extract and evaluation of its anti-Propionibacterium acne effects. Adv Biomed Res. 2018 Mar;7:53. doi: 10.4103/abr.abr_99_17, PMID 29657938.

Ashkenazi H, Malik Z, Harth Y, Nitzan Y. Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes by its endogenic porphyrins after illumination with high intensity blue light. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003 Jan;35(1):17-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2003.tb00644.x, PMID 12589953.

Raut S, Shende P, Gargate N, Kapare H. Pharmacognostic and pharmacological aspects on Tabernaemontana divaricata plant. Acta Sci Pharmacol. 2022 Oct;3(10):22-34.

Sultana KW, Chatterjee S, Roy A, Chandra I. An overview on ethnopharmacological and phytochemical properties of Thunbergia sp. Med Aromat Plants. 2015 Nov;4:217.

Hossain MA, Kabir MJ, Salehuddin SM, Rahman SM, Das AK, Singha SK. Antibacterial properties of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum occurring in Bangladesh. Pharm Biol. 2010 May;48(5):504-11. doi: 10.3109/13880200903190977, PMID 20645791.

Mittal M, Siddiqui MR, Tran K, Reddy SP, Malik AB. Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014 Mar;20(7):1126-67. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.5149, PMID 23991888.

Jisha R, Saboora Beegum M, Yogapriya V. Oxidative stress in acne vulgaris. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2022 Nov;14(11):73-6.

Shah KP, Srivastava RS. Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-acne activities (in vitro) of the formulated herbal gels. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2015 Jul;7(3):47-50.